Chapter 27 - Multiple Choice

Which of the following is the most common cause of metabolic alkalosis? a) Hemorrhage b) Vomiting c) Pneumothorax d) Diabetes e) Cancer

b) Vomiting

Metabolic alkalosis may develop following which situations? Select all that apply. a) oxygen deficiency b) a stomach virus c) diarrhea d) excessive intake of drugs with a pH above 7.0 e) hypoventilation

b) a stomach virus d) excessive intake of drugs with a pH above 7.0

Water loss may be reduced by which situations? Select all that apply. a) secretion of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) b) secretion of aldosterone c) secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) d) stimulation of the hypothalamic thirst center e) use of diuretic medication

b) secretion of aldosterone c) secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) d) stimulation of the hypothalamic thirst center

In partial compensation a) pH is brought into the normal range b) systemic arterial blood is still lower than 7.35 c) systemic arterial blood is higher than 9.5 d) pH is greater than 5.5 e) pH is lower than 2.5

b) systemic arterial blood is still lower than 7.35

The Na+ level in blood is controlled by a) Aldosterone b) Insulin c) ATP production d) Krebs cycle e) Glucagon

a) Aldosterone

Which of the following is used to promote water reabsorption by the kidneys? a) Antidiuretic hormone b) ANP c) Aldosterone d) Parathyroid hormone e) All of these choices

a) Antidiuretic hormone

Inadequate exhalation of carbon dioxide can cause a) Blood pH to drop b) Alkalosis c) Respiratory compensation d) Unequal distribution of water e) Metabolic alkalosis

a) Blood pH to drop

The response of the body to decreasing blood pressure will NOT include which of the following? a) Dehydration b) Formation of angiotensin II c) Stimulate the kidneys to secrete rennin d) Formation of ADH e) Increased vasoconstriction

a) Dehydration

In extracellular fluid the most abundant cation is a) Na+ b) Cl- c) K+ d) HPO42- e) HCO3-

a) Na+

Metabolic acidosis may develop following which situations? Select all that apply. a) a severe gastrointestinal virus b) diabetic ketoacidosis c) renal dysfunction d) emphysema e) airway obstruction

a) a severe gastrointestinal virus b) diabetic ketoacidosis c) renal dysfunction

Weakness, irritability, tetany, delirium, convulsions and several other signs and symptoms from hypomagnesemia may be associated with an individual who is a) alcoholic b) malnourished c) diabetic d) constipated e) a smoker

a) alcoholic b) malnourished c) diabetic

An individual consumes a large amount of highly salted foods over the course of a day. What might be some result of this? Select all that apply. a) excessive thirst b) muscular weakness c) hypertension d) tachycardia (rapid heartbeat) e) edema

a) excessive thirst c) hypertension e) edema

Which cation and two anions are present in the highest quantities in the extracellular fluid? a) sodium, chloride, bicarbonate b) calcium, phosphate, sulphate c) potassium, chloride, sulphate d) sodium, phosphate, protein anions e) potassium, bicarbonate, protein anions

a) sodium, chloride, bicarbonate

Which of the following is the most abundant mineral in the body? a) Na+ b) Calcium c) Magnesium d) Phosphate e) Iron

b) Calcium

The breathing rate of an infant a) Is twice as fast as an adult b) Causes greater water loss from the lungs c) Removes less carbon dioxide than in an adult d) Makes the infant blood more acidic e) Is normal to an adult

b) Causes greater water loss from the lungs

In extracellular fluid the most abundant anion is: a) Na+ b) Cl- c) K+ d) HPO42- e) HCO3-

b) Cl-

What part of the brain contains the thirst center? a) Thalamus b) Hypothalamus c) Midbrain d) Brain stem e) Cerebrum

b) Hypothalamus

Which imbalance results when systemic arterial blood HCO3- levels drop significantly (below 22 mEq/liter)? a) Metabolic alkalosis b) Metabolic acidosis c) Respiratory acidosis d) Respiratory alkalosis e) None of these choices

b) Metabolic acidosis

Which of the following is the most plentiful buffer in the tubular fluid of the kidney collecting duct? a) Bicarbonate ion b) Monohydrogen phosphate ion c) Ammonium ion d) Dihydrogen phosphate ion e) None of these

b) Monohydrogen phosphate ion

The rate of fluid intake and outflow is how much higher in an infant than in an adult? a) 2 times higher b) 5 times higher c) 7 times higher d) 10 times higher e) They are equal

c) 7 times higher

The rate of fluid intake and outflow is how much higher in an infant than in an adult? a) 2 times higher b) 5 times higher c) 7 times higher d) 10 times higher e) They are equal

c) 7 times higher

Most buffer systems in the body consist of a) A weak acid b) A weak base c) A weak acid and the salt of that acid d) A weak base and the salt of that base e) None of these are correct

c) A weak acid and the salt of that acid

Which of the following is used to promote Na+ reabsorption by the kidneys? a) Antidiuretic hormone b) ANP c) Aldosterone d) Parathyroid hormone e) All of these choices

c) Aldosterone

Which of the following chemicals is considered to be a volatile acid? a) CO2 b) O2 c) H2CO3 d) Hemoglobin e) Calcitriol

c) H2CO3

80% of the extracellular fluid is a) Plasma b) Cytosol c) Interstitial fluid d) Lymph e) Bile

c) Interstitial fluid

Which of the following is produced when electrons are accepted by oxygen during cellular respiration? a) Anions b) Cations c) Metabolic water d) Lipids e) Carbohydrates

c) Metabolic water

Metabolic reactions can produce a) H+ b) HCO3- c) Nonvolatile acids d) Volatile bases e) Ca+

c) Nonvolatile acids

Which imbalance results when systemic arterial blood CO2 levels raise to abnormal values? a) Metabolic alkalosis b) Metabolic acidosis c) Respiratory acidosis d) Respiratory alkalosis e) None of these choices

c) Respiratory acidosis

PTH, calcitriol and calcitonin are a) The main regulators of magnesium in the blood b) The main regulators of phosphate in the blood c) The main regulators of calcium in the blood d) The main regulators of NaCl in the blood e) None of these choices

c) The main regulators of calcium in the blood

Which of the following is the main factor that determines water loss? a) Defecation b) Sweating c) Urination d) Evaporation through the skin e) Exhalation of water vapor

c) Urination

Buffer systems, exhaling carbon dioxide and excretion by the kidneys, are all a) Ways to balance interstitial fluid b) Means of balancing blood volume c) Ways of controlling H+ levels in the body d) Ways to make ions e) Ways to increase blood volume

c) Ways of controlling H+ levels in the body

Older adults are susceptible to several different pathologies. The may experience [_] due to the chronic use of laxatives to relieve constipation and also [_] because their lungs and kidneys do not function at sufficient levels to avoid this imbalance. a) hyponatremia b) hypernatremia c) hypokalemia d) hyperkalemia e) acidosis

c) hypokalemia e) acidosis

How much of the total volume of body fluid is intracellular fluid? a) 10% b) 50% c) 1/3 d) 2/3 e) 99%

d) 2/3

Most of the phosphate in the body is present as a) Lipids b) Plasma membranes c) DNA d) Calcium phosphate salt e) Carbohydrates

d) Calcium phosphate salt

In intracellular fluid the most abundant anion is a) Na+ b) Cl- c) K+ d) HPO42- e) HCO3-

d) HPO42-

Which of the following is a common cause of respiratory acidosis? a) Loss of bicarbonate ions due to renal dysfunction b) Loss of acid due to vomiting c) Hyperventilation due to pulmonary disease d) Hypoventilation due to emphysema e) All of these are correct

d) Hypoventilation due to emphysema

A decline in angiotensin II levels does NOT result in a) Increased GFR b) Reduced Na+ and Cl- reabsorption by the kidneys c) Reduced water reabsorption by the kidneys d) Increased Calcium reabsorption e) Increased urine output

d) Increased Calcium reabsorption

Which condition may result in respiratory alkalosis? a) emphysema b) airway obstruction c) use of certain diuretics d) cerebrovascular accident e) accumulation of acid

d) cerebrovascular accident

The body uses aldosterone to retain sodium. This hormone has the reverse effect on another mineral or compound. This mineral or compound is a) calcium b) bicarbonate c) chloride d) potassium e) phosphate

d) potassium

Which of the following is NOT a mechanism that maintains pH of body fluids? a) Buffer systems b) Proteins c) Phosphates d) Carbonic acid-bicarbonate e) All of these correct

e) All of these are correct

Infants experience more problems with acid-base homeostasis and fluid and electrolyte balance based on which of the following: a) Proportion and distribution of water b) Metabolic rate c) Body surface area d) Breathing rate e) All of these are factors

e) All of these are factors

Which of the following is a function of an electrolyte in the body? a) Controlling osmosis between compartments b) Maintaining acid-base balance c) Carry electrical currents d) Serve as cofactors e) All of these choices

e) All of these choices

Which cells of the kidney are the most important for regulation of pH of body fluids? a) Glomerular podocytes b) Principal cells c) PCT cells d) DCT cells e) Intercalated cells

e) Intercalated cells

Natriuresis a) Is decreased Na+ levels in urine b) Is decreased Cl- levels in urine c) Is increased K+ levels in urine d) Is increased PO- levels in urine e) None of these choices

e) None of these choices