chapter 23 smartbook
Place the airway names into correct order, from trachea into the lungs.
1. main bronchus 2. lobar bronchus 3. segmental bronchus
the concentration of fetal hemoglobin is about _______ compared to maternal hemoglobin
50% greater
which two items must be matched to allow effective gas exchange
Alveolar ventilation Pulmonary capillary perfusion
identify the forms in which carbon dioxide is transported in the blood
Dissolved gas Carbaminohemoglobin Bicarbonate ion
true or false: alveolar recoil leads to a decrease in intra-alveolar pressure
FALSE (recoil of lung tissue reduces alveolar volume, and increases intra-alveolar pressure)
identify the purpose of contraction and relaxation of the trachealis muscle
Helps to expel mucus during coughing
Which reflex limits the degree of inspiration and thus overinflation of lungs?
Hering-Breuer
air flows from the trachea into which sequence of airways
Main bronchus to lobar bronchus to segmental bronchus
Indicate the features that are associated with the larynx.
Thyroid and cricoid cartilages epiglottis and glottis Vestibular and vocal folds
superficial lymphatic vessels drain lymph from which areas
Visceral pleura Superficial lung tissue
the role of smooth muscle found within airway walls is to
allow dilation and constriction of airways
the respiratory membrane consists of a capillary endothelial layer and a ______ cell layer
alveolar
gas exchange between the air and the blood occurs in what
alveoli
the small, air-filled chambers where gases are exchanged in the lungs are called
alveoli
which portion of the lungs sits on the diaphragm
base
as blood travels through the capillary network surrounding the alveoli, carbon dioxide diffuses across the respiratory membrane. the majority of this carbon dioxide is derived from which CO2 transport form?
bicarbonate ion
carbon dioxide levels and _______ are particularly important for regulating respiratory rate
blood pH
the enzyme produced by the lungs called angiotensin-converging enzyme is important in regulating
blood pressure
most oxygen is carried in the blood
bound to hemoglobin
respiratory centers are located in the
brain stem
In the lungs, _______ diffuses from plasma into the alveoli.
carbon dioxide
the regulation of respiratory rate and depth is most influenced by the blood levels of
carbon dioxide
peripheral chemoreceptors are located in
carotid and aortic bodies
the wall of the larynx is composed of
cartilage
the anterior portion of the nasal septum is composed of ______, while the posterior part is composed of _______
cartilage and bone
identify components of the nasal septum
cartilage, ethmoid bone, vomer bone
describe the lungs
confocal shaped organs with an inferior base and a superior apex
bronchoconstriction occurs when smooth muscle
contracts
the inferior portion of the larynx is formed by the _______ cartilage
cricoid
the total pressure of a gas mixture is equal to the sun of the partial pressure of gases in the mixture is a summary of _______ law
daltons
the _____ lymphatic vessels follow the bronchi, draining the bronchial tissues. the ______ lymphatic vessels drain lymph from the visceral pleura and the tissues just beneath it
deep and superficial
what type of blood is delivered to alveoli of the lungs
deoxygenated
what type of blood is delivered to the alveoli of the lungs
deoxygenated
dorsal respiratory group neurons stimulate the
diaphragm
the inferior end of the thoracic cavity is formed by the
diaphragm
a partial pressure gradient is a
difference in gas molecule concentration between two locations
what structure covers the opening to the larynx during swallowing
epiglottis
the visible part of the nose is the ______ nose
external
what normally passes through the laryngopharynx
food and air
in the lungs, carbon dioxide diffuse in which direction
from capillaries into alveoli
Indicate the bones found contributing to the bridge of the nose.
frontal bone nasal bones maxillary bone
at maximal exercise, minute ventilation in a trained athlete would be ______ than that of an untrained person
greater than
fetal hemoglobin has a ________ affinity for oxygen than adult hemoglobin
higher
the C shaped rings that support the trachea are composed of ______ tissue
hyaline cartilage
a deficiency of oxygen in any tissue is called
hypoxia
an abnormal decrease in blood oxygen is called
hypoxia
where does carbon dioxide normally diffuse out of the blood
in the lungs
pleural pressure is defined as the pressure
in the pleural cavity
when a person expires, the intra-alveolar pressure
increases
the inferior portion of the pharynx which extends from the epiglottis to the esophagus is the
laryngopharynx
the larynx is located between the ______ and the _______
laryngopharynx to trachea
the _______ is the main structure located between the laryngopharynx and the trachea
larynx
The main or primary bronchi transport air into and out of a(n) ______.
lung
the trachea divides into two ______ bronchi
main
the dorsal and ventral respiratory groups are located in the
medulla oblongata
ventilation can be defined as the
movement of air into and out of the lungs
what type of membrane lines the trachea
mucous
which organs or parts are part of the respiratory system
nasal cavity pharynx larynx lungs
which section of the pharynx acts as a passageway for only the respiratory system
nasopharynx
how many main (primary) bronchi serve the right lung
one
the portion of the pharynx that extends from the soft palate to the epiglottis is the
oropharynx
the blood has that is carried bound to heme of hemoglobin and dissolved in the plasma is
oxygen
what type of blood flows from the thoracic aorta to bronchial arteries
oxygenated
what type of blood flows from the thoracic aorta to the bronchial arteries
oxygenated
which tonsils are located near the faucets of the oropharynx
palatine tonsils lingual tonsils
the serous membrane that covers the inner thoracic wall is the _______ pleura
parietal
the pressure exerted by each gas in a mixture of gases (such as in air) is referred to as the ______ of the gas
partial pressure
the difference in gas molecule concentration in alveolar air compared to pulmonary capillary blood is the definition of
partial pressure gradient
the blood flow rate through pulmonary capillaries is referred to as pulmonary capillary
perfusion
carotid and aortic bodies are examples of _____ chemoreceptors
peripheral
The segment of the respiratory system that extends from the choanae to the larynx and functions as a passageway for air, food, and drink, but is also important in sound production, is called ____
pharynx
the structure that serves as an opening for both the respiratory and digestive systems and extends from the nasal cavity to the larynx is the
pharynx
the pressure in the pleural cavity is called _______ pressure
pleural
describe the role of the hering-breuer reflex
prevents overinflation of the lungs
what features are associated with tracheal epithelium
pseudostratified columnar cells cilia mucous goblet cells
the nasopharynx is lined with ________ epithelium and the oropharynx and laryngopharynx are lined with ________ epithelium to prevent abrasion
pseudostratified columnar; stratified squamous
a spirometer measures
pulmonary volumes
At the alveoli, the layers through which oxygen and carbon dioxide must diffuse are, as a group, called the ______.
respiratory membrane
The alveolar cell layer, the capillary endothelial layer and the interstitial space between the alveolar layer and the capillary layer form a unit referred to as the ______.
respiratory membrane
during inspiration, air flows from lobar bronchi directly into _______
segmental bronchi
the walls of alveoli are formed primarily of _______ ________ epithelium
simple squamous
what type of epithelium is found in alveoli
simple squamous
what component of airway walls allows the dilation or construction of airway
smooth muscle
the device that measures pulmonary volume is a
spirometer
what type of epithelium lines the oropharynx
stratified squamous epithelium
the vestibular folds of the larynx are _____ to the vocal folds
superior
segmental bronchi are also called
tertiary bronchi
In order to allow adequate gas exchange, the respiratory membrane needs to be ______.
thin
the space enclosed by the thoracic wall (rib cage, costal cartilages, sternum) and the diaphragm is the
thoracic cavity
the pharynx is more commonly called the
throat
the prominent laryngeal cartilage that is often larger in males than females is the _______ cartilage
thyroid
identify the structure that conducts air from the larynx to the main (primary) bronchi
trachea
which organ is most commonly called the windpipe
trachea
the smooth muscle that contracts and aids in the expulsion of mucus during coughing is the
trachealis
true or false: carbon dioxide is the blood has that has the most influence on the regulation of the respiratory rate and depth
true
true or false: during exercise, the rate of depth and ventilation increase
true
true or false: in order for optimal gas exchange to occur, areas of the lung that are ventilated also must be perfused
true
true or false: fetal hemoglobin is the most effective at transporting oxygen
trueb
oxygenated blood leaves the lungs through pulmonary
veins
the movement of air in and out of the lungs is called
ventilation
the process of moving air into and out of the lungs is specifically referred to as
ventilation or breathing
the serous membrane that covers the surface of a lung is the ______ pleura
visceral
sound is produced as air moves past the _______ folds
vocal
the ______ folds are the primary source of sound production
vocal
within the larynx, the most inferior pair of ligaments are ______ folds
vocal
what are the functions of the respiratory system
voice production regulation of blood pH olfaction