Chapter 3-14 Vocab
traction
a pulling force exerted on a limb in a distal direction in an effort to return the bone or joint to normal alignment
thoracic cavity
The thoracic cavity (thoh-RAS-ick), also known as the rib cage, is the bony structure that protects the heart and lungs. It consists of the ribs, sternum, and upper portion of the spinal column extending from the neck to the diaphragm, but not including the arms.
sigmoid colon
S-shaped structure that continues from the descending colon above and joins the rectum below
ribs
The 12 pairs of ribs, which are also known as costals, attach posteriorly to the thoracic vertebrae
peripheral spinal nerves
31 pairs are grouped together and named based on the region of the body they innervate
acoustic nerves
(cranial nerve VIII), also called auditory nerves, transmit this information to the brain. The acoustic nerves are made up of two parts: cochlear nerves that transmit sound for hearing, and vestibular nerves that sense balance and head position.
KUB
(kidneys, ureters, bladder) radiographic study without use of a contrast medium
Refraction
ability of the lens to bend light rays so they focus on the retina
visual acuity
ability to distinguish object details and shape at a distance
heartbeat
ability to pump blood effectively throughout the body
amenorrhea
abnormal absence of menstrual of menstrual periods for 90 days or more
ascites
abnormal accumulation of serous fluid in the peritoneal cavity
heart murmur
abnormal blowing or clicking sound heard when listening to the heart or a neighboring large blood vessel
hypercapnia
abnormal buildup of carbon dioxide in the blood
thrombosis
abnormal condition of having a thrombus
anhidrosis
abnormal condition of lacking sweat in response to heat
clubbing
abnormal curving of the nails that is often accompanied by enlargement of the fingertips
urethrorrhea
abnormal discharge from the urethra
cardiomegaly
abnormal enlargement of the heart that is frequently associated with heart failure as the heart enlarges in an effort to compensate for its decreased pumping ability
hepatomegaly
abnormal enlargement of the liver
splenomegaly
abnormal enlargement of the spleen
claustrophobia
abnormal fear of being in small or enclosed spaces
brain tumor
abnormal growth located inside the skull
tumor or neoplasm
abnormal growth of body tissue
gigantism
abnormal growth of the entire body that is caused by excessive secretion growth hormone before puberty
placenta previa
abnormal implantation of the placenta in the lower portion of the uterus
lordosis
abnormal increase in the forward curvature of the lumbar spine
kyphosis
abnormal increase in the outward curvature of the thoracic spine as viewed from the side
scoliosis
abnormal lateral curvature of the spine
stone
abnormal mineral deposit that has formed within the body and is named for the organ or tissue where it is located
angiostenosis
abnormal narrowing of a blood vessel
arteriostenosis
abnormal narrowing of an artery or arteries
vesicovaginal fistula
abnormal opening between the bladder and vagina that allows constant involuntary flow of urine from the bladder into the vagina
valvular prolapse
abnormal protrusion of a heart valve that results in the inability of the valve to close completely
exophthalmos
abnormal protrusion of the eyeball out of the orbit
erythroderma
abnormal redness of the entire skin surface
cyst
abnormal sac containing gas, fluid, or a semisolid material
chondromalacia
abnormal softening of cartilage
leukoplakia
abnormal white, usually benign lesion that develops on the tongue or inside of the cheek
goiter
abnormal, benign enlargement of the thyroid gland
aldosteronism
abnormality of the electrolyte balance that is caused by the excessive secretion of aldosterone
diarrhea
abnormally frequent flow of loose or watery stools and can lead to dehydration
hyperglycemia
abnormally high concentration of glucose in the blood
hyperkinesia
abnormally increased muscle function or activity
hypoglycemia
abnormally low concentration of glucose in the blood
keloid
abnormally raised or thickened scar that expands beyond the boundaries of the original incision
hyperventilation
abnormally rapid rate of deep respiration that is usually associated with anxiety
tachypnea
abnormally rapid rate of respiration, usually of more than 20 breaths per minute
tachycardia
abnormally rapid resting heart rate
bradypnea
abnormally slow rate of respiration, usually less than 10 breathes per minutes
bradycardia
abnormally slow resting heart rate
varicose veins
abnormally swollen veins that usually occur in the superficial veins of the legs
anesthesia
absence of normal sensation, especially sensitivity to pain, that is induced by the administration of an anesthetic agent
anovulation
absence of ovulation when it would be normally expected
anoxia
absence of oxygen from the body's tissues and organs even though there is an adequate flow of blood
azoospermia
absence of sperm in the semen
anuria
absence of urine formation by the kidneys
Adnexa
accessory or adjoining anatomical parts of an organ
needlestick injury
accidental puncture wound caused by a used hypodermic needle, potentially transmitting an infection
pneumothorax
accumulation of air in the pleural space resulting in a pressure imbalance that causes the lung to fully or partially collapse
Impacted cerumen
accumulation of earwax that forms a solid mass by adhering to the walls of the external Auditory canal
nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
accumulation of fat in the liver of people who drink little or no alcohol
pulmonary edema
accumulation of fluid in lung tissues, especially the alveoli
pyosalpinx
accumulation of pus in a fallopian tube
laser
acronym in which the letters stand for light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation
eructation
act of belching or raising gas orally from the stomach
exhalation
act of breathing out
external respiration
act of bringing air in and out of the lungs from the outside environment and in the process exchanging oxygen for carbon dioxide
expectoration
act of coughing up and spitting out salvia, mucus, or other body fluid
depression
act of lowering a body part
elevation
act of raising or lifting a body part
pronation
act of rotating the arm or leg so that the palm of the head or sole of the food is turned downward or backward
supination
act of rotating the arm or the leg so that the palm of the hand of the sole of the foot is turned forward or upward
inhalation
act of taking in air as the diaphragm contracts and pulls downward
psychotropic drug
acts primarily on the central nervous system, where it produces temporary changes affecting the mind, emotions, and behavior
tetanus
acute and potentially fatal infection of the central nervous system caused by a toxin produced by the tetanus bacteria
diphtheria
acute bacterial infection of the throat and upper respiratory tract
delirium
acute condition of confusion, disorientation, disordered thinking and memory, agitation, and hallucinations
cholangitis
acute inflammation of the bile duct characterized by pain in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen, fever, and jaundice
paronychia
acute or chronic infection of the skin fold around a nail
renal colic
acute pain in the kidney area that is caused by blockage during the passage of a nephrolith (kidney stone)
croup
acute respiratory infection in children and infants characterized by obstruction of the larynx, hoarseness, and swelling around the vocal cords resulting in a barking cough and stridor
herpes zoster
acute viral infection characterized by painful skin eruptions that follow the underlying route of an inflamed nerve
mumps
acute viral infection that is characterized by the swelling of the parotid glands, which are the salivary glands located just in front of the ears
rabies
acute viral infection that is transmitted to humans through the bite or saliva of an infected animal
measles
acute, highly contagious infection that is transmitted by respiratory droplets of the rubeola virus
influenza
acute, highly contagious viral infection characterized by respiratory inflammation, fever, chills, and muscle pain
pyoderma
acute, inflammatory, pus-forming bacterial skin infection such as impetigo
cellulitis
acute, rapidly spreading bacterial infection within the connective tissues that is characterized by malaise, swelling, warmth, and red streaks
substance abuse
addictive use of tobacco, alcohol, medications, or illegal drugs
antispasmodic
administed to suppress smooth muscle contractions of the stomach, intestine, or bladder
intravenous fluids
administered to combat the effects of dehydration
total parenteral nutrition
administered to patients who cannot or should not get their nutrition through eating
antitussive
administered to prevent or relieve coughing
antidepressant
administered to prevent or relieve depression
anticonvulsant
administered to prevent seizures such as those associated with epilepsy
skeletal muscle relaxant
administered to relax certain muscles and to relieve the stiffness, pain, and discomfort caused by strains, sprains, or other muscle injuries
anxiolytic drug
administered to temporarily relieve anxiety and to reduce tension
antipsychotic drug
administered to treat symptoms of severe disorders of thinking and mood that are associated with neurological and psychiatric illnesses such as schizophrenia, mania, and delusional disorders
supplemental oxygen
administered when the patient is unable to maintain an adequate oxygen saturation level in the blood from breathing normal air
metered-dose inhaler
administers a specific amount of a medication such as a bronchodilator in aerosol form
lobar pneumonia
affects larger areas of the lungs, often including one or more sections, or lobes, or a lung
postpartum
after childbirth
afterbirth
after delivery of the newborn, the placenta and fetal membranes as expelled as this
antifungal
agent that destroys or inhibits the growth of fungi
bile
aids in the digestion of fats, is a digestive juice secreted by the liver that is necessary for the digestion of fat
paranasal sinuses
air-filled cavities lined with mucous membrane, are located in the bones of the skull
total knee replacement
all of the parts of the knee get replaced also known as total knee arthroplasty
allergic rhinitis
allergic reaction to airborne allergens that causes an increased flow of mucus
Cartilaginous joints
allow only slight movement and consist of bones connected entirely by cartilage
basophils
also formed in red bone marrow, are the least common type of WBC responsible for causing the symptoms of allergies
thrombocytes
also know as platelets smallest formed elements of the blood important role in the clotting of blood
biceps brachii
also know as the biceps, formed from two divisions located in the anterior upper arm flexes the elbow
defecation
also known as a bowel movement evacuation or emptying of the large intestine
osteoporotic hip fracture
also known as a broken hip, is usually caused by weakening of the bones due to osteoporosis and can occur either spontaneously or as the result of a fall
hallux valgus
also known as a bunion, an abnormal enlargement of the joint at the base of the great toe
open fracture
also known as a compound fracture, one in which the bone is broken and there is an open wound in the skin
colles' fracture
also known as a fractured wrist occurs at the lower end of the radius when a person tries to stop a fall by landing on his or her hands
Baker's cyst
also known as a popliteal cyst, is a fluid-filled sac behind the knee usually results from a condition such as rheumatoid arthritis triggering the production of excess synovial fluid
closed fracture
also known as a simple feature or a complete fracture, one in which the bone is broken, but there is no open wound in the skin
herniated disk
also known as a slipped or ruptured disk, is the breaking apart of an intervertebral disk that results in pressure on spinal nerve roots
total hip replacement
also known as a total hip arthroplasty, is performed to restore a damaged hip to full function
compression fracture
also known as a vertebral crush fracture, occurs when the bone is pressed together on itself
osteomalacia
also known as adult rickets, is abnormal softening of bones in adults
orthopedic surgeon
also known as an orthopedist, is a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders involving the bones, joints, and muscles
radiograph
also known as an x-ray, is the use of x-radiation to visualize bone fractures and other abnormalities
joints
also known as articulations, place of union between two or more bones
sternum
also known as breast bone, flat, dagger-shaped bone located in the middle of the chest
spongy bone
also known as cancellous bone porous, which makes it lighter and weaker than compact bone
taplies
also known as clubfoot, describes any congenital deformity of the foot involving the talus
compact bone
also known as cortical bone dense, hard, and very strong bone that forms the protective outer layer of bones.
crepitation
also known as crepitus, is the grating sound heard when the ends of a broken bone move together
Xerophthalmia
also known as dry eye, is drying of eye surfaces, including the conjunctiva, because the tear glands do not produce enough tears
adhesive capsulitis
also known as frozen shoulder, is painful ankylosis of the shoulder caused by adhesions forming in the synovial capsule surrounding the shoulder, making the joint become thicker and tighter
gout
also known as gouty arthritis, is a type of arthritis characterized by deposits of uric acid crystals in the joints, usually beginning with the big toe
singultus
also known as hiccups, myoclonus of the diaphragm that causes the characteristic hiccup sound with each spasm
lumbago
also known as low back pain, is pain of the lumbar region of the spine
dislocation
also known as luxation, is the total displacement of a bone from its joint
closed reduction
also known as manipulation, is the attempted realignment of the bone involved in a fracture of joint dislocation
myocardial muscles
also known as myocardium or cardiac muscle, form the muscular walls of the heart
internal fixation
also known as open reduction internal fixation, is a fracture treatment in which a plate or pins are placed directly into the bond to hold the broken pieces in place
avascular necrosis
also known as osteonecrosis, is an area of bone tissue death caused by insufficient blood flow
thoracic cavity
also known as rib cage
spondylosis
also known as spinal osteoarthritis, degenerative disorder can cause the loss of normal spinal structure and function
immobilization
also known as stabilization, is the act of holding, suturing, or fastening the bone in a fixed position with strapping or a cast
arthrodesis
also known as surgical ankylosis, is the surgical fusion of two bones to stiffen a joint
body of the sternum
also known as the gladiolus, is the bony structure that forms the middle portion of the sternum
calcaneus
also known as the heel bone, is the largest of the tarsal bones
acetabulum
also known as the hip socket, is the large circular cavity in each side of the pelvis that articulates with the head of the femur to form the hip joint
mandible
also known as the jawbone, only movable bone of the skull
patella
also known as the kneecap, is the bony anterior portion of the knee
tibia
also known as the shinbone, is the larger anterior weight-bearing bone of the lower leg
coccyx
also known as the tailbone, forms the end of the spine and is actually made of four small vertebrae that are fused together
triceps brachii
also known as the triceps, formed from three divisions located in the posterior upper arm, extends the elbow
spinal column
also known as the vertebral column, protects the spinal cord and supports the head and body
fallopian tubes
also known as uterine tubes these tubes extend from the upper end of the uterus to a point near but not attached to an ovary
osteoarthritis
also known as wear and tear arthritis, is most commonly associated with aging
intracranial pressure
amount of pressure inside the skull
PERRLA
an acronym meaning Pupils are Equal, Round, Responsive to Light and Accommodation. This is a diagnostic observation, and any abnormality here could indicate a head injury or damage to the brain.
hip resurfacing
an alternative to removing the head of the femur
azotemia
an elevation of the blood urea nitrogen (BUN) caused by a lack of blood flow to each kidney
benign prostatic hyperplasia
an enlargement of the prostate gland that most often occurs in men older than age 50
myoma
an example of a benign tumor made up of muscle tissue
Guillian-Barre syndrome
an inflammation of the myelin sheath of peripheral nerves, characterized by rapidly worsening muscle weakness that can lead to temporary paralysis
burn
an injury to body tissues caused by heat, flame, electricity, sun, chemicals, or radiation
liver transplant
an option for a patient whose liver has failed for a reason other than liver cancer
hiatal hernia
anatomical abnormality in which a portion of the stomach protrudes upward into the chest, through an opening in the diaphragm
dental implant
anchoring of a crown, bridge, or denture to the bone of the jaw
canthus
angle where the upper and lower eyelids meet
talus
ankle bone that articulates with the tibia and fibula
otosclerosis
ankylosis of the bones of the middle ear, resulting in a conductive hearing loss
frontal bone
anterior portion of the cranium that forms the forehead
hard palate
anterior portion of the palate area is covered with specialized mucous membrane
skeletal muscles
attached to the bones of the skeleton and make body motions possible
temporomandibular joint
attaches mandible to the skull
monoclonal antibodies
any of a class of antibodies produced in the laboratory by identical offspring of a clone of specific cells
arteriosclerosis
any of a group of diseases characterized by thickening and the loss of elasticity of arterial walls
autoimmune disorder
any of a large group of diseases characterized by a condition in which the immune system produces antibodies against its own tissues, mistaking healthy cells, tissues, or organs for antigens
adenocarcinoma
any one of a large group of carcinomas derived from glandular tissue
blood dyscrasia
any pathologic condition of the cellular elements of the blood
community-acquired pneumonia
any pneumonia that results from contagious infection outside of a hospital or clinic
sterilization
any procedure rendering an individual incapable of reproduction
keratosis
any skin growth, such as a wart or a callus, in which there is overgrowth and thickening of the skin
antigen
any substance that the body regards as being foreign
stimulus
anything that excites a nerve and causes an impulse
purpura
appearance of multiple purple discolorations on the skin caused by bleeding underneath the skin
fluorescein staining
application of fluorescent dye to the surface of the eye via eye drops or a strip applicator. Causes a corneal abrasion to temporarily appear bright green
dysplastic nevi
atypical moles that can develop into skin cancer
Eustachian tubes
auditory tubes, narrow tubes that lead from the middle ear to the nasal cavity and throat
Pinna
auricle or outer ear, external portion of the ear
Hashimoto's disease
autoimmune disease in which the body's own antibodies attack and destroy the cells of the thyroid gland
systemic lupus erythematosus
autoimmune disorder characterized by a red, scaly rash on the face and upper trunk
scleroderma
autoimmune disorder in which the connective tissues become thickened and hardened, causing the skin to become hard and swollen
juvenile rheumatoid arthritis
autoimmune disorder that affects children ages 16 years or younger with symptoms that include stiffness, pain, joint swelling, skin rash, fever, slowed growth, and fatigue
alopecia areata
autoimmune disorder that attacks the hair follicles, causing well-defined bald areas on the scalp or elsewhere on the body
type 1 diabetes
autoimmune insulin deficiency disorder caused by the destruction of pancreatic islet beta cells
reflex
automatic, involuntary response to some change, either inside or outside the body
vesicoureteral reflux
backward flow of urine into the ureters from the bladder
streptococci
bacteria that form a chain
clostridium difficile
bacterial infection common to older adults in hospitals or long-term-care facilities
dysentery
bacterial infection, occurs most frequently in tropical countries where it is spread through food or water contaminated by human feces
female urethra
approximately 1.5 inches long, and the urethral meatus is located between the clitoris and the opening of the vagina
male urethra
approximately 8 inches long and the urethral meatus is located at the tip of the penis
cytotoxic drugs
are also used for both immunosuppression and chemotherapy
fascia
band of connective tissue that envelops, separates, or binds together muscles of groups of muscles
adhesion
band of fibrous tissue that holds structures together abnormally
ligaments
bands of fibrous tissues that form joints by connecting one bone to another bone or by joining a bone to cartilage
psychoanalysis
based on the idea that mental disorders have underlying causes stemming from childhood and can only be overcome by gaining insight into one's feelings and patterns of behavior
neurons
basic cells of the nervous system that allow different parts of the body to communicate with each other
glucose
basic form of energy used by the body
menarche
beginning of menstruation
ejaculatory duct
begins at the vas deferens, passes through the prostate gland and empties into the urethra
bladder retraining
behavioral therapy in which the patient learns to urinate on a schedule, with increasingly longer time intervals as the bladder increases its capacity
osteochondroma
benign bony projection covered with cartilage
ocular prosthesis
artificial eye
pelvis
as known as the bony pelvis, protects internal organs and supports the lower extremities
pruritus
associated with most forms of dermatitis
coronary artery disease
atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries that reduces the blood supply to the heart muscle
seborrheic keratosis
benign skin growth that has a waxy or "pasted-on" look
uterine fibroid
benign tumor composed of muscle and fibrous tissue that occurs in the wall of the uterus
lymphangioma
benign tumor formed by an abnormal collection of lymphatic vessels due to a congenital malformation of the lymphatic system
hemangioma
benign tumor made up of newly formed blood vessels
insulinoma
benign tumor of the pancreas that causes hypoglycemia by secreting additional insulin
prolactinoma
benign tumor of the pituitary gland
lipoma
benign, slow-growing fatty tumor located between the skin and the muscle layer
papilloma
benign, superficial, wart-like growth on the epithelial tissue or elsewhere in the body, such as in the bladder
immunoglobulins
bind with specific antigens in the antigen-antibody response
cleft lip
birth defect in which there is a deep groove of the lip running upward to the nose as a result of the failure of this portion of the lip to close during prenatal development
pupil
black circa alar opening in the center of the iris that permits light to enter the eye
Subconjunctival hemorrhage
bleeding between the conjunctiva and the sclera
otorrhagia
bleeding from the ear
pneumorrhagia
bleeding from the lungs
tracheorrhagia
bleeding from the mucous membranes of the trachea
epistaxis
bleeding from the nose that may be caused by dry air, injury, medication to prevent blood clotting, or high blood pressure
splenorrhagia
bleeding from the spleen
urethrorrhagia
bleeding from the urethra
Scotoma
blind spot, abnormal area of diminished vision surrounded by an area of normal vision
hemianopia
blindness in 1/2 of the visual field
herpes labialis
blister-like sores on the lips and adjacent facial tissue that are caused by the oral herpes simplex virus type 1
second-degree burn
blisters, damage to the epidermis, and dermis
thrombotic occlusion
blocking of an artery by a thrombus
sunscreen
blocks out the harmful ultraviolet B is sometimes measured in terms of the strength of the sun protection factor (SPF)
Hepatitis C virus
blood borne disease that is spread through contact with blood and other body fluids that are contaminated with this virus
Hepatitis B virus
blood borne disease that is transmitted through contact with blood and other body fluids that are contaminated
human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
blood borne infection in which the virus damages or kills the T cells of the immune system, causing it to progressively fail, thus leaving the body at risk of developing many life-threatening opportunistic infections
leukocytes
blood cells involved in defending the body against infective organisms and foreign substances white blood cells
thrombus
blood clot attached to the interior wall of an artery or vein
hemoglobin A1c testing
blood test that measures the average blood glucose level over the previous 3 to 4 months
western blot test
blood test that produces more accurate results than the ELISA test
glomerular filtration rate
blood test to check how well the kidneys are functioning at filtering blood
hemarthrosis
blood within a joint condition is frequently due to a joint injury, also can occur spontaneously in patients taking blood-thinning medications or those having a blood clotting disorder such as hemophilia
acoustic neuroma
brain tumor that develops adjacent to the cranial nerve running from the brain to the inner ear
bariatrics
branch of medicine concerned with the prevention and control of obesity and associated diseases
terminal end fibers
branching fibers at the end of the axon that lead the nerve impulse from the axon to the synapse
catabolism
breaking down of body cells or substances, releasing energy and carbon dioxide
mastication
breaks food down into smaller pieces, mixes it with saliva, and prepares it to be swallowed
ductal carcinoma in situ
breast cancer at its earliest stage before the cancer has broken through the wall of the milk duct
mastitis
breast infection that is caused by bacteria that enter the breast tissue, most frequency during breastfeeding
nipple
breast milk flows through this
hypothyroidism
caused by a deficiency of thyroid secretion
malaria
caused by a parasite that lives in certain mosquitoes and is transferred to humans by the bite of an infected mosquito
opportunistic infection
caused by a pathogen that does not normally produce an illness in healthy humans
hyperpnea
breathing that is deeper and more rapid than is normal at rest
absence seizure
brief disturbance in brain function in which there is a loss of awareness often described as a staring episode
syncope
brief loss of consciousness caused by the decreased flow of blood to the brain
ilium
broad, blade-shaped bone that forms the back and sides of the pubic bone
fracture
broken bone
cerebral contusion
bruising of brain tissue as the result of a head injury that causes the brain to bounce against the rigid bone of the skull
anabolism
building up of body cells and substances from nutrients
rectocele
bulging of the front wall of the rectum into the vagina, usually as the result of childbirth or pregnancy
fundus
bulging, rounded part above the entrance of the fallopian tubes
tract
bundle or group of nerve fibers located within the brain or spinal cord
pyrosis
burning sensation caused by the return of acidic stomach contents into the esophagus
myxedema
caused by an extreme deficiency of thyroid secretion
hypoparathyroidism
caused by an insufficient or absent secretion of the parathyroid hormone
asbestosis
caused by asbestos particles in the lungs and usually occurs after working with asbestos
vascular birthmarks
caused by blood vessels close to the skin's surface
genital warts
caused by human papillomaviruses are highly contagious
silicosis
caused by inhaling silica dust in the lungs and usually occurs after working in occupations including foundry work, quarrying, ceramics, glassworks, and sandblasting
Cushing's syndrome
caused by prolonged exposure to high levels of cortisol
viral pneumonia
caused by several different types of viruses, accounts for approximately a third of all pneumonias
acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis
caused by the abnormal growth of bacteria in the mouth
E. coli
caused by the bacterium Escherichia coli, is transmitted through contaminated foods that have not been adequately cooked
syphilis
caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum, has many symptoms that are difficult to distinguish from other STDs
infectious mononucleosis
caused by the epstein-barr virus
genital herpes
caused by the herpes simplex virus type 1 or 2 symptoms include itching or burning before the appearance of lesions on the genitals or rectum
varicella
caused by the herpes virus varicella zoster and is highly contagious
syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone
caused by the overproduction of the antidiuretic hormone ADH
diabetic coma
caused by very high blood glucose
insulin shock
caused by very low blood glucose
heel spur
calcium deposit in the plantar fascia near its attachment to the calcaneus
due date
calculated from the first day of the last menstrual period
gastrocnemius
calf muscle that flexes the knee and bends the foot downward
Speech-language pathologist
can be involved in numerous medical areas including audiology. These practitioners help patients who have problems related to swallowing, speech, and communication disorders.
aspiration pneumonia
can occur when a foreign substance is inhaled into the lungs
medullary cavity
central cavity located in the shaft of long bones, where it is surrounded by compact bone
dilation
changes during first stage of labor
atheroma
characteristic of atherosclerosis deposit of plaque on or within the arterial wall
anorexia nervosa
characterized by a false perception of body appearance
panic disorder
characterized by a fear of panic attacks
attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder
characterized by a short attention span and impulsive behavior that is inappropriate for the child's developmental age
hypercalcemia
characterized by abnormally high concentrations of calcium circulating in the blood instead of being stored in the bones and teeth
pulmonary arteries
carry deoxygenated blood out of the right ventricle and into the lungs
lactiferous ducts
carry milk from the mammary glands to the nipple
pulmonary veins
carry the oxygenated blood from the lungs into the left atrium of the heart
hypocalcemia
characterized by abnormally low levels of calcium in the blood
generalized anxiety disorder
characterized by chronic, excessive worrying
eclampsia
characterized by convulsions and sometimes coma
somatic symptom disorder
characterized by physical complaints or concerns about one's body that are out of proportion to any physical findings or disease
obsessive-compulsive disorder
characterized by recurrent obsession and/or compulsions to do things
conversion disorder
characterized by serious temporary or ongoing changes in function, such as paralysis or blindness, that are triggered by psychological factors rather than by any physical cause
trigeminal neuralgia
characterized by severe, lightning-like pain due to an inflammation of the fifth cranial nerve
malingering
characterized by the intentional creation of false or grossly exaggerated physical or psychological symptoms
psychotic disorder
characterized by the loss of contact with reality and deterioration of normal social functioning
hoarding disorder
characterized by the over accumulation of belongings in a way that interferes with daily living
migraine headache
characterized by throbbing pain on one side of the head
rosacea
characterized by tiny red pimples and broken blood vessels
hormones
chemical messengers that are secreted by endocrine glands directly into the bloodstream
neurotransmitters
chemical substances that make it possible for messages to cross from the synapse of a neuron to the target receptor
antioxidants
chemicals such as vitamins A, C, and E; carotene; and lutein that may prevent or delay cell damage by blocking the activity of potentially harmful chemicals called free radicals
Papilledema
choked disk, swelling and inflammation of the optic nerve at the point of entrance into the eye through the optic disk
choroid
choroid coat, opaque middle layer of the eyeball the contains many blood vessels and provide the blood supply for the entire eye
lipedema
chronic abnormal condition that is characterized by the accumulation of fat and fluid in the tissues just under the skin of the hips and legs
alcoholism
chronic alcohol dependence with specific signs and symptoms upon withdrawal
myasthenia gravis
chronic autoimmune disease that affects the neuromuscular junction and produce serious weakness of voluntary muscles
Crohn's disease
chronic autoimmune disorder that can occur anywhere in the digestive tract
paget's disease
chronic bone disease of unknown cause named for Sir James Paget characterized by the abnormal breakdown of bone, usually in the pelvis, skull, spine, and legs, followed by abnormal bone formation
ulcerative colitis
chronic condition of unknown cause in which repeated episodes of inflammation in the rectum and large intestine cause ulcers
cirrhosis
chronic degenerative disease of the liver characterized by scarring
Open-angle glaucoma
chronic glaucoma, the most common form of this condition. The trabecular meshwork gradually becomes blocked, causing a buildup of pressure.
eosinophilic esophagitis
chronic immune system disease in which a type of white blood cell called an eosinophil builds up in the esophagus, usually as the result of an allergy to certain foods
interstitial cystitis
chronic inflammation within the walls of the bladder
acne vulgaris
chronic inflammatory disease characterized by pustular eruptions of the skin caused by an overproduction of sebum around the hair shaft
asthma
chronic inflammatory disease of the bronchial tubes, often triggered by an allergic reaction
epilepsy
chronic neurological condition characterized by recurrent episodes of seizures of varying severity
myofascial pain syndrome
chronic pain disorder that affects muscles and fascia throughout the body
personality disorder
chronic pattern of inner experience and behavior that causes serious problems with relationships and works
diverticulosis
chronic presence of an abnormal number of diverticula in the colon
Parkinson's disease
chronic, degenerative central nervous disorder characterized by fine muscle tremors, rigidity, and a slow or shuffling gait
rotation
circular movement around an acid such as the shoulder joint
circumduction
circular movement at the far end of a limb
epididymis
coiled tube at the upper part of each testicle
hemothorax
collection of blood in the pleural cavity
cranial hematoma
collection of blood trapped in the tissues of the brain
crust
collection of dried serum and cellular debris
right lymphatic duct
collects lymph from the right side of the head and neck, the upper right quadrant of the body, and the right arm
monochromatism
color blindness, inability to distinguish certain colors in a normal manner
iris
colorful circular structure that surrounds the pupil
saliva
colorless liquid that maintains the moisture in the mouth
tomotherapy
combination of tomography with radiation therapy to precisely target the tumor being treated
benign paroxysmal positional vertigo
common cause of vertigo that occurs when there is a shift in the location of small crystals in the semicircular canals
upper respiratory infection
common cold
irritable bowel syndrome
common condition of unknown cause with symptoms that can include intermittent cramping and abdominal pain, accompanied by constipation or diarrhea
gastritis
common inflammation of the stomach lining that is often caused by the bacterium Helicobacter pylori
depression
common mood disorder characterized by lethargy and sadness, as well as the loss of interest or pleasure in normal activities
pharynx
common passageway for both respiration and digestion
psoriasis
common skin disorder characterized by flare-ups in which red papules covered with silvery scales occur on the elbows, knees, scalp, back, or buttocks
meningioma
common, slow-growing, and usually benign tumor of the meninges
rheumatoid arthritis
commonly known as RA, is a chronic autoimmune disorder in which the joints and some organs of other body systems are attacked
onychocryptosis
commonly known as an ingrown toenail
decibel
commonly used as the measurement of the loudness of sound
asystole
complete lack of electrical activity in the heart
deafness
complete or partial loss of the ability to hear
tourette syndrome
complex neurological disorder characterized by involuntary tics, grunts, and compulsive utterances that sometimes include obscenities
preeclampsia
complication of pregnancy characterized by hypertension, edema, and proteinuria
malabsorption
condition in which the small intestine cannot absorb nutrients from food that passes through it
uterine prolapse
condition in which the uterus slides from its normal position in the pelvic cavity and sags into the vagina
ischemia
condition in which there is an insufficient supply of oxygen in the tissues due to restricted blood flow to a part of the body
hypotonia
condition in which there is diminished tone of the skeletal muscles
valvular stenosis
condition in which there is narrowing, stiffening, thickening, or blockage of one or more valves of the heart
exfoliative dermatitis
condition in which there is widespread scaling of the skin
latent autoimmune diabetes in adults
condition in which type 1 diabetes develops in adults
chronic venous insufficiency
condition in which venous circulation is inadequate due to partial vein blockage or to the leakage of venous valves
bacterial vaginosis
condition in women in which there is an abnormal overgrowth of certain bacteria in the vagina
hyperesthesia
condition of abnormal and excessive sensitivity to touch, pain, or other sensory stimuli
dystonia
condition of abnormal muscle tone that causes the impairment of voluntary muscle movement
Presbyopia
condition of common changes in the eyes that occur with aging
hypogonadism
condition of deficient secretion of hormones by the sex glands
gynecomastia
condition of excessive mammary development in the male
hypergonadism
condition of excessive secretion of hormones by the sex glands
hyperinsulinism
condition of excessive secretion of insulin in the bloodstream
hyperhidrosis
condition of excessive sweating in one area or over the whole body
pregnancy
condition of having a developing baby in the uterus
deep vein thrombosis
condition of having a thrombus attached to the interior wall of a deep vein
hypoxia
condition of having deficient oxygen levels in the body's tissues and organs
cachexia
condition of physical wasting away due to the loss of weight and muscle mass that occurs in patients with diseases such as advanced cancer or AIDS
tinnitus
condition of ringing, buzzing, or roaring sound in one or both ears
pruritus vulvae
condition of severe itching of the external female genitalia
somnambulism
condition of walking or performing some other activity without awakening
morbid obesity
condition of weighing two times or more than the ideal weight or having a BMI value greater than 40
Barrett's esophagus
condition that occurs when the cells in the epithelial tissue of the esophagus are damaged by chronic acid exposure
gender dysphoria
condition where a person's gender at birth does not match the gender with which they currently identify, potentially causing significant amounts of stress
acanthosis nigricans
condition where one or more areas of the skin develop dark, wart-like patches
hypoxemia
conditions of having low oxygen levels in the blood usually due to respiratory disorders or heart conditions
upper respiratory tract
consists of the nose, mouth, pharynx, epiglottis, larynx, and trachea
kidneys
constantly filter the blood to remove waste products and excess water
pertussis
contagious bacterial infection of the upper respiratory tract that is characterized by recurrent bouts of a paroxysmal cough, followed by breathlessness and a noisy inspiration
anthrax
contagious disease that can be transmitted through livestock infected with bacillus anthracis
infectious myringitis
contagious inflammation that causes painful blisters on the ear drum
inner ear
contains sensory receptors for hearing and balance
lymph node
contains specialized lymphocytes that are capable of destroying pathogens
overflow incontinence
continuous leaking from the bladder either because it is full or because it does not empty completely
Miosis
contraction of the pupil, normally in response to exposure to light but also possibly due to the use of prescription or illegal drugs
bronchospasm
contraction of the smooth muscle in the walls of the bronchi and bronchioles, tightening and squeezing the airway shut
tricuspid valve
controls the opening between the right atrium and the right ventricle
cortisol
corticosteroid that has an anti-inflammatory action
aldosterone
corticosteroid that regulates the sodium and water levels in the body by increasing sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion by the kidneys
articular cartilage
covers the surface of bones where they articulate, or come together, to form joints
synovial joint
created where two bones articulate to permit a variety of motions
Esotropia
crosseyed, inward deviation of one or both eyes
transverse
crosswise direction
meniscus
curve, fibrous cartilage found in some joints, such as the knee an the temporomandibular joint of the jaw
incision
cut made with a surgical instrument
spermatocele
cyst that develops in the epididymis and is filled with a milky fluid containing sperm
third-degree burn
damage to the epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous layers, and possibly also the muscle and bone below
coronary thrombosis
damage to the heart muscle caused by a thrombus blocking a coronary artery
smoke inhalation
damage to the lungs in which particles from a fire coat the alveoli and prevent the normal exchange of gases
diabetic retinopathy
damage to the retina as a complication of uncontrolled diabetes
areola
dark-pigmented area surrounding the nipple
gangrene
death of tissue, most commonly caused by a loss of circulation to the affected tissues
fibromyalgia
debilitating chronic condition characterized by fatigue; diffuse or specific muscle, joint, or bone pain; and a wide range of other symptoms
vaginal atrophy
decrease in elasticity and lubrication caused by hormonal changes
leukopenia
decrease in the number of disease-fighting white blood cells circulating in the blood
proton pump inhibitors
decrease the amount of acid produced by the stomach
flexion
decreasing the angle between two bones by bending a limb at a joint
rickets
deficiency disease occurring in children characterized by defective bone growth resulting from a lack of vitamin D necessary for the body to maintain calcium and phosphorus levels in the bones
hypoperfusion
deficiency of blood passing through an organ or body part
constipation
defined as having a bowel movement fewer than 3 times per week
Rh factor
defines the presence of absence of the Rh antigen on red blood cells
Rh factor
defines the presence or absence of the Rh antigen on red blood cells
myolysis
degeneration of muscle tissue
dental calculus
dental plaque that has calicified on the teeth
orthodontist
dental specialist who prevents or corrects malocclusion of the teeth and related facial structures
periodontist
dental specialist who prevents or treats disorders of the tissues surrounding the teeth
hypnotic
depresses the central nervous system and usually produces sleep
sedative
depresses the central nervous system to produce calm and diminished responsiveness without producing sleep
levels of consciousness
describe the measurement of response to arousal and stimulus
autistic spectrum disorder
describes a condition with different levels of symptom severity in which a young child has difficulty developing normal social relationships and communication skills, may compulsively follow repetitive routines, and has narrowly focused, intense interests that are sometimes unusual
fibrillation
describes a potentially life-threatening fast and irregular heartbeat, compared to the fast but regular rhythm of tachycardia
occlusion
describes any contact between the chewing surfaces of the upper and lower teeth
trismus
describes any restriction to the opening of the mouth caused by trauma, surgery, or radiation associated with the treatment of oral cancer
cognition
describes the mental activities associated with thinking, learning, and memory
popliteal
describes the posterior space behind the knee where the ligaments, vessels, and muscles related to this joint are located
nephrolithiasis
describes the presence of stones in the kidney
metastasis
describes the process by which cancer is spread to a new site, and the term is also used to describe the tumor itself
shaken baby syndrome
describes the results of a child being violently shaken by someone
periodontium
describes the structures that surround, support, and are attached to the teeth
cephalic presentation
describes when the baby is coming head first
cauterization
destruction of tissue by burning
cryosurgery
destruction or elimination of abnormal tissue cells through the application of extreme cold by using liquid nitrogen
cholesteatoma
destructive epidermal cyst in the middle ear and/or mastoid process made up of epithelial cells and cholesterol
Retinal detachment/retinal tears
detached retina, separation of some or all of the light-sensitive retina from the choroid
spinal cord injury
determined by the level of the vertebra closest to the injury
plasma cells
develop from B cells and secrete a large volume of antibodies coded to destroy specific antigens
amniotic cavity
developing embryo is surrounded by this fluid-filled space between the embryo and the amniotic sac
targeted therapy
developing form of anticancer drug therapy that uses drugs or other substances to identify and attack specific cancer cells without harming normal cells
cryptorchidism
developmental defect in which one or both of the testicles fail to descend into their normal position in the scrotum
ruptured rotator cuff
develops when rotator cuff tendinitis is left untreated or if the overuse continues
sensorineural hearing loss
develops when the auditory nerve or hair cells in the inner ear are damaged
intellectual disability
diagnosis of significant below-average intellectual and adaptive functioning present from birth or early infancy
voiding cystourethrography
diagnostic procedure in which a fluoroscope is used to examine the flow of urine from the bladder and through the urethra
slit-lamp ophthalmoscopy
diagnostic procedure in which a narrow beam of light is focused into parts of the eye to permit the ophthalmologist to examine the structures at the front of the eye.
range of motion testing
diagnostic procedure to evaluate joint mobility and muscle strength
lymphoscintigraphy
diagnostic test that is performed to detect damage or malformations of the lymphatic vessels
bone marrow biopsy
diagnostic test that may be necessary after abnormal types or numbers of red or white blood cells are found in a complete blood count test
electromyography
diagnostic test that measures the electrical activity within muscle fibers in response to nerve stimulation
thyroid-stimulating hormone assay
diagnostic test to measure the circulating blood level of thyroid-stimulating hormone
dyspnea
difficult or labored breathing
dysuria
difficult or painful urination
dysphonia
difficulty in speaking, which may include any impairment in vocal quality, including hoarseness, weakenss, or the cracking of a boy's voice during puberty
urinary hesitancy
difficulty in starting a urinary stream
dysphagia
difficulty in swallowing
gastrointestinal tract
digestive system consists primarily of this
hydronephrosis
dilation of one or both kidneys
Mydriasis
dilation of the pupil, opposite of miosis
Amblyopia
dimness of vision or the partial loss of sight, especially in one eye
colonoscopy
direct visual examination of the inner surface of the entire color from the rectum to the cecum using a colonoscope
ureterorrhagia
discharge of blood from the ureter
age spots
discolorations caused by sun exposure
macule
discolored flat spot that is less than 1 cm in diameter
chronic bronchitis
disease in which the airways have become inflamed due to recurrent exposure to an inhaled irritant, usually cigarette smoke
immunotherapy
disease treatment that involves either stimulating or repressing the immune response
antibody
disease-fighting protein created by the immune response to the presence of a specific antigen
Strabismus
disorder in which the eyes point in different directions or are not aligned correctly, because the eye muscles are unable to focus together
abruptio placentae
disorder in which the placenta separates from the uterine wall before the birth of the fetus
delirium tremens
disorder involving sudden and severe mental changes or seizures caused by abruptly stopping the use of alcohol
Conn's syndrome
disorder of the adrenal glands that is caused by the excessive production of aldosterone
cheilosis
disorder of the lips characterized by crack-like sores at the corners of the mouth
peripheral neuropathy
disorder of the peripheral nerves that carry information to and from the brain and spinal cord
Graves' disease
disorder of unknown cause in which the immune system attacks the thyroid gland and stimulates it to make excessive amounts of thyroid hormone
chronic fatigue syndrome
disorder of unknown cause that affects many body systems debilitating and complex disorder characterized by profound fatigue that is not improved by bed rest and may be made worse by physical or mental activity
prostatism
disorder resulting from the compression or obstruction of the urethra due to benign prostatic hyperplasia
learning disabilities
disorders found in children of normal intelligence who have difficulties in learning specific skills such as processing language or grasping mathematical concepts
peripheral vascular diseases
disorders of blood vessels that are located outside of the heart and brain
ureterectasis
distention of a ureter due to hydroureter or congenital abnormalities
hydroureter
distention of the ureter with urine that cannot flow because the ureter is blocked
dyskinesia
distortion or impairment of voluntary movement resulting in fragmented or jerky motions
psychologist
doctoral degree but is not a medical doctor evaluates and treats emotional problems and mental illness
diaphragm
dome-shaped sheet of muscle that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdomen
refraction test
done to determine an eye's refractive error so that the best corrective lenses can be prescribed
pericardium
double-walled membranous sac that encloses the heart
Ptosis
drooping of the upper eyelid that is usually due to paralysis
neuromuscular blocker
drug that causes temporary paralysis by blocking the transmission of nerve stimuli to the muscles
lacrimal canal
duct at the inner corner of each eye. Collect tears and empty them into the lacrimal sacs
infestation
dwelling of microscopic parasites on external surface tissue
inflammatory bowel disease
general name for diseases that cause inflammation and swelling in the intestine
lymphoma
general term applied to malignancies affecting lymphoid tissues
polyp
general term used most commonly to describe a mushroom-like growth from the surface of a mucous membrane, such as polyp in the nose
dermatosis
general term used to denote skin lesions or eruptions of any type that are not associated with inflammation
granuloma
general term used to describe a small, knot-like swelling of granulation tissue in the epidermis
lensectomy
general term used to describe the surgical removal of a cataract clouded lens
albinism
genetic condition characterized by a deficiency or the absence of pigment in the skin, hair, and irises of the eyes
polycystic kidney disease
genetic disorder characterized by the growth of numerous fluid-filled cysts in the kidneys
hemochromatosis
genetic disorder in which the intestines absorb too much iron
T cells
get the T in their name from their origin in the thymus these lymphocytes play a central role in cell-mediated immunity
seminal vesicles
glands that secrete a thick, yellow substance to nourish the sperm cells
the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM)
gold standard for diagnosing these disorders
presbycusis
gradual loss of sensorineural hearing that occurs as the body ages
Macular degeneration
gradually progressive condition in which the macula at the center of the retina is damaged, resulting in the loss of central vision but not in total blindness
renal transplantation
grafting of a donor kidney from either a living or nonliving donor, into the body to replace the recipient's failed kidneys
aphthous ulcers
gray-white pits with a red border in the soft tissues lining the mouth
vernix
greasy substance that protects the fetus in utero and can still be present at birth
meconium
greenish material that collects in the intestine of a fetus and forms the first stools of a newborn
fissure
groove or crack-like break in the skin
staphylococci
group of about 30 species of bacteria that form irregular groups or clusters resembling grapes
interstitial lung disease
group of almost 200 disorders that cause inflammation and scarring of the alveoli and their supporting structures
nephrotic syndrome
group of conditions in which excessive amounts of proteins are lost through the urine
Glaucoma
group of diseases characterized by increased intraocular pressure that causes damage to the retinal nerve fibers and the optic nerve
prostatitis
group of disorders characterized by the inflammation of the prostate gland
Alzheimer's disease
group of disorders involving the parts of the brain that control thought, memory, and language
bundle of His
group of fibers located within the interventricular system
ichthyosis
group of hereditary disorders characterized by dry, thickened, and scaly skin
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
group of lung diseases in which the bronchial airflow is obstructed making it difficult to breathe out
muscular dystrophy
group of more than 30 genetic diseases that are characterized by progressive weakness and degeneration of the skeletal muscles that control movement, without affecting the nervous system
Cytokines
group of proteins such as interferons and interleukins released primarily by the T cells these cells act as intracellular signals to begin the immune response
complement system
group of proteins that normally circulate in the blood in an inactive form
impulse control disorders
group of psychiatric disorders characterized by a failure to resist an impulse despite potential negative consequences
premature syndrome
group of symptoms experienced by some women within the 2-week period before menstruation
pulmonary function tests
group of tests that measure volume and flow of air by using a spirometer
optician
health care practitioner who designs, fits, and dispenses lenses for vision correction
certified diabetes educator
health care professional qualified to teach people with diabetes how to manage their disease
pubic bones
held securely by the pubic symphysis
tonsils and adenoids
help protect the body from infection coming through the nose or the mouth
sweat glands
help regulate body temperature and water content by secreting sweat tiny, coiled glands found on almost all body surfaces
hair
helps control the loss of body heat rod-like structures composed of tightly fused, dead protein cells filled with hard keratin
occupational therapist
helps enable patients to participate in the activities of daily life, including self-care, education, work or social interaction
rectus abdominis
helps flex the trunk, assists in breathing, and supports the spine
infertility specialist
helps infertile couples by diagnosing and treating problems associated with conception and maintaining pregnancy
celiac disease
hereditary autoimmune disorder characterized by a severe reaction to foods containing gluten
cystocele
hernia of the bladder through the vaginal wall
myocele
herniation of muscle substance through a tear in the fascia surrounding it
impetigo
highly contagious bacterial skin infection that commonly occurs in children
gonorrhea
highly contagious condition caused by the bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae
poliomyelitis
highly contagious viral infection of the brainstem and spinal cord that sometimes leads to paralysis
influenza
highly contagious viral respiratory infection that usually occurs in seasonal epidemics
chiropractor
holds a doctor of chiropractic degree and specializes in the manipulative treatment of disorders originating from misalignment of the spine
dentist
holds a doctor of dental surgery or doctor of medical dentistry degree and specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of teeth and tissues of the oral cavity
optometrist
holds a doctor of optometry degree and provides primary eye care, including diagnosing eye diseases and conditions and measuring the accuracy of vision to determine whether corrective lenses are needed
osteopath
holds a doctor of osteopathy degree and uses traditional forms of medical treatment in addition to specializing in treatment health problems by spinal manipulation
podiatrist
holds a doctor of podiatry or doctor of podiatric medicine degree and specializes in diagnosing and treating disorders of the foot
heart
hollow, muscular organ located in the thoracic cavity between the lungs
ghrelin
hormone produced in the gastrointestinal tract
progesterone
hormone released during the second half of the menstrual cycle by the corpus luteum in the ovary
glucagon
hormone secreted by the alpha cells of the pancreatic islets in response to low levels of glucose in the bloodstream
insulin
hormone secreted by the beta cells of the pancreatic islets in response to high levels of glucose in the bloodstream
estrogen
hormone secreted by the ovaries that is important in the development and maintenance of the female secondary sex characteristics and in regulation of the menstrual cycle
calcitonin
hormone that works with the parathyroid hormone to decrease calcium levels in the blood and tissues by moving calcium into storage in the bones and teeth
corticosteroid drug
hormone-like preparation administered primarily as an anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressant
renal vein
how blood leaves the kidney and returns to the bloodstream
food allergy
immune system reaction that occurs after eating a certain food
measles, mumps, and rubella vaccination
immunization can prevent these three viral illnesses and should be administered in early childhood
magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography
important neuroimaging tools because they facilitate the examination of the soft tissue structures of the brain and spinal cord
thymosin
important part in the immune system by stimulating the maturation of lymphocytes into T cells
sensory nerve endings
in the dermis are the sensory receptors for stimuli such as touch, temperature, pain, and pressure
infertility
inability of a couple of achieve pregnancy after 1 year of regular, unprotected intercourse, or the inability of a woman to carry a pregnancy to a live birth
renal failure
inability of one or both of the kidneys to perform their functions
erectile dysfunction
inability of the male to achieve or maintain a penile erection
urinary retention
inability to completely empty the bladder when attempting to urinate
bowel incontinence
inability to control the excretion of feces
incontinence
inability to control the excretion of urines, feces, or both
urinary incontinence
inability to control the voiding of urine
stress incontinence
inability to control the voiding of urine under physical stress such as running, lifting, sneezing, laughing, or coughing
lactose intolerance
inability to digest dairy products due to the absence of the enzyme lactase, which is needed to process the sugar found in milk and some other dairy products
choledocholithotomy
incision into the common bile duct for the removal of a gallstone
periosteotomy
incision through the periosteum to the bone
pigmented birthmarks
include nevi as well as cafe-au-lait spots and other irregularities in skin color
metabolism
includes all of the processes involved in the body's use of nutrients
manic behavior
includes an abnormally elevated mood of euphoria, including inappropriate elation, increased irritability, severe insomnia, poor judgement, and inappropriate social behavior
localized allergic response
includes redness, itching, and burning where the skin has come into contact with an allergen
peripheral nervous system
includes the 12 pairs of cranial nerves extending from the brain and the 31 pairs of peripheral spinal nerves extending outward from the spinal cord
central nervous system
includes the brain and spinal cord receive and process information and regulates all bodily activity
systemic circulation
includes the flow of blood to all parts of the body except the lungs
atelectasis
incomplete expansion of part or all of a lung due to a blockage of the air passages or pneumothorax
greenstick fracture
incomplete fracture, one in which the bone is bent and only partially broken
vasculitis
inflammation of a blood vessel
osteitis
inflammation of a bone
bursitis
inflammation of a bursa
salpingitis
inflammation of a fallopian tube
fasciitis
inflammation of a fascia
valvulitis
inflammation of a heart valve
neuritis
inflammation of a nerve accompanied by pain and sometimes loss of function
phlebitis
inflammation of a vein
oophoritis
inflammation of an ovary
Mastoiditis
inflammation of any part of the mastoid bone
pyelonephritis
inflammation of both the renal pelvis and kidney
testitis
inflammation of one or both testicles
overuse tendinitis
inflammation of tendons caused by excessive or unusual use of a joint
adrenalitis
inflammation of the adrenal glands
onychia
inflammation of the bed of the nail that often results in the loss of the nail
cystitis
inflammation of the bladder
osteomyelitis
inflammation of the bone marrow and adjacent bone
encephalitis
inflammation of the brain, can be caused by a viral infection such as rabies
costochondritis
inflammation of the cartilage that connects a rib to the sternum
cervicitis
inflammation of the cervix that is usually caused by an infection
keratitis
inflammation of the cornea
otitis
inflammation of the ear
epididymitis
inflammation of the epididymis that is frequently caused by the spread of infection from the urethra or the bladder
pelvic inflammatory disease
inflammation of the female reproductive organs that is not associated with surgery or pregnancy
cholecystitis
inflammation of the gallbladder, usually associated with gallstones blocking the flow of bile
balanitis
inflammation of the glans penis that is usually caused by poor hygiene in men who have not had the foreskin removed by circumcision
folliculitis
inflammation of the hair follicles
carditis
inflammation of the heart
endocarditis
inflammation of the inner lining of the heart
nephritis
inflammation of the kidney or kidneys
Labyrinthitis
inflammation of the labyrinth that can result in vertigo and deafness
Dacryoadenitis
inflammation of the lacrimal gland caused by a bacterial, viral or fungal infection
laryngitis
inflammation of the larynx
vaginitis
inflammation of the lining of the vagina
bacterial endocarditis
inflammation of the lining or valves of the heart caused by the presence of bacteria in the bloodstream
hepatitis
inflammation of the liver usually caused by a viral infection
lymphadenitis
inflammation of the lymph nodes
meningitis
inflammation of the meninges of the brain and spinal cord
otitis media
inflammation of the middle ear
stomatitis
inflammation of the mucosa of the mouth
endocervicitis
inflammation of the mucous membrane lining of the cervix
gastroenteritis
inflammation of the mucous membrane lining the stomach and intestines
myocarditis
inflammation of the myocardium that develops as a rarely seen complication of a viral infection
pancreatitis
inflammation of the pancreas
pericarditis
inflammation of the pericardium
periostitis
inflammation of the periosteum shin splints
pharyngitis
inflammation of the pharynx
plantar fasciitis
inflammation of the plantar fascia on the sole of the foot
pleurisy
inflammation of the pleura, the membranes that cover the lungs and line the pleural cavity
radiculitis
inflammation of the root of a spinal nerve that causes pain and numbness radiating down the affected limb
sciatica
inflammation of the sciatic nerve
scleritis
inflammation of the sclera
tenosynovitis
inflammation of the sheath surrounding a tendon
sinusitis
inflammation of the sinuses
dermatitis
inflammation of the skin
enteritis
inflammation of the small intestine caused by eating or drinking substances contaminated with viral or bacterial pathogens
myelitis
inflammation of the spinal cord
synovitis
inflammation of the synovial membrane that results in swelling and pain of the affected joint
tendinitis
inflammation of the tendons caused by excessive or unusual use of the joint
rotator cuff tendinitis
inflammation of the tendons of the rotator cuff
thymitis
inflammation of the thymus gland
epicondylitis
inflammation of the tissues surrounding the elbow
periodontal disease
inflammation of the tissues that surround and support the teeth
urethritis
inflammation of the urethra
vulvitis
inflammation of the vulva
diverticulitis
inflammation or infection of one or more diverticulum in the colon
seborrheic dermatitis
inflammation sometimes resulting from seborrhea that causes scaling and itching of the upper layers of the skin or scalp
arthritis
inflammatory condition of one or more joints more than 100 types with many different causes
polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR)
inflammatory disorder of the muscles and joints characterized by pain and stiffness in the neck, shoulders, upper arms, and hips and thighs
melatonin
influences the sleep-wakefulness portions of the circadian cycle
bronchodilator
inhaled medication that relaxes and expands the bronchial passages into the lungs
severe combined immunodeficiency
inherited condition in which abnormalities in the immune system cause an increased susceptibility to infection and failure to thrive as a result of infections
abrasion
injury in which superficial layers of skin are scraped or rubbed away
strain
injury to the body of the muscle or to the attachment of a tendon
contusion
injury to underlying tissues without breaking the skin and is characterized by discoloration and pain
corneal abrasion
injury, such as a scratch or irritation, to the outer layers of the cornea
visceral pleura
inner layer of pleura that covers each lung
endometrium
inner layer, and consists of specialized epithelial mucosa that is rich in blood vessels
medulla
inner region of the kidney, and it contains most of the urine-collecting tubules
amniotic sac
innermost membrane that surrounds the embryo in the uterus
intermittent catheter
inserted as needed several times a day to drain urine from the bladder
urinary catheterization
insertion of a tube into the bladder to procure a sterile specimen for diagnostic purposes
mastoid muscle
inserts at one point of insertion into the mastoid process
endoscope
instrument used for an endoscopy visual examination of internal structures
otoscope
instrument used to examine the external ear canal
type 2 diabetes
insulin resistance disorder
heat rash
intensely itchy rash caused by blockage of the sweat glands by bacteria and dead cells
cluster headaches
intensely painful headaches that affect one side of the head and may be associated with tearing of the eyes and nasal congestion
cochlear implant
electronic device that bypasses the damaged portions of the ear and directly stimulates the auditory nerve
nebulizer
electronic device that pumps air or oxygen through a liquid medicine to turn it into a mist, which is then inhaled by the patient via a face mask or mouthpiece
hearing aids
electronic devices that are worn to correct a hearing loss
parathyroid glands
embedded in the posterior surface of the thyroid gland
Ambu bag
emergency resuscitator used to assist ventilation
Braxton Hicks contractions
intermittent painless uterine contractions that occur with increasing frequency as the pregnancy progresses
sigmoidoscopy
endoscopic examination of the interior of the rectum, sigmoid colon, and possibly a portion of the descending colon
esophagogastroduodenoscopy
endoscopic procedure that allows direct visualization of the upper GI tract
esophageal varices
enlarged and swollen veins at the lower end of the esophagus
lacrimal sac
enlargement of the upper portion of the lacrimal duct
ELISA
enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay blood test used to screen for the presence of HIV antibodies, as well as Lyme disease and other infectious conditions
abortion
interruption or termination of pregnancy before the fetus is viable
supraventricular tachycardia
episode that begins and ends abruptly during which there are very rapid and regular heartbeats that originate at or above the atrioventricular node
stricture
esophagus resulting from scar tissue or other damage can cause swallowing difficulties
lungs
essential organs of respiration that are divided into lobes
gastroduodenostomy
establishment of an anastomosis between the upper portion of the stomach and the duodenum
cardiac arrest
event in which the heart abruptly stops beating or develops an arrhythmia that prevents it from pumping blood effectively
Ectropion
eversion of the edge of an eyelid
cover test
examination of how the two eyes work together and is used to assess binocular vision
urinalysis
examination of urine to determine the presence of abnormal elements
myosarcoma
example of a malignant tumor derived from muscle tissue
peripheral arterial disease
example of a peripheral vascular disease that is caused by atherosclerosis
Kaposi's sarcoma
example of an opportunistic infection that is frequently associated with HIV
pleural effusion
excess accumulation of fluid in the pleural space
hyperpituitarism
excess secretion of growth hormone that causes acromegaly and gigantism
obesity
excessive accumulation of fat in the body
hypermenorrhea
excessive amount of menstrual flow over a period of more than 7 days
bronchorrhea
excessive discharge of mucus from the bronchi
agoraphobia
excessive fear of environments where the person fears a panic attack might occur
acrophobia
excessive fear of heights
social anxiety disorder
excessive fear of social situations where the person fears negative evaluation by others and embarrassing him or herself in front of others
edema
excessive fluid accumulation in body tissues than can be symptomatic of nephrotic syndrome and other kidney diseases
polyphagia
excessive hunger
gastrorrhea
excessive secretion of gastric juice or mucus in the stomach
photophobia
excessive sensitivity to light and can be the result of migraines, excessive wearing of contact lenses, drug use, or inflammation
aerophagia
excessive swallowing of air while eating or drinking and is a common cause of gas in the stomach
polydipsia
excessive thirst
polyuria
excessive urination
polyuria
excessive urination and is a common symptom of diabetes
drug abuse
excessive use of illegal or recreational drugs, or the misuse of prescription drugs
menometrorrhagia
excessive uterine bleeding at both the usual time of menstrual periods and at other irregular intervals
xeroderma
excessively dry skin
internal respiration
exchange of gases within the cells of the blood and tissues
respiration
exchange of oxygen for carbon dioxide that is essential to life
hemoptysis
expectoration of blood or blood-stained sputum derived from the lungs or bronchial tubes as the result of a pulmonary or bronchial hemorrhage
large intestine
extends from the end of the small intestine to the anus
small intestine
extends from the pyloric sphincter to the first part of the large intestine
rectus femoris
extends the legs at the knee
spermatic cord
extends upward from the epididymis and is attached to each testicle
acromion
extension of the scapula that forms the high point of the shoulder
vaginal orifice
exterior opening of the vagina
epicardium
external layer of the heart and the inner layer of the pericardium
pulse oximeter
external monitor placed on the patient's fingertip or earlobe to measure the oxygen saturation level in the blood
urethral meatus
external opening of the urethra
perineum
external surface region in both males and females between the pubic symphysis and the coccyx
hyperextension
extreme or overextension of a limb or body part beyond its normal limit
bradykinesia
extreme slowness in movement
hyperemesis
extreme, persistent vomiting that can cause dehydration
entropion
inversion of the edge of an eyelid
enuresis
involuntary discharge of urine
Bruxism
involuntary grinding or clenching of the teeth that usually occurs during sleep and is associated with tension or stress
vaginismus
involuntary spasm of the pelvic floor muscles, which close off the vagina
Nystagmus
involuntary, constant, rhythmic movement of the eyeball that can be congenital or caused by a neurobiological injury or drug use
clinical trials
involve testing new and promising cancer treatments that have not yet received Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval on patients who agree to be part of the research
endometrial cancer
involves a cancerous growth that begins in the lining of the uterus
antigen-antibody reaction
involves binding antigens to antibodies
binaural testing
involves both ears
hyperbaric oxygen therapy
involves breathing pure oxygen in a special chamber that allows air pressure to be raised up to three times higher than normal
tonic-clonic seizure
involves in the entire body
monaural testing
involves one ear
muscle biopsy
involves removal of a plug of tissue for examination
compartment syndrome
involves the compression of nerves and blood vessels due to swelling within the "compartment"
cheyne-stokes respiration
irregular pattern of breathing characterized by alternating rapid or shallow respiration followed by slower respiration or apnea
sphenoid bone
irregular, wedge shaped bone at the base of the skull.
chalazion
is a nodule or cyst, usually on the upper eyelid, caused by obstruction in a sebaceous gland.
opthalmologist
is a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating the full spectrum of diseases and disorders of the eyes, from vision correction to eye surgery
Uveitis
is an inflammation of the uvea causing swelling and irritation
Emmetropia
is the normal relationship between the refractive power of the eye and the shape of the eye that enables light rays to focus correctly on the retina
cleft palate
failure of the palate to close during the early development of the fetus
delusion
false personal belief that is maintained despite obvious proof or evidence to the contrary
Hyperopia
farsightedness, defect in which light rays focus beyond the retina
nail root
fastens the nail to the finger or toe by fitting into a groove in the skin
pancreas
feather-shaped organ located posterior to the stomach that functions as part of both the digestive and the endocrine systems
ova
female gametes
accommodation
is the process whereby the eyes make adjustments for seeing objects at various distances. These adjustments include contraction (narrowing) and dilation (widening) of the pupil, movement of the eyes, and changes in the shape of the lens.
Convergence
is the simultaneous inward movement of the eyes toward each other. This occurs in an effort to maintain single binocular vision as an object comes nearer.
cornea
is the transparent outer surface of the eye covering the iris and pupil.
premature infant
fetus born before the 37th week of gestation
urticaria
itchy wheals caused by an allergic reaction
bursa
fibrous sac that acts as a cushion to ease movement in areas that are subject to friction
keratin
fibrous, water-repellent protein
end-stage renal disease
final stage of chronic kidney disease, and this condition is fatal unless the functions of the failed kidneys are replaced by dialysis or with a successful kidney transplant
villi
finger-like projections contains blood vessels and lacteals
nasopharynx
first division posterior to the nasal cavity and continues downward to behind the mouth
quickening
first movement of the fetus in the uterus that can be felt by the mother
duodenum
first portion of the small intestine extends from the pylorus of the stomach to the jejunum
cervical vertebrae
first set of seven vertebrae and they form the neck
metacarpals
five bones that form the palm of the hand
scales
flakes or dry patches made up of excess dead epidermal cells
port-wine stain
flat vascular birthmark made up of dilated blood capillaries, creating a large, reddish-purple discoloration on the face or neck
external oblique
flex and rotate the vertebral column also flex the torso and compress the abdomen
internal oblique
flex the spine, support the abdominal contents, help breathe, and rotate the spine
soft palate
flexible posterior portion of the palate important role of closing off the nasal passage to prevent food and liquid from moving upward into the nasal cavity
pulmonary circulation
flow of blood only between the heart and lungs
otopyorrhea
flow of pus from the ear
synovial fluid
flows within the synovial cavity, acts as a lubricant to make the smooth movement of the joint possible
exudate
fluid, such as pus, that leaks out of an infected wound
follicle
fluid-filled sac containing a single ovum
hydrocele
fluid-filled sac in the scrotum along the spermatic cord leading from the testicles
laser iridotomy
focused beam of light to create a hole in the iris of the eye
behavioral therapy
focuses on changing behavior by identifying problem behaviors, replacing them with appropriate behaviors, and using rewards or other consequences to make the changes
cognitive behavioral therapy
focuses on changing thoughts that are affecting a person's emotions and actions
refractive disorder
focusing problem that occurs when the lens cornea do not bend light so that it focuses properly on the retina
rugae
folds in the mucosa lining of the stomach allow the stomach to increase and decrease in size
embolus
foreign object, such as a blood clot, a quantity of air or gas, or a bit of tissue or tumor, that is circulating in the blood
veins
form a low-pressure collecting system to return oxygen-poor blood to the heart
epithelial tissues
form a protective covering for all of the internal and external surfaces of the body
dermabrasion
form of abrasion involving the use of a revolving wire brush or sandpaper
vascular dementia
form of dementia caused by a stroke or other restriction of the flow of blood to the brain
gestational diabetes mellitus
form of diabetes mellitus that occurs during some pregnancies
gestational diabetes mellitus
form of diabetes that occurs during pregnancy
glycogen
form of glucose that is stored in the liver and muscles
eczema
form of persistent or recurring dermatitis usually characterized by redness, itching, and dryness, with possible blistering, cracking, oozing, or bleeding
vestibular rehabilitation therapy
form of physical therapy designed to treat a wide variety of balance disorders, the majority of which are caused by problems in the inner ear and vestibular nerve
ankylosing spondylitis
form of rheumatoid arthritis that primarily causes inflammation of the joints between the vertebrae
Peyronie's disease
form of sexual dysfunction in which the penis is bent or curved during erection
collagen replacement therapy
form of soft-tissue augmentation used to soften facial lines or scars or to make lips appear fullers
staphylococcus aureus
form of staphylococcus that often infects wounds and causes serious problems such as toxic shock syndrome or food poisoning
antiangiogenesis
form of treatment that disrupts the blood supply to the tumor
polyarteritis
form of vasculitis involving several medium and small arteries at the same time
temporal arteritis
form of vasculitis that can cause headaches, visual impairment, jaw pain, and other symptoms diagnosed when a biopsy shows the presence of abnormally large cells
metatarsals
form that part of the foot to which the toes are attached
palatine bones
form the anterior part of the hard palate of the mouth and floor of the nose
maxillary bones
form the most upper jaw also known as the maxillae
temporal bones
form the sides and base of cranium
nasal bones
form the upper part of the bridge of the nose
temporomandibular joint
formed at the back of the mouth where the maxillary and mandibular arches come together
identical twins
formed by the fertilization of a single egg cell by a single sperm that divides to form two embryos
eosinophils
formed in red bone marrow and then migrate to tissues throughout the body cells destroy parasitic organisms and play a major role in allergic reactions
neutrophils
formed in red bone marrow, are the most common type of WBC
lymphocytes
formed in red bone marrow, in lymph nodes, and in the spleen identify foreign substances and germs in the body and produce antibodies that specifically target them
monocytes
formed in red bone marrow, lymph nodes, and the spleen monocytes provide immunological defenses against many infectious organisms
navel
formed where the umbilical cord was attached to the fetus
short stature
formerly known as dwarfism, is a condition resulting from the failure of the ones of the limbs to grow to an appropriate length compared to the size of the head and trunk
callus
forms as a bulging deposit around the area of the break
pubis
forms the anterior portion of the pubic bone, located just below the urinary bladder
occipital bone
forms the back part of skull and base of cranium
vomer bone
forms the base for the nasal septum
ischium
forms the lower posterior portion of the pubic bone, bears the weight of the body when sitting
deltoid
forms the muscular cap of the shoulder
skin
forms the protective outer layer covering the external surfaces of the entire body
palate
forms the roof of the mouth, consists of three major parts
squamous epithelial tissue
forms the upper layer of the epidermis
fat embolus
forms when a long bone is fractured and fat cells from yellow bone marrow are released into the blood
botox
formulation of botulinum toxin, same neurotoxin responsible for the form of food poisoning known as botulism
spondylolisthesis
forward slipping movement of the body of one of the lower lumbar vertebrae on the vertebra or sacrum below it
cytomegalovirus
found in most body fluids
external oblique and internal oblique muscles
found in the abdomen
mast cells
found in the connective tissue of the dermis, respond to injury, infection, or allergy by producing and releasing substances, including heparin and histamine
nephrolith
found in the kidney
plaque
found within the lumen of an artery, a fatty deposit similar to the buildup of rust inside a pipe
spinal fracture
fracture in which the bone has been twisted apart type of fracture occurs as the result of a severe twisting motion such as in a sports injury
external fixation
fracture treatment procedure in which pins are placed through the soft tissues and bone so that an external appliance can be used to hold the pieces of bone firmly in place during healing
gonads
gamete-producing glands
blood gases
gases that are normally dissolved in the liquid portion of blood
tuberculin skin testing
screening test for TB in which a very small amount of PPD tuberculin is injected just under the top later of the skin on the forearm
ultrasonic bone density testing
screening test for osteoporosis or other conditions that cause a loss of bone mass
seasonal affective disorder
seasonal bout of depression associated with the decrease in hours of daylight during winter months
oropharynx
second division portion that is visible when looking into the mouth
arachnoid membrane
second layer of the meninges and is located between the dura mater and the pia mater
thoracic vertebrae
second set of 12 vertebrae each of these vertebrae has a pair of ribs attached to it, and together they form the outward curve of the spine
lacrimal glands
secrete lacrimal fluid, located on the underside of the upper eyelid just above the outer corner of the eye
salivary glands
secrete saliva that is carried by ducts into the mouth
sebaceous glands
secrete sebum that lubricates the skin and discourages growth of bacteria on the skin located in the dermis layer of the skin and are closely associated with hair follicles
perspiration
secreted by sweat glands and is made up of 99% water plus some salt and metabolic waste products
antidiuretic hormone
secreted by the hypothalamus and stored in the pituitary gland, helps control blood pressure by reducing the amount of water that is excreted through the kidneys
corpus leteum
secretes the hormone progesterone during the second half of the menstrual cycle
breast self-examination
self-care procedure for the early detection of breast cancer
testicular self-examination
self-help step in early detection of testicular cancer by detecting lumps, swelling, or changes in the skin of the scrotum
chyme
semifluid mass of partly digested food that passes out of the stomach, through the pyloric sphincter and into the small intestine
Vertigo
sense of whirling, dizziness and loss of balance that is often combined with nausea.
retina
sensitive innermost layer that lines the posterior segment of the eye
glans penis
sensitive region located at the tip of the penis
hallucination
sensory perception experienced in the absence of external stimulation
polymyositis
muscle disease characterized by the simultaneous inflammation and weakening of voluntary muscles in many parts of the body
kegel exercises
series of pelvic muscle exercises used to strengthen the muscles of the pelvic floor
peristalsis
series of wave-like contractions of the smooth muscles in a single direction that moves the food forward into the digestive system
Reye's syndrome
serious and potentially deadly disorder in children that is characterized by vomiting and confusion
pneumonia
serious inflammation of the lungs in which the alveoli and air passages fill with pus and other fluids
trapezius
muscle moves the head and shoulder blade
temporalis
muscle moves the lower jaw up and back to close the mouth
frontalis
muscles in the forehead raises and lowers the eyebrows
myometrium
muscular middle layer
lower esophageal sphincter
muscular ring between the esophagus and stomach
vagina
muscular tube lined with mucosa that extends from the cervix to the outside of the body
esophagus
muscular tube through which ingested food passes from the pharynx to the stomach
polyp
mushroom-like growth from the surface of a mucous membrane
cuticle
narrow band of epidermis attached to the surface of the nail just in front of the root, protecting the new keratin cells as they form
tendon
narrow band of nonelastic, dense, fibrous connective tissue that attaches a muscle to a bone
pylorus
narrow passage that connects the stomach with the small intestine
phimosis
narrowing of the opening of the foreskin so it cannot be retracted to expose the glans penis
urethrostenosis
narrowing of the urethra
myopia
nearsightedness, defect in which light rays focus in front of the retina
ganglion
nerve center made up of a cluster of nerve cell bodies outside the central nervous system
olfactory receptors
nerve endings that act as the receptors for the sense of smell
cervical radiculopathy
nerve pain caused by pressure on the spinal nerve roots in the neck region
lumbar radiculopathy
nerve pain in the lower back caused by muscle spasm or nerve root irritation from the compression of vertebral disks such as a herniated disk
plexus
network of intersecting spinal nerves
restless legs syndrome
neurological disorder characterized by uncomfortable feelings in the legs, producing a strong urge to move them
efferent neurons
neurons carry impulses away from the brain and spinal cord and toward the muscles and glands
afferent neurons
neurons emerge from sensory organs and the skin to carry the impulses from the sensory organs toward the brain and spinal cord
connecting neurons
neurons link afferent and efferent neurons
deep brain stimulation
neurosurgical procedure used in the treatment of dystonia, tremors, and parkinson's disease
antacids
neutralize the acids in the stomach, taken to relieve the discomfort of conditions such as pyrosis or to help peptic ulcers heal
neonate
newborn infant during the first 4 weeks after birth
ketosis
normal metabolic process that helps the body utilize stored fat when other sources of energy are lacking
menstruation
normal periodic discharge of the endometrial lining and unfertilized egg from uterus
anteflexion
normal position of the uterus the body of the uterus is bent forward
process
normal projection on the surface of a bone that most commonly serves as attachment for muscle or tendons
cicatrix
normal scar resulting from the healing of a wound
menopause
normal termination of menstruation in a woman during middle age
rhabdomyolysis
serious syndrome that can result from a direct or indirect muscle injury death of muscle fibers release their contents into the bloodstream, where they can lead to complications such as renal failure
polymenorrhea
occurence of menstrual cycles more frequently than is normal
sleep hyperhidrosis
occurrence of hyperhidrosis during sleep
Bone conduction
occurs as the eardrum vibrates and causes the auditory ossicles of the middle ear to vibrate.
oblique fracture
occurs at an angle across the bone
labor and delivery
occurs in three stages 1) Dilation 2) Delivery of the baby 3) Expulsion of the afterbirth
heart failure
occurs most commonly in the elderly, often after the heart has been weakened or damaged by other health issues
transverse fracture
occurs straight across the bone
hemorrhagic stroke
occurs when a blood vessel in the brain leaks
sprain
occurs when a ligament that connects bones to a joint is wrenched or torn injury to a join which usually occurs when a ligament is wrenched or torn
relaxation
occurs when a muscle returns to its original form
strangulated hernia
occurs when a portion of the intestine is constricted inside the hernia, causing ischemia in this tissue by cutting off its blood supply
conception
occurs when a sperm penetrates and fertilizes the descending ovum
pathologic fracture
occurs when a weakened bone breaks under normal strain, due to bones being weakened by osteoporosis or a disease process such as cancer
diabetic retinopathy
occurs when diabetes damages the tiny blood vessels in the retina
airway obstruction
occurs when food or a foreign object partially or completely blocks the airway and prevents air from entering or leaving the lungs
impingement syndrome
occurs when inflamed and swollen tendons are caught in the narrow space between the bones within the shoulder joint
dissociative disorders
occurs when normal thought is separated from consciousness
ischemic colitis
occurs when part of the large intestine is partially or completely deprived of blood
conductive hearing loss
occurs when sound waves are prevented from passing from the air to the fluid-filled inner ear
Addison's disease
occurs when the adrenal glands do not produce enough of the hormones cortisol or aldosterone
allergic reaction
occurs when the body's immune system reacts to a harmless allergen such as pollen, food, or animal dander as if it were a dangerous invader
Breech presentation
occurs when the buttocks or feet of the fetus are positioned to enter the birth canal first instead of the head
keratoconus
occurs when the cornea becomes irregular and cone-shaped, causing blurring and distortion of vision
immunodeficiency disorder
occurs when the immune response is compromised
binocular vision
occurs when the muscles of both eye work together in coordination to make normal depth perception possible
overactive bladder
occurs when the muscles of the bladder contract involuntarily even though the bladder is not actually full enough to indicate the need to urinate
diastolic pressure
occurs when the ventricles are relaxed, is the lowest pressure against the walls of an artery
systolic pressure
occurs when the ventricles contract, is the highest pressure against the walls of an artery
Sensorineural conduction
occurs when these sound vibrations reach the inner ear. The structures of the inner ear receive the sound waves and relay them to the auditory nerve for transmission to the brain.
dilation
of the eyes is required in preparation for the ophthalmoscopic exam of the interior eye.
colorectal carcinoma
often first manifests itself in polyps in the colon
ultrasound
often used as an initial follow-up test when an abnormality is found by mammography
sebum
oily substance that is released through ducts opening into the hair follicles
comminuted fracture
one in which the bone is splintered or crushed
eyeball
one inches sphere with only about 1/6 of its surface visible
methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus
one of several types of bacteria that are now resistant to most antibiotics
arteriovenous malformation
one of the causes of hemorrhagic strokes
prostate cancer
one of the most common cancers among men
masseter
one of the strongest in the body, moves the lower jaw up to close the mouth when chewing
nerve
one or more bundles of neurons that connect the brain and spinal cord with other parts of the body
bacteria
one-celled microscopic organisms
left lung
only has two lobes due to space restrictions because the heart is located on that side of the body
capillaries
only one epithelial cell in thickness, are the smallest blood vessels in the body
ulcer
open lesion of the skin or mucous membrane resulting in tissue loss around the edges
pressure sore
open ulcerated wound that is caused by prolonged pressure on an area of skin
closed-angle glaucoma
opening between the cornea and iris narrows so that fluid cannot reach the trabecular meshwork. This narrowing can cause a sudden increase in the intraocular pressure that produces severe pain, nausea, redness of the eye, and blurred vision
foramen
opening in a bone through which blood vessels, nerves, and ligaments pass
external auditory meatus
opening of the external auditory canal of the outer ear. Located within the temporal bone on each sie of skull
pores
openings on the surface of the skin that act as the ducts of the sweat glands
pneumocystis pneumonia
opportunistic infection caused by the yeast-like fungus
radioactive iodine treatment
oral administration of radioactive iodine to destroy thyroid cells
synthetic thyroid hormone
oral medications administered to replace lost thyroid function
clitoris
organ of sensitive, erectile tissue located anterior to the urethral meatus and the vaginal orifice
autonomic nervous system
organized into two divisions, one comprising sympathetic nerves and the other parasympathetic nerves
genitalia
organs of reproduction and their associated structures
cranial nerves
originate from the undersurface of the brain
squamous cell carcinoma
originates asa a malignant tumor of the scaly squamous cells of the epithelium
ovarian cancer
originates within the cells of the ovaries
autologous
originating within an individual
allogenic
originating within another
necrotizing fasciitis
severe infection caused by group A strep bacteria
systemic reaction or anaphylaxis
severe response to an allergen
androgens
sex hormones secreted by the gonads, the adrenal cortex, and fat cells
androgens
sex hormones, primarily testosterone, secreted by the gonads, the adrenal cortex, and fat cells
diaphysis
shaft of a long bone
hypopnea
shallow or slow respiration
testicular torsion
sharp pain in the scrotum caused by twisting of the vas deferens and blood vessels leading into the testicle
pleurodynia
sharp pain that occurs when the inflamed membranes rub against each other with each inhalation
scapula
shoulder blade
scleral buckle
silicone band or sponge used to repair a detached retina
fungus
simple parasitic organism
receptors
sites in the sensory organs that receive external stimulation
vitiligo
skin condition resulting from the destruction of the melanocytes due to unknown causes
scabies
skin infection caused by an infestation of itch mites
narcolepsy
sleep disorder consisting of sudden and uncontrollable brief episodes of falling asleep during the day
clavicle
slender bone that connects the manubrium of the sternum to the scapula
hemiparesis
slight paralysis or weakness affecting one side of the body
sacrum
slightly curved, triangular-shaped bone near the base of the spine that forms the lower portion of the back at birth, the sacrum is composed of five separate bones, in younger children, they fuse together to form a single bone
sacroiliac
slightly movable articulation between the sacrum and posterior portion of the ilium
mucus
slippery secretion produced by the mucous membranes that protects and lubricates these tissues
cartilage
smooth, rubbery, blue-white connective tissue that acts as a shock absorber between bones
cochlea
snail-shaped structure of the inner ear and is where sound vibrations are converted into nerve impulses
pancreas
soft, 6-inch-long oblong gland that is located behind the stomach
vitreous humor
soft, clear, jelly-like mass that contains millions of fine fibers
capillary hemangioma
soft, raised, pink or red vascular birthmark
feces
solid body wastes expelled through the rectum and anus
nodule
solid, raised skin lesion that is larger than 0.5 cm in diameter and deeper than a papule
short stature
sometimes caused by deficient secretion of growth hormone
adjuvant therapy
sometimes used after the primary cancer treatments have been completed to decrease the chance that a cancer will recur
peptic ulcers
sores that affect the mucous membranes of the digestive systems
melanocytes
special cells that are also found in the basal cell layer
registered dietitian
specialist in food and nutrition who practices medical nutrition therapy and counsels patients on improving their dietary intake
exercise physiologist
specialist who works under the supervision of a physician to develop, implement, and coordinate exercise programs and administer medical tests to promote physical fitness
Purkinje fibers
specialized conductive fibers located within the walls of the ventricles
colostrum
specialized form of breast milk that delivers essential nutrients and antibodies in a form that the newborn can digest
phagocytes
specialized leukocytes that act as part of the antigen-antibody reaction by destroying substances such as cell debris, dust, pollen, and pathogens by the process of phagocytosis
dendritic cells
specialized leukocytes that patrol the body searching for antigens that produce infections
B cells
specialized lymphocytes that produce antibodies
gingiva
specialized mucous membrane that covers the bone of the dental arches and surrounds the neck of the teeth
myofascial release
specialized soft-tissue manipulation technique used to ease the pain of conditions such as fibromyalgia, myofascial pain syndrome, movement restrictions, temporomandibular joint disorders, and carpal tunnel syndrome
lacteals
specialized structures of the lymphatic system that absorb those fats that cannot be transported by the bloodstream
maxillofacial surgery
specialized surgery of the face and jaws to correct deformities, treat diseases, and repair injuries
allergist
specializes in diagnosing and treating conditions of altered immunologic reactivity, such as allergic reactions
immunologist
specializes in diagnosing and treating disorders of the immune system
oral or maxillofacial surgeon
specializes in surgery of the face and jaws to correct deformities, treat diseases, and repair injuries
audiologist
specializes in the measurement of hearing function and in the rehabilitation of persons with hearing impairments
sports medicine physician
specializes in treating sports-related injuries of the bones, joints, and muscles
stool samples
specimens of feces that are examined for content and characteristics
oligospermia
sperm count of below 20 million/mL
vertebrae
spinal column consists of 26 of these
west nile virus
spread to humans by the bite of an infected mosquito
cerebral cortex
outer layer of the cerebrum and is made up of elevated folds and deep fissures
parietal pleura
outer layer of the pleura
renal cortex
outer region of the kidney
synovial capsule
outermost layer of strong fibrous tissue that resembles a sleeve as it surround the joint
epidermis
outermost layer of the skin, made up of several specialized epithelial tissues
extraocular
outside the eyeball
urinary bladder
oval, hollow, muscular organ that is a reservoir for urine before it is excreted from the body
seborrhea
overactivity of the sebaceous glands that results in the production of an excessive amount of sebum
priapism
painful erection that lasts 4 hours or more but is either not accompanied by sexual excitement or does not go away after sexual stimulation has ended
achilles tendinitis
painful inflammation of the achilles tendon caused by excessive stress being placed on that tendon
cramp
painful localized muscle spasm often named for its cause, such as menstrual cramps or writer's cramp
vulvodynia
painful syndrome of unknown cause
ovaries
pair of small, almond-shaped organs located in the lower abdomen, one on either side of the uterus
lunula
pale half-moon shaped region at every nail root, which is generally most easily seen in the thumbnail
quadriplegia
paralysis of all four extremities
paraplegia
paralysis of both legs and lower part of the body
toxoplasmosis
parasite that is most commonly transmitted from pets to humans by contact with contaminated animal feces
prostate gland
part of the male reproductive system, surrounds the urethra
subluxation
partial displacement of a bone from its joint
ileus
partial or complete blockage of the small or large intestine
intestinal obstruction
partial or complete blockage of the small or large intestine caused by a physical obstruction
alopecia
partial or complete loss of hair, most commonly on the scalp
tarsorrhaphy
partial or complete suturing together of the upper and lower eyelids to protect the eye when the lids are paralyzed
Floaters
particles of cellular debris that float In the vitreous humor and casts shadows on the retina
pancreatic islets
parts of the pancreas that have endocrine functions
endotracheal intubation
passage of a tube through the mouth into the trachea to establish or maintain an open airway, especially when patient is on a ventilator
melena
passage of black, tarry, foul-smelling stools
flatulence
passage of gas out of the body through the rectum
lacrimal duct
passageway that drains excess tears into the nose
transverse colon
passes horizontally across the abdominal cavity from right to left towards the spleen
urethra
passes through the penis to the outside of the body
lesion
pathologic change of the tissues due to disease or injury
autologous bone marrow transplant
patient receives his or her own bone marrow cells which have been harvested, cleansed, treated, and stored before the remaining bone marrow in the patient's body is destroyed
pituitary gland
pea-sized gland that is divided into two parts, the anterior and posterior lobes
gallbladder
pear-shaped organ about the size of an egg located under the liver stores and concentrates bile for later use
uterus
pear-shaped organ with muscular walls and a mucous membrane lining filled with a rich supply of blood vessels
urethral catheterization
performed by inserting a plastic tube called a catheter though the urethra and into the bladder
digital rectal examination
performed on men by using a lubricated, gloved finger placed in the rectum to palpate the prostate gland to detect prostate enlargement and to look for indications of prostate cancer or tumors of the rectum
percutaneous diskectomy
performed to treat a herniated intervertebral disk
bariatric surgery
performed to treat morbid obesity by restricting the amount of food that can enter the stomach and be digested
percutaneous vertebroplasty
performed to treat osteoporosis-related compression fractures
urinary catheterization
performed to withdraw urine for diagnostic purposes, to allow urine to drain freely, or to place a fluid such as a chemotherapy solution into the bladder
thoracic surgeon
performs operations on the organs inside the thorax, or chest, including the heart, lungs, and esophagus
visual field
perimetry, performed to determine losses in peripheral vision
gestation
period of development of the baby in the mother's uterus
Raynaud's disease
peripheral arterial occlusive disease in which intermittent attacks are triggered by cold or stress
bronchiectasis
permanent dilation of the bronchi, caused by chronic infection and inflammation
contracture
permanent tightening of fascia, muscles, tendons, ligaments, or skin that occurs when normally elastic connective tissues are replaced with nonelastic fibrous tissues
causalgia
persistent, severe burning pain that usually follows an injury to a sensory nerve
transgender
person whose gender identity does not match their gender at birth
myofascial
pertaining to muscle tissue and fascia
acoustic
pertaining to sound or hearing
cerebral
pertaining to the cerebrum or to the brain
ocular
pertaining to the eye
optic
pertaining to the eye or sight
hemopoietic hematopoietic
pertaining to the formation of blood cells
cholecystic
pertaining to the gallbladder
cardiovascular
pertaining to the heart and blood vessels
neuromuscular
pertaining to the relationship between a nerve and muscle
auditory
pertaining to the sense of hearing
cutaneous
pertaining to the skin
sputum
phlegm ejected through the mouth that can be examined for diagnostic purposes
anesthesiologist
physician who specializes in administering anesthetic agents before and during surgery
hematologist
physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating abnormalities, disease, and disorders of the blood and blood-forming tissues
cardiologist
physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating abnormalities, diseases, and disorders of the heart
psychiatrist
physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating chemical dependencies, emotional problems, and mental illness
gynecologist
physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the female reproductive system
urologist
physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the genitourinary system of males and the urinary system of females
nephrologist
physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the kidneys
neurologist
physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the nervous system
pulmonologist
physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the respiratory system
gastroenterologist
physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the stomach and intestines
urologist
physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the urinary system of females and the genitourinary system of males
endocrinologist
physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and malfunctions of the endocrine glands
lymphologist
physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating disorders of the lymphatic system
neonatologist
physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating disorders of the newborn
dermatologist
physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating disorders of the skin
oncologist
physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating malignant disorders such as tumors and cancer
proctologist
physician who specializes in disorders of the colon, rectum, and anus
physiatrist
physician who specializes in physical medicine and rehabilitation with the focus on restoring function
obstetrician
physician who specializes in providing medical care to women during pregnancy, childbirth, and immediately thereafter
rheumatologist
physician who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of arthritis and disorders such as osteoporosis, fibromyalgia, and tendinitis that are characterized by the inflammation in the joints and connective tissues
vascular surgeon
physician who specializes in the diagnosis, medical management, and surgical treatment of disorders of the blood vessels
neurosurgeon
physician who specializes in the surgery of the nervous system
plastic surgeon
physician who specializes in the surgical restoration and reconstruction of body structures
neurologist
physician who specializes in treating the causes of paralysis and similar muscle disorders in which there is a loss of function
otolaryngologist
physician with specialized training in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases and disorders of the head and neck
bilirubin
pigment excreted into the digestive fluid called bile, giving it a yellow to green color
melanin
pigment that determines the color of the skin, which depends upon the type and amount of this pigment that is present
chloasma
pigmentation disorder characterized by brownish spots on the face
uvea
pigmented layer of the eye
conjunctivitis
pinkeye, inflammation of the conjunctiva that is usually caused by an infection of allergy
fovea centralis
pit in the middle of the macula
corneal ulcer
pitting of the cornea caused by an infection or injury.
Mydriatic drops
placed into the eyes to produce temporary paralysis, forcing the pupils to remain dilated even in the presence of bright light
suprapubic catheterization
placement of a catheter into the bladder through a small incision made through the abdominal wall just above the pubic bone
nephrostomy
placement of a catheter to maintain an opening from the pelvis of one or both kidneys to the exterior of the body
nasogastric intubation
placement of a feeding tube through the nose and into the stomach
enema
placement of a solution into the rectum and colon to empty the lower intestine through bowel activity
parasite
plant or animal that lives on or within another living organism at the expense of that organism
serum
plasma fluid after the blood cells and the clotting proteins have been removed
interstitial fluid
plasma from arterial blood that flows out of the arterioles and into the capillaries, and then flows into the spaces between the cells of the tissues
accessory organs
play a key role in the digestive process but are not part of the gastrointestinal tract
natural killer cells
play an important role in the killing of cancer cells and cells infected by viruses
interleukins
play multiple roles in the immune system, including directing B and T cells to divide and proliferate
lamina
posterior portion of the vertebra
lochia
postpartum vaginal discharge that typically continues for 4 to 6 weeks after childbirth
ectopic pregnancy
potentially dangerous condition in which a fertilized egg is implanted and begins to develop outside of the uterus
drug overdose
potentially fatal, accidental or intentional use of an illegal drug or prescription medicine in an amount higher than what is safe or normal
sleep apnea
potentially serious disorder in which breathing repeatedly stops and starts during sleep for periods long enough to cause a measurable decrease in blood oxygen levels
cecum
pouch that lies on the right side of the abdomen
palpitation
pounding or racing heartbeat with or without irregularity in rhythm
actinic keratosis
precancerous skin growth that occurs on skin-damaged skin
lipocytes
predominant in the subcutaneous layer where they manufacture and store large quantities of fat
trimesters
pregnancy divided into three of these
sympathetic nerves
prepare the body for emergencies and stress by increasing the respiratory rate, heart rate, and blood flow to muscles
hyperproteinuria
presence of abnormally high concentrations of protein in the urine
hypoproteinemia
presence of abnormally low concentrations of protein in the blood
hematospermia
presence of blood in the seminal fluid
hematochezia
presence of bright red blood in the stool
steatorrhea
presence of excess fat in the stool
hirsutism
presence of excessive body and facial hair in women, usually occurring in a male pattern
cholelithiasis
presence of gallstones in the gallbladder or bile ducts
cervical dysplasia
presence of precancerous changes in the cells that make up the inner lining of the cervix
pyothorax
presence of pus in the pleural cavity between the layers of the pleural membrane
fibrocystic breast disease
presence of single or multiple benign cysts in the breasts
Photopsia
presence of what appears to be flashes of light
barotrauma
pressure related ear condition
irrigation and debridement
pressurized fluid is used to clean out wound debris
tracheotomy
procedure in which an incision is made into the trachea to gain access to the airway below a blockage
partial knee replacement
procedure in which only part of the knee is replaced
electroconvulsive therapy
procedure in which small amounts of electric current are passed through the brain, deliberately triggering a brief seizure in order to reverse symptoms of certain mental illnesses
vasovasostomy
procedure performed as an attempt to restore fertility to a vasectomize male
functional endoscopic sinus surgery
procedure performed using an endoscope in which chronic sinusitis is treated by enlarging the opening between the nose and sinus
dialysis
procedure to remove waste products, such as urea, creatinine, and excess water from the blood of a patient whose kidneys no longer function
absorption
process by which completely digested nutrients are transported to the cells throughout the body
digestion
process by which complex foods are broken down into nutrients in a form the body can use
air conduction
process by which sound waves enter the ear through the pinna and then travel down the external auditory canal until they strike the tympanic membrane
effacement
process by which the cervix prepares for delivery as it gradually softens, shortens, and becomes thinner
hemodialysis
process by which waste products are filtered directly from the patient's blood
staging
process of classifying tumors by how far the disease has progressed, the potential for its responding to therapy, and the patient's prognosis
lactation
process of forming and secreting milk from the breasts as nourishment for the infant
lumbar puncture
process of obtaining a sample of cerebrospinal fluid by inserting a needle into the subarachnoid space of the lumbar region to withdraw fluid
puberty
process of physical changes by which a child's body becomes an adult body that is capable of reproducing
electroencephalography
process of recording the electrical activity of the brain through the use of electrodes attached to the scalp
spermatogenesis
process of sperm formation
axon
process that conducts impulses away from the nerve cell
angiogenesis
process through which a tumor supports it growth by creating its own blood supply
Bartholin's glands
produce a mucus secretion to lubricate the vagina
endocrine glands
produce hormones, do not have ducts
neurohormones
produced and released by neurons in the brain, rather than by the endocrine glands, and delivered to organs and tissues through the bloodstream
cerebrospinal fluid
produced by special capillaries within the four ventricles located in the middle region of the cerebrum
interferons
produced in response to the presence of antigens, particularly viruses or tumor cells
hidrosis
production and secretion of perspiration
galactorrhea
production of breast milk in a woman who is not breastfeeding
dental prophylaxis
professional cleaning of the teeth to remove plaque and calculus
coma
profound state of unconsciousness marked by the absence of spontaneous eye movements, no response to painful stimuli, and the lack of speech
diaphoresis
profuse sweating
leukorrhea
profuse, whitish mucus discharge from the uterus and vagina
multiple sclerosis
progressive autoimmune disorder characterized by inflammation that causes demyelination of the myelin sheath
Retinitis pigmentosa
progressive degeneration of the retina that affects night and peripheral vision. it can be detected by the presence of dark pigmented spots in the retina
pulmonary fibrosis
progressive formation of scar tissue in the lung, resulting in decreased lung capacity and increased difficulty in breathing
chronic kidney disease
progressive loss of renal function over months or years
emphysema
progressive, long term loss of lung function, usually due to smoking
nephroptosis
prolapse or dropping down of a kidney into the pelvic area when the patient stands
insomnia
prolonged or abnormal inability to sleep
nails
protect the dorsal surface of the last bone of each toe and finger
myelin sheath
protective covering made up of glial cells
axial skeleton
protects the major organs of the nervous, respiratory, and circulatory systems
leptin
protein hormone secreted by fat cells that is involved in the regulation of appetite
hernia
protrusion of a part of a structure through the tissues normally containing it
inguinal hernia
protrusion of a small loop of bowel through a weak place in the lower abdominal wall or groin
midbrain and pons
provide conduction pathways to and from the higher and lower centers in the brain
biliary
provides the channels through which bile is transported from the liver to the small intestine
physical therapist
provides treatment to prevent disability or restore function through the use of exercise, heat, massage, or other techniques
schizophrenia
psychotic disorder usually characterized by withdrawal from reality, illogical patterns of thinking, delusions, and hallucinations and accompanied in varying degrees by other emotional, behavioral, or intellectual disturbances
right ventricle
pumps the oxygen-poor blood through the pulmonary semilunar valve and into the pulmonary artery, which carries it to the lungs
myoclonus
quick, involuntary jerking of a muscle or group of muscles
teletherapy
radiation therapy administered at a distance from the body
retrograde urography
radiograph of the urinary system taken after a contrast medium has been placed in the urethra through a sterile catheter and caused to flow upward through the urinary tract
cholangiography
radiographic examination of the bile ducts with the use of a contrast medium
cystography
radiographic examination of the bladder after a contrast medium is instilled via a urethral catheter
mammography
radiographic examination of the breasts to detect the presence of tumors or precancerous cells
abdominal computed tomography (CT)
radiographic procedure that produces a detailed cross-section of the tissue structure within the abdomen
upper GI series and lower GI series
radiographic studies to examine the digestive system
Fluorescein angiography
radiographic study of the blood vesselsin the retina of the eye following the intravenous injection of a fluorescein dye as a contrast medium.
intravenous pyelography
radiographic study of the kidneys and ureters
myelography
radiographic study of the spinal cord after the injection of a contrast medium through a lumbar puncture
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
rapidly progressive neurological disease that attacks the nerve cells responsible for controlling voluntary muscles
ebola
rare and generally fatal disease transmitted by contact with any bodily fluids infected wth the ebola virus
inflammatory breast cancer
rare but aggressive form of breast cancer in which the cancer cells block the lymphatic vessels in the skin of the breast
acromegaly
rare chronic disease characterized by abnormal enlargement of the extremities caused by the excessive secretion of growth hormone after puberty
Meniere's disease
rare chronic disorder in which the amount of fluid in the inner ear increases intermittently, producing attacks of vertigo, a fluctuating hearing loss, and tinnitus
Wilms tumor
rare type of malignant tumor of the kidney that occurs in young children
pheochromocytoma
rare, benign tumor of the adrenal gland that causes too much release of epinephrine and norepinephrine, which are the hormones that regulate heart rate and blood pressure
rods and cones
receive images that have passed through the lens of the eye
right atrium
receive oxygen-poor blood from all tissues, except the lungs, through the superior and inferior venae cavae
left ventricle
receives oxygen-rich blood from the left atrium
left atrium
receives oxygen-rich blood from the lungs through the four pulmonary veins
pharynx
receives the air after it passes through the nose or mouth
organ of corti
receives vibrations from the cochlear duct and relays them to the auditory nerve fibers
spirometer
recording device that measures the amount of air inhaled or exhaled and the length of time required for each breath
erythema
redness of the skin due to capillary dilation
root canal
refers both to the pulp cavity in the root of the tooth and to a procedure in which diseased or damaged pulp in the root canal is removed in order to save the tooth
paresthesia
refers to a burning or prickling sensation that is usually felt in the hands, arms, legs, or feet but can also occur in other parts of the body
empyema
refers to a collection of pus in a body cavity
tolerance
refers to an acquired unresponsiveness to a specific antigen
dentition
refers to the natural teeth arranged in the upper and lower jaws
Corneal transplant
keratoplasty, surgical replacement of a scarred or diseased cornea with clear corneal tissue from a donor
varicocele
knot of widening varicose veins in one side of the scrotum
lumbar vertebrae
known as L1 through L5 make up the third set of five vertebrae and together they form the inward curve of the lower spine these are the largest and strongest of the vertebrae and bear most of the body's weights
hemoccult test
laboratory test for hidden blood in stool
xerostomia
lack of adequate saliva due to diminished secretions by the salivary glands
ataxia
lack of muscle coordination during voluntary movement
malnutrition
lack of proper food or nutrients in the body due to a shortage of food, poor eating habits, or the inability of the body to digest, absorb, and distribute these nutrients
atonic
lacking normal muscle tone or strength
bulla
large blister that is usually more than 0.5 cm in diameter
arteries
large blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart to all regions of the body
steroids
large family of hormone-like substances that share the same fat-soluble chemical structure
olecranon process
large projection on the upper end of the ulna. forms the point of the elbow and exposes a nerve that tingles when struck
ecchymosis
large, irregular area of purplish discoloration due to bleeding under the skin
furuncles
large, tender, swollen areas caused by a staphylococcal infection around hair follicles or sebaceous glands
right lung
larger and has three lobes
ulna
larger and longer bone of the forearm. the proximal end of the ulna articulates with the distal end of the humerus to form the elbow joint
cerebrum
largest and upper-most portion of the brain, consists of four lobes
aorta
largest blood vessel in the body
femurs
largest bones in the body
thoracic duct
largest lymphatic vessel in the body, collects lymph from the left side of the head and neck, the upper left quadrant of the trunk, the left arm, the entire lower portion of the trunk, and both legs
gluteus maximus
largest muscle of the buttock
maxillary sinuses
largest of the paranasal sinuses, are located in the maxillary bones under the eyes
liver
largest organ the in the body important functions related to removing toxins from the blood and turning food into the fuel and nutrients the body needs
ileum
last and longest portion of the small intestine extends from the jejunum to the cecum of the large intestine
lung cancer
leading cause of cancer death in the United States condition in which cancer cells form in the tissues of the lung
dyslexia
learning disability characterized by substandard reading achievement due to the inability of the brain to process symbols correctly
emesis
reflex ejection of the stomach contents outward through the mouth
epidural anesthesia
regional anesthesia produced by injecting medication into the epidural space of the lumbar or sacral region of the spine
spinal anesthesia
regional anesthesia produced by injecting medication into the subarachnoid space
growth hormone
regulates the growth of bone, muscle, and other body tissues
primary bone cancer
relatively rare malignant tumor that originates in a bone
thyroid storm
relatively rare, life-threatening condition caused by exaggerated hyperthyroidism
diaphragmatic breathing
relaxation technique used to relieve anxiety
ovulation
release of a mature egg from a follicle on the surface of one of the ovaries that happens on approximately the 13th or 14th day of a woman's menstrual cycle
tenolysis
release of a tendon from adhesions
histamine
released in response to allergens, causes the signs of an allergic response, including itching and increased mucus secretion
heparin
released in response to an injury, is an anticoagulant
indwelling catheter
remains inside the body for a prolonged time based on need
varicocelectomy
removal of a portion of an enlarged vein to relieve a varicocele
biopsy
removal of a small piece of living tissue for examination to confirm or establish a diagnosis
surgical biopsy
removal of a small piece of tissue for examination to confirm a diagnosis
hypophysectomy
removal of abnormal glandular tissue
debridement
removal of dirt, foreign objects, damaged tissue, and cellular debris from a wound to prevent infection and to promote healing
transurethral prostatectomy
removal of excess tissue from an enlarged prostate gland with the use of resectoscope
curettage
removal of material from the surface by scraping
Enucleation
removal of the eyeball, leaving the eye muscles intact
vitrectomy
removal of the vitreous humor and its replacement with a clear solution
orchiopexy
repair of an undescended testicle
revision surgery
replacement of a worn or failed implant
dermatoplasty
replacement of damaged skin with healthy tissue taken from a donor site on the patient's body
gamete
reproductive cell
natural immunity
resistance to a disease present without the administration of an antigen or exposure to a disease
gluten intolerance
response to gluten involving digestive distress but not causing the intestinal tissue damage of celiac disease
fraternal twins
result from the fertilization of separate ova by separate sperm cells
sudden cardiac death
results when treatment of cardiac arrest is not provided within a few minutes
foreskin
retractable double-layered fold of skin and mucous membrane that covers and protects the glans penis
regurgitation
return of swallowed food into the mouth
uterine involution
return of the uterus to its normal size and former condition after delivery
parasympathetic nerves
return the body to normal after a response to stress
lymphocytes
leukocytes that are formed in bone marrow as stem cells
monocytes
leukocytes that provide immunological defenses against many infectious organism
Apgar score
scale of 1 to 10 to evaluate a newborn infant's physical status at 1 and 5 minutes after birth
plaque
scaly, solid raised area of closely spaced papules
oliguria
scanty urination
probiotics
living microorganisms sometimes described as "good" bacteria because of their role in aiding digestion and protecting the body from harmful bacteria
contact dermatitis
localized allergic response caused by contact with an irritant, such as diaper rash
bronchopneumonia
localized form of pneumonia that often affects the bronchioles
aneurysm
localized weak spot or balloon-like enlargement of the wall of an artery
cervical lymph nodes
located along the sides of the neck
hamstring group
located at the back of the upper leg, consists of three separate muscles: the biceps femoris, semitendinosus, and semimembranosus muscles involved in knee flexion and hip extension
lingual tonsils
located at the base of the tongue, not readily visible
medulla oblongata
located at the lowest part of the brainstorm, is connected to the spinal cord
thalamus
located below the cerebrum relays sensory stimuli from the spinal cord and midbrain to the cerebral cortex produces sensations by relaying impulses to and from the cerebrum and the sense organs of the body
hypothalamus
located below the thalamus controls vital bodily functions
tympanic membrane
located between outer and middle ear.
mitral valve
located between the left atrium and left ventricle
aortic semilunar valve
located between the left ventricle and the rest of body
pulmonary semilunar valve
located between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery
lymphatic vessels
located deeper within the tissue have valves to prevent the back flow of lymph
brainstem
located in the base of the brain and forms the connection between the brain and spinal cord controls the functions necessary for survival and for arousal stalk-like portion of the brain that connects the cerebral hemispheres with the spinal cord
ethmoid sinuses
located in the ethmoid bones between the nose and the eyes, are irregularly shaped air cells that are separated from the orbital cavity by only thin layer of bone
frontal sinuses
located in the frontal bone just above the eyebrows
inguinal lymph nodes
located in the inguinal (groin) area of the lower abdomen
dendrites
root-like processes that receive impulses and conduct them to the cell body
fibroadenoma
round, firm, rubbery mass that arises from excess growth of glandular and connective tissue in the breast
malleolus
rounded bony projection on the tibia and fibula on the sides of each ankle joint
mons pubis
rounded, fleshly prominence located over the pubic symphysis
cerebellum
located in the lower back part of the cranium below the cerebrum coordinates muscular activity and balance for smooth and steady movements second-largest part of the brain
adenoids
located in the nasopharynx, which is the upper part of the pharynx
sinoatrial node
located in the posterior wall of the right atrium near the entrance of the superior vena cava
sphenoid sinuses
located in the sphenoid bone behind the eye and under the pituitary gland, are close to the optic nerves, and an infection here can damage vision
smooth muscles
located in the walls of internal organs such as the digestive tract, blood vessels, and ducts leading from glands
subcutaneous layer
located just below the layers of the skin and connects the skin to the surface muscles
bulbourethral glands
located just below the prostate gland
thymus
located near the midline in the anterior portion of the thoracic cavity
pia mater
located nearest to the brain and spinal cord
atrioventricular node
located on the floor of the right atrium near the intertribal septum
palatine tonsils
located on the left and right sides of the throat in the area that is visible at the back of the mouth
deltoid muscle
located on the shoulder, is shaped like an inverted triangle
transverse abdominis
located on the side of the abdomen core muscle is engaged when a person laughs or coughs
adrenal glands
located on top of each kidney each consists of an outer portion and middle portion
axillary lymph nodes
located under the arms in the area known as the armpits
oval window
located under the base of the stapes, membrane that separates the middle ear from the inner ear
ciliary body
located within the choroid, set of muscles and suspensory ligaments that adjust the thickness of the lens to refine the focus of light rays on the retina
spinal cord
long, fragile, tube-like structure that begins at the end of the brainstem and continues down almost to the bottom of the spinal column
vas deferens
long, narrow continuation of each epididymis
muscle fibers
long, slender cells that make up muscles
spirochetes
long, slender, spiral-shaped bacteria that have flexible walls and are capable of movement
colon
longest portion of the large intestine
anorexia
loss of appetite for food, especially when caused by disease
asphyxia
loss of consciousness that occurs when the body cannot get the oxygen it needs to function
sacropenia
loss of muscle mass, strength, and function that come with aging
paralysis
loss of sensation and voluntary muscle movements in a muscle through disease or injury to its nerve supply
aphonia
loss of the ability of the larynx to produce normal speech sounds
aphasia
loss of the ability to speak, write, and/or comprehend the written or spoken word
arrhythmia
loss of the normal rhythm of the heartbeat
cataract
loss of transparency of the lens that causes a progressive loss of visual clarity
ankylosis
loss or absence of mobility in a joint due to disease, injury, or a surgical procedure
dual x-ray absorptiometry
low-exposure radiographic measurement of the spine and hips to measure bone density
persistent depressive disorder
low-grade, chronic depression with symptoms that are milder than those of severe depression but are present on a majority of days for two or more years
anus
lower opening of the digestive tract
cervix
lower, narrow portion that extends into the vagina
lethargy
lowered level of consciousness marked by listlessness, drowsiness, and apathy
basal layer
lowest layer of the epidermis
acute respiratory distress syndrome
lung condition usually caused by trauma, pneumonia, smoke or fumes, inhaled vomit, or sepsis
intervertebral disks
made of cartilage, separate and cushion the vertebrae from each other act as shock absorbers and allow for movement of the spinal column
cranium
made up of 8 bones, protects brain and encloses the skull. joined by jagged fibrous joints that are often referred to as sutures
gastric juices
made up of enzymes and hydrochloric acid aid in the beginning of food digestion
breats
made up of fat, connective tissue, and the mammary glands
quadriceps femoris
made up of four muscles, including the vests lateralis and vastus medialis, which flex and extend the leg at the knee
lymph
made up of the remaining 10% of the returning interstitial fluid
integumentary system
made up of the skin and its related structures, performs important functions in maintaining the health of the body
lacrimal fluid
maintain moisture on the anterior surface of the eyeball.
carotid arteries
major arteries that carry blood upward to the head
Dental plaque
major cause of dental caries and periodontal disease, forms as soft deposits in sheltered areas near the gums and between the teeth
urea
major waste product of protein metabolism
catatonic behavior
marked by a lack of responsiveness, stupor, and a tendency to remain in a fixed posture
andropause
marked by the decrease of the male hormone testosterone
osteoporosis
marked loss of bone density and an increase in bone porosity that is frequently associated with aging
bolus
mass of food that has been chewed and is ready to be swallowed
thymus
mass of lymphoid tissue located above the heart, reaches its greatest size at puberty and becomes smaller with age
erythrocytes
mature red blood cells produced by the red bone marrow red blood cells
post-traumatic stress disorder
may develop after an event involving actual or threatened death or injury to the individual or someone else, during which the person felt intense fear, helplessness, or horror
labyrinth
maze like system of the inner ear
malignant
means becoming progressively worse and life-threatening
rectus
means in straight alignment with the vertical axis of the body
renal
means pertaining to the kidneys
purulent
means producing or containing pus
pulmonary
means relating to or affecting the lungs
oblique
means slanted or at an angle
metastasize
means to spread from one place to another
medialis
means toward the midline
lateralis
means toward the side
edentulous
means without teeth
hertz
measure of sound frequency that determines how high or low a pitch is
tonometry
measurement of intraocular pressure
audiological evaluation
measurement of the ability to hear and understand speech sounds based on their pitch and loudness
blood pressure
measurement of the amount of systolic and diastolic pressure exerted against the walls of the arteries
intraocular pressure
measurement of the fluid pressure inside the eye
fructosamine test
measures average glucose levels over the previous 3 weeks
acoustic reflectometry
measures how much sound is reflected back from the eardrum, a way to test how much fluid is in the middle ear to diagnosis otitis media
polysomnography
measures physiological activity during sleep and is often performed to detect nocturnal defects in breathing associated with sleep apnea
fasting blood sugar test
measures the blood glucose levels after the patient has not eaten for 8 to 12 hours
home blood glucose monitoring
measures the current blood glucose level using a drop of blood, and is often performed by the patient multiple times per day
thyroid scan
measures thyroid function, a form of nuclear medicine
orthotic
mechanical appliance, such as a shoe insert, leg brace, or a splint, which is specially designed to control, correct, or compensate for impaired limb function
ventilator
mechanical device for artificial respiration that is used to replace or supplement the patient's natural breathing function
ruptured spleen
medical emergency that occurs when the covering of the spleen is torn, usually as the result of a blow to the abdomen
anesthetist
medical professional who specializes in administering anesthesia but is not a physical, for example, a nurse anesthetist
antithyroid drug
medication administered to slow the ability of the thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormones
antineoplastic
medication that blocks the development, growth, or proliferation of malignant cells
antiemetic
medication that is administered to prevent or relieve nausea and vomiting
cytotoxic drug
medication that kills or damages cells
anesthetic
medication used to induce anesthesia
diuretics
medications administered to increase urine secretion, primarily to rid the body of excess water and salt
antihistamines
medications administered to relieve or prevent the symptoms of hay fever, which is a common allergy to wind-borne pollens, and other types of allergies
antibiotics
medications capable of inhibiting growth or killing pathogenic bacterial microorganisms
laxatives
medications or foods given to stimulate bowel movements
amnesia
memory disturbance characterized by a total or partial inability to recall past experiences
pathogen
microorganism that causes a disease in humans
nephrons
microscopic functional units of each kidney
lymphatic capillaries
microscopic, blind-ended tubes located near the surface of the body with capillary walls that are only one cell in thickness
myocardium
middle and thickest of the heart's three layers
jejunum
middle portion of the small intestine extends from the duodenum to the ileum
mediastinum
middle section of the chest cavity and is located between the lungs
hand, foot, and mouth disease
mild viral infection common in children under 5 years of age
walking pneumonia
milder but longer-lasting form of the disease
mammary glands
milk-producing glands that develop during puberty
electrolytes
mineral substances that are normally found in the blood and other bodily fluids
arthroscopic surgery
minimally invasive procedure for the treatment of the interior of a joint
laparoscopic adrenalectomy
minimally invasive surgical procedure to remove one or both adrenal glands
overuse injuries
minor tissue injuries that have not been given time to heal
mammary glands
modified sweat glands sometimes classified with the integumentary system
nevi
moles
Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma
more common type refers to all lymphomas other than Hodgkin's lymphoma
computed tomography
more commonly used as a primary tool for evaluation of the urinary system because it can be rapidly performed and provides additional imaging of the abdomen
nonalcoholic steatohepatitis
more serious form of this condition because it consists of fatty accumulations plus liver damaging inflammation
immunoglobulin G (IgG)
most abundant class of antibodies, found in blood serum and lymph
acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
most advanced and fatal stage of an HIV infection
thyroid carcinoma
most common cancer of the endocrine system, and is the most rapidly increasing cancer in the united states
diabetes mellitus
most common endocrine system disease, group of metabolic disorders characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from defects in the body's production of insulin
Iritis
most common form of uveitis. affects primarily structures in the front of the eye
extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy
most common kidney stone treatment high-energy ultrasonic waves traveling through water or gel are used to break the stone into fragments
androgenic alopecia
most common type of hair loss
Foley catheter
most common type of indwelling catheter made of a flexible tube with a balloon filled with sterile water at the end to hold it in place in the bladder
ischemic stroke
most common type of stroke in older people, occurs when the flow of blood to the brain is blocked by the narrowing or blockage of a carotid artery
atrial fibrillation
most common type of tachycardia
bacterial pneumonia
most commonly caused by streptococcus pneumoniae
oral glucose tolerance test
most commonly performed to diagnose gestational diabetes
chlamydia
most commonly reported STD in the US
Hepatitis A virus
most prevalent type of hepatitis transmitted through contamination of food and water with infected fecal matter
abduction
movement of a limb away from the midline of the body
adduction
movement of a limb toward the midline of the body
plantar flexion
movement that bends the foot downward at the ankle
dorsiflexion
movement that bends the foot upward at the ankle
borborygmus
rumbling noise caused by the movement of gas in the intestine
myorrhexis
rupture or tearing of a muscle
spleen
sac-like mass of lymphoid tissue located in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen, just inferior to (below) the diaphragm and posterior to (behind) the stomach
stomach
sac-like organ composed of the fundus, body, and antrum
scrotum
sac-like structure that surrounds, protects, and supports the testicles
hair follicles
sacs that hold the root of the hair fibers
infiltrating ductal carcinoma
starts in the milk duct and invades the fatty breast tissue outside the duct most common form
muscle tone
state of balanced muscle tension that makes normal posture, coordination, and movement possible
conscious
state of being awake, alert, aware, and responding appropriately
immunity
state of being resistant to a specific disease
unconscious
state of being unaware and unable to respond to any stimuli, including pain
testosterone
steroid hormone secreted by the testicles and the adrenal cortex to stimulate the development of male secondary sex characteristics
corticosteroids
steroid hormones produced by the adrenal cortex
torticollis
stiff neck due to spasmodic contraction of the neck muscles that pull the head toward the affected side
arthrosclerosis
stiffness of the joints, especially in the elderly
phrenic nerves
stimulate the diaphragm cause it to contract
lactogenic hormone
stimulates and maintains the secretion of breast milk in the mother after childbirth
luteinizing hormone
stimulates ovulaiton in the female
adrenocorticotropic hormone
stimulates the growth and secretions of the adrenal cortex
follicle-stimulating hormone
stimulates the secretion of estrogen and the growth of ova in the ovaries of the female
thyroid-stimulating hormone
stimulates the secretion of hormones by the thyroid gland
epinephrine
stimulates the sympathetic nervous system in response to physical injury or to mental stress such as fear
oxytocin
stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth
muscle innervation
stimulation of a muscle by an impulse transmitted by a motor nerve
Stapes
stirrup
ureterolith
stone located anywhere along the ureter
cystolith
stone located within the urinary bladder
hamstring injury
strain or tear on any of the three hamstring muscles that straighten the hip and bend the knee
plasma
straw-colored fluid that contained nutrients, hormones, and waste products 91% water
seizure
sudden surge of electrical activity in the brain that affects how a person feels or acts for a short time
spasm
sudden, involuntary contraction of one or more muscles
sleep deprivation
sufficient lack of restorative sleep over a cumulative period so as to cause physical or psychiatric symptoms and affect routine performance or tasks
trichomycosis axillaris
superficial bacterial infection of the hair shafts in areas with extensive sweat glands, such as the armpits
proctopexy
surgical fixation of a prolapsed rectum to an adjacent tissue or organ
nephropexy
surgical fixation of nephroptosis or a floating kidney
cystopexy
surgical fixation of the bladder to the abdominal wall
osteoclasis
surgical fracture of a bone to correct a deformity
nephrolysis
surgical freeing of a kidney from adhesions
intraocular lens
surgical implanted replacement for a natural lens that has been removed
lithotomy
surgical incision for the removal of a nephrolith from the bladder
myotomy
surgical incision into a muscle
tenotomy
surgical incision into a tendon
thoracotomy
surgical incision into the chest walls to open the pleural cavity for biopsy or treatment
colotomy
surgical incision into the colon
laryngotomy
surgical incision into the larynx, performed when the upper part of the airway is obstructed
orbitotomy
surgical incision into the orbit
pyelotomy
surgical incision into the renal pelvis
thalamotomy
surgical incision into the thalamus
urethrotomy
surgical incision into the urethra for relief of a stricture
meatotomy
surgical incision made in the urethral meatus to enlarge the opening
craniotomy
surgical incision or opening into the skull
fasciotomy
surgical incision through the fascia to relieve tension or pressure
arthrolysis
surgical loosening of an ankylosed joint
gastrostomy tube
surgical placed feeding tube from the exterior of the body directly into the stomach
fenestration
surgical procedure in which a new opening is created in the labyrinth to restore lost hearing
lymph node dissection
surgical procedure in which all of the lymph nodes in a major group are removed to determine or slow the spread of cancer in this area
ostomy
surgical procedure to create an artificial opening between an organ and they body surface
radial keratotomy
surgical procedure to treat myopia
thoracentesis
surgical puncture of the chest wall with a needle to obtain fluid from the pleural cavity
blepharoplasty
surgical reduction of the upper and lower eyelids by removing sagging skin
ostectomy
surgical removal of a bone
diverticulectomy
surgical removal of a diverticulum
laminectomy
surgical removal of a lamina or posterior portion of a vertebra
lobectomy
surgical removal of a lobe of an organ, usually the lung, brain, or liver
percutaneous nephrolithotomy
surgical removal of a nephrolith through a small incision in the back
lobectomy
surgical removal of a portion of the brain to treat brain cancer or seizure disorders that cannot be controlled with medication
craniectomy
surgical removal of a portion of the skull
iridectomy
surgical removal of a portion of the tissue of the iris
synovectomy
surgical removal of a synovial membrane from a joint
ureterectomy
surgical removal of a ureter
gastrectomy
surgical removal of all or a part of the stomach
labyrinthectomy
surgical removal of all or a portion of the labyrinth
pneumonectomy
surgical removal of all or part of a lung
colectomy
surgical removal of all or part of the colon
hepatectomy
surgical removal of all or part of the liver
pancreatectomy
surgical removal of all or part of the pancreas
cystectomy
surgical removal of all or part of the urinary bladder
radical mastectomy
surgical removal of an entire breast and many of the surrounding tissues
gingivectomy
surgical removal of diseased gingival tissue
rhytidectomy
surgical removal of excess skin and fat from the face to eliminate wrinkles
liposuction
surgical removal of fat beneath the skin with the aid of suction
lipectomy
surgical removal of fat from beneath the skin to improve physical appearance
hemorrhoidectomy
surgical removal of hemorrhoids
mastoidectomy
surgical removal of mastoid cells
lobectomy
surgical removal of one lobe of the thyroid gland
orchidectomy
surgical removal of one or both testicles
parathyroidectomy
surgical removal of one or more of the parathyroid glands, performed to control hyperparathyroidism
lumpectomy
surgical removal of only the cancerous tissue with the surrounding margin of normal tissue
prostatectomy
surgical removal of part or all of the prostate gland
modified radical mastectomy
surgical removal of the entire breast and all of the axillary lymph nodes under the adjacent arm
mastectomy
surgical removal of the entire breast and nipple
circumcision
surgical removal of the foreskin of the penis
cholecystectomy
surgical removal of the gallbladder
ileectomy
surgical removal of the ileum
laryngectomy
surgical removal of the larynx
pinealectomy
surgical removal of the pineal gland
thymectomy
surgical removal of the thymus gland
stapedectomy
surgical removal of the top portion of the stapes bone and the insertion of a small prosthetic device known as a piston that conducts sound vibrations to the inner ear
castration
surgical removal or destruction of both testicles
palatoplasty
surgical repair of a cleft palate
arthroplasty
surgical repair of a damaged joint
fascioplasty
surgical repair of a fascia
neuroplasty
surgical repair of a nerve or nerves
urethroplasty
surgical repair of damage or a defect in the walls of the urethra
chondroplasty
surgical repair of damaged cartilage
craniplasty
surgical repair of the skull
septoplasty
surgical repair or alteration of parts of the nasal septum
otoplasty
surgical repair, restoration, or alteration of the pinna of the ear
myorrhaphy
surgical suturing of a muscle
ureterorrhaphy
surgical suturing of a ureter
cystorrhaphy
surgical suturing of a wound or defect in the bladder
tenodesis
surgical suturing of the end of a tendon to a bone
tenorrhaphy
surgical suturing together of the divided ends of a tendon
osteorrhaphy
surgical suturing, or wiring together, of bones
eletrodesiccation
surgical technique in which tissue is destroyed using an electric spark
neurorrhaphy
surgically suturing together the ends of a severed nerve
lips
surround the opening to the oral cavity
airway inflammation
swelling and clogging of the bronchial tubes with mucus
hematoma
swelling of clotted blood trapped in the tissues
blepharitis
swelling of the eyelid, often at the location of the eyelash hair follicles
lymphedema
swelling of the tissues due to an abnormal accumulation of lymph fluid within the tissues
periorbital edema
swelling of the tissues surrounding the eye or eyes
carpal tunnel syndrome
symptoms occur when the tendons that pass through the carpal tunnel are chronically overused and become inflamed and swollen
cortisone
synthetic equivalent of corticosteroids produced by the adrenal glands
human growth hormone
synthetic version of the growth hormone that is administered to stimulate growth when the natural supply of growth hormone is insufficient for normal development
meninges
system of membranes that enclose the brain and spinal cord
tarsus
tarsal plate, framework within the upper and lower eyelids that provides the necessary stiffness and shape
lacrimal apparatus
tear apparatus, consists of the structures that produce, store and remove tears
colporrhexis
tearing or laceration of the vaginal wall
needle breast biopsy
technique in which an x-ray or MRI guided needle is used to remove small sample of tissue from the breast for diagnosis and the planning of treatment
exfoliative cytology
technique in which cells are scraped from the tissue and examined under a microscope
spinal fusion
technique to immobilize part of the spine by joining together two or more vertebrae
photodynamic therapy
technique used to treat damaged and precancerous skin
mohs surgery
technique used to treat various types of skin cancer
intussusception
telescoping of one part of the small intestine into the opening of an immediately adjacent part
mastoid process
temporal bone containing hollow air space that surrounds the middle ear
apnea
temporary absence of spontaneous respiration
transient ischemic stroke
temporary interruption in the blood supply to the brain
placenta
temporary organ that forms within the uterus to allow the exchange of nutrients, oxygen, and waste product between the mother and fetus without allowing maternal blood and fetal blood to mix
Bell's palsy
temporary paralysis of the seventh cranial nerve that causes paralysis of the face, only on the affected side
myalgia
tenderness or pain in the muscles
cardiomyopathy
term used to describe all diseases of the heart muscle
oligomenorrhea
term used to describe infrequent or very light menstruation in a woman with previously normal periods
ablation
term used to describe some types of treatment of prostate cancer
perimenopause
term used to designate the transition phase between regular menstrual periods and no periods at all
palpation of the breast
test performed by a trained health care provider to check the texture, size, and consistency of the breast
deep tendon reflexes
tested with a reflex hammer that is used to strike a tendon
sperm count
testing of freshly ejaculated semen to determine the volume plus the number, shape, size, and motility of the sperm
antepartum
the final stage of pregnancy just before the onset of labor
Fontanelles
the soft spots, are normally present on the skull of a newborn. These flexible soft spots facilitate the passage of the infant through the birth canal. They also allow for the growth of the skull during the first year. As the child matures, and the sutures close, the fontanelles gradually harden.
cilia
the thin hairs located just inside the nostrils, filter incoming air to remove debris
dermis
thick layer of the living tissue directly below the epidermis
phlegm
thick mucus secreted by the tissues lining the respiratory passages
pectoralis major
thick, fan-shaped muscle situated on the anterior chest wall makes up the bulk of the chest muscles
dura mater
thick, tough, outermost membrane of the meninges
callus
thickening of part of the skin on the hands or feet caused by repeated rubbing
chorion
thin outer membrane that encloses the embryo
pleural cavity
thin, fluid-filled spaced between the parietal and visceral pleural membranes
pleura
thin, moist, and slippery membrane that covers the outer surface of the lungs and lines the inner surface of the thoracic cavity
inferior conchae
thing, scroll-like bones that form part of the interior of the nose
osteopenia
thinner than average bone density
laryngopharynx
third division shared by both the respiratory and digestive systems
tonsils
three masses of lymphoid tissue that form a protective ring around the back of the nose and upper throat
auditory ossicles
three small bones located within the middle ear transmit sound waves from eardrum to inner ear by vibration
auditory ossicles
three tiny bones located in each middle ear malleus, incus, stapes
contraction
tightening of a muscle
puerperium
time from the delivery of the placenta through approximately the first 6 weeks after the delivery
arrector pili
tiny muscle fibers attached to the hair follicles that cause the hair to stand erect
ear tubes
tiny ventilating tubes placed through the eardrum to provide ongoing drainage for fluids and to relieve pressure that can build up after childhood ear infections
endosteum
tissue that lines the medullary cavity
granulation tissue
tissue that normally forms during the healing of a wound
laceration
torn or jagged wound or an accidental cut wound
alopecia universalis
total loss of hair on all parts of the body
hemiplegia
total paralysis affecting only one side of the body
collagen
tough yet flexible fibrous protein material found in the skin and also in the bones, cartilage, tendons, and ligaments
periosteum
tough, fibrous tissues that forms the outermost covering of bone
perimetrium
tough, membranous outer layer
uremia
toxic condition resulting from renal failure in which kidney function is compromised and urea and other waste products normally secreted in the urine are retained in the blood
external auditory canal
transmits sound waves to tympanic membrane
assistive listening device
transmits, processes, or amplifies sound and can be used with or without a hearing aid
salmonellosis
transmitted by feces, either through direct contact with animals, or by eating contaminated raw or undercooked meats and eggs or unpasteurized milk and cheese products
human immunodeficiency virus
transmitted through exposure to infected body fluids, particularly through sexual intercourse with an infected partne
lyme disease
transmitted to humans by the bite of a tick that has had contact with a deer infected with the spirochete borrelia burgdorferi
conjunctiva
transparent mucous membrane that lines the underside of each eyelid and continues to form a protective covering over the exposed surface of the eyeball
trachea
transport air to and from the lungs
respiratory system
traps breathed-in foreign matter with nose hairs and the moist mucous membrane lining of the respiratory system
descending colon
travels down the left side of the abdominal cavity to the sigmoid colon
ascending colon
travels upward from the cecum to the undersurface of the liver
ureteroscopy
treatment for a nephrolith lodged in the ureter
oral rehydration therapy
treatment in which a solution of electrolytes is administered in a liquid preparation to counteract the dehydration that can accompany diarrhea, especially in young children
sclerotherapy
treatment of spider veins by injecting a saline sclerosing solution into the vein
physical therapy
treatment to prevent disability or restore function through the use of exercise, heat, massage, or other techniques
immunosuppression
treatment to repress or interfere with the ability of the immune system to respond to stimulation by antigens
larynx
triangular chamber located between the pharynx and the trachea
urethra
tube extending from the bladder to the exterior of the body
umbilical cord
tube that carries blood, oxygen, and nutrients from the placenta to the developing baby
pinealoma
tumor of the pineal gland that can disrupt the production of melatonin
myelosis
tumor of the spinal cord
synovial sarcoma
tumor of the tissues surrounding a synovial joint such as the knees or elbows
secondary bone cancer
tumors that have metastasized to bones from other organs such as the breasts and lungs
volvulus
twisting of the intestine on itself, causing an obstruction
bronchi
two large tubes that branch out from the trachea and convey air into the two lungs
venae cavae
two largest veins in the body
ventricles
two lower chambers of the heart and these chambers divided by the interventricular septum
ureters
two narrow tubes, each about 10 to 12 inches long, which transport urine from the kidney to the bladder
parietal bones
two of the largest bones of the skull. form most of the roof and upper sides of cranium
thyroxine and triiodothyronine
two primary thyroid hormones that regulate the rate of metabolism and affect the growth and rate of function of many other body systems
testicles
two small, egg-shaped glands that produce the sperm
pituitary adenoma
two types of these slow-growing benign tumors of the pituitary gland
atria
two upper chambers of the heart and these chambers are divided by the intertribal septum
myeloma
type of cancer that occurs in blood-making cells found in the red bone marrow
persistent vegetative state
type of coma in which the patient exhibits alternating sleep and wake cycles
yeast
type of fungus
macrophage
type of leukocyte that surrounds and kills invading cells
glomerulonephritis
type of nephritis caused by inflammation of the glomeruli that causes red blood cells and proteins to leak into the urine
noise-induced hearing loss
type of nerve deafness caused by repeated exposure to extremely loud noises such as gunshot or to moderately loud noises that continue for long periods of time
hospital-acquired pneumonia
type of pneumonia contracted during a stay in the hospital when a patient's defenses are impaired
gamma knife surgery
type of radiation treatment for brain tumors performed without a knife or an incision
malignant melanoma
type of skin cancer that occurs in the melanocytes
oral thrush
type of stomatomycosis that develops when the fungus Candida albicans grows out of control
carotid ultrasonography
ultrasound study of the carotid artery
neurodegenerative disease
umbrella term for disorders in which there is a progressive loss of the structure or functions of the neurons
alopecia totalis
uncommon condition characterized by the loss of all the hair on the scalp
diabetes insipidus
uncommon disorder caused by an insufficient production of the antidiuretic hormone ADH or by the inability of the kidneys to respond appropriately to this hormone
ureteral orifices
urine drains from the ureters into the bladder through these in the wall of the urinary bladder
Weber and Rinne tests
use a tuning fork to distinguish between conductive and sensorineural hearing losses
bladder ultrasound
use of a handheld ultrasound transducer to look for stones or for elevation of the bladder by an enlarged prostate and to measure the residual amount of urine remaining in the bladder after urination
Photocoagulation
use of a laser to treat some forms of wet macular degeneration by sealing leaking or damaged blood vessels
ileal conduct
use of a small piece of intestine to convey urine to the ureters and to a stoma in the abdomen
video-assisted thoracic surgery
use of a thoracoscope to view the inside of the pleural cavity through very small incisions
capsule endoscopy
use of a tiny video camera in a capsule that the patient swallows
tympanometry
use of air pressure in the ear canal to test for disorders of the middle ear
fetal monitoring
use of an electronic device to record the fetal heart rate and the maternal uterine contractions during labor
audiometry
use of audiometer to measure hearing acuity
chemabrasion
use of chemicals to remove the outer layers of skin to treat acne scarring, fine wrinkling, and keratoses
electrolysis
use of electric current to destroy hair follicles in order to produce the relatively permanent removal of undesired hair
hypnotherapy
use of hypnosis to produce an altered state of focused attention in which the patient may be more willing to believe and act on suggestions
chemoprevention
use of natural or synthetic substances such as drugs or vitamins to reduce the risk of developing cancer or to reduce the chance that cancer will recur
brachytherapy
use of radioactive materials in contact with or implanted into the tissues to be treated
chemotherapy
use of the chemical agents and drugs in combinations selected to destroy malignant cells and tissues
Phacoemulsification
use of ultrasonic vibration to shatter and remove the lens clouded by a cataract
echoencephalography
use of ultrasound imaging to create a detailed visual image of the brain for diagnosing purposes
synthetic immunoglobulins
used as a post-exposure preventive measure against certain viruses, including rabies and some type of hepatitis
synthetic interferon
used in the treatment of multiple sclerosis, hepatitis C, and some cancers
radiation therapy
used in the treatment of some cancers
multiples
used to describe a birth involving more than two infants
bone density testing
used to determine losses or changes in bone density
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
used to image soft tissue structures such as the interior of complex joints
Snellen chart
used to measure visual acuity.
retinopexy
used to reattach the detached area in a retinal detachment
prostate-specific antigen (PSA) blood test
used to screen for prostate cancer
bone marrow transplant
used to treat certain types of cancers, such as leukemia and lymphomas, which affect bone marrow
mood-stabilizing drugs
used to treat mood instability and bipolar disorders
laser trabeculoplasty
used to treat open-angle glaucoma by creating openings in the trabecular meshwork to allow the fluid to drain properly
antiviral drug
used to treat viral infections or to provide temporary immunity
labia majora and labia minora
vaginal lips that protect the other external genitalia and the urethral meatus
chest x-ray
valuable tool for diagnosing pneumonia, lung cancer, pneumothorax, pleural effusion, tuberculosis, and emphysema
repetitive stress disorders
variety of muscular conditions that result from repeated motions performed in the course of normal work, daily activities, or recreation such as sports
ventricular tachycardia
very rapid heartbeat that begins within the ventricles
pineal gland
very small endocrine gland
viruses
very small infectious agents that live only by invading other cells
alveoli
very small, grape like clusters found at the end of each bronchiole
petechiae
very small, pinpoint hemorrhages that are less than 2 mm in diameter
concussion
violent shaking up or jarring of the brain
rubella
viral infection characterized by a low-grade fever, swollen glands, inflamed eyes, and a fine, pink rash
anoscopy
visual examination of the anal canal and lower rectum
bronchoscopy
visual examination of the bronchi using a bronchoscope
arthroscopy
visual examination of the internal structure of a joint
laryngoscopy
visual examination of the larynx and vocal cords using a flexible or rigid laryngoscope inserted through the mouth
cystoscopy
visual examination of the urinary bladder with the use of a specialized type of endoscope known as a cystoscope
hematemesis
vomiting of blood
nasal septum
wall of cartilage that divides the nose into two equal sections
exotropia
walleye, outward deviation of one eye relative to the other
urine
waste products and excess fluids converted to this excreted from the body via the urinary bladder
rhinorrhea
watery flow of mucus from the nose
myoparesis
weakness or slight muscular paralysis
atrophy
weakness or wearing away of body tissues and structures
erosion
wearing away of a surface, such as the epidermis of the skin or the outer layer of a mucous membrane
retrograde ejaculation
when an orgasm results in semen flowing backward into the bladder instead of out through the penis
viable
when the fetus is capable of living outside the uterus
renal artery
where blood enters the kidneys
seminiferous tubules
where sperm are formed
origion
where the muscle begins and it is located nearest the midline of the body or on a less movable part of the skeleton
insertion
where the muscle ends by attaching to a bone or tendon
Aqueous humor
which is also known as aqueous fluid, fills both of these chambers. The term aqueous means watery or containing water. As used here, the term humor describes any clear body liquid or semifluid substance.
parathyroid hormone
which works with the hormone calcitonin that is secreted by the thyroid gland regulate calcium levels in the blood and tissues
sclera
white of the eye, maintains shape of the eye and protects the delicate inner layers of tissue
semen
whitish fluid containing sperm that is ejaculated through the urethra at the peak of male sexual excitement
epiphyses
wider ends of long bones such as the femurs of the legs
exanthem
widespread rash, usually in children
rectum
widest division of the large intestine makes up the last 4 inches of the large intestine and ends at the anus
intraocular
within the eyeball
primigravida
woman during her first pregnancy
primipara
woman who has borne one viable child
multiparous
woman who has given birth two or more times
nulligravida
woman who has never been pregnant
nullipara
woman who has never borne a viable child
lymphatic system
work together with specialized leukocytes in specific ways to attack and destroy pathogens that have succeeded in entering the body
stimulant
works by increasing activity in certain areas of the brain to increase concentration and wakefulness
lymphatic circulatory system
works closely with the blood circulatory system
intact skin
wraps the body in a physical barrier to prevent invading organisms from entering the body
candidiasis
yeast infection
jaundice
yellow discoloration of the skin, mucous membranes, and eyes
Anisocoria
condition in which the pupils are unequal in size
lower respiratory tract
consists of the bronchial tree and lungs
vulva
consists of the labia, clitoris, Bartholin's glands, and vaginal orifice
anabolic steroids
man-made substances that are chemically related to male sex hormones
laryngospasm
sudden spasmodic closure of the larynx
phalanges
14 bones of the fingers/toes bones of the toes
zygomatic bones
2, also known as cheekbones, articulate with the frontal bone that makes up the forehead
carpals
8, bones that form the wrist. these bones form a narrow bony passage known as the carpal tunnel
Diplopia
Double vision perception of two images of a single object
LASIK
Laser-assisted in Situ Keratomileusis
RICE
Rest, Ice, Compression, and Elevation
Middle ear
Transmits sound across the space between inner and outer ear
anorectal
anus and rectum as a single unit
Incus
anvil
mycosis
any abnormal condition or disease caused by a fungus
malocclusion
any deviation from the normal positioning of the upper teeth against the lower teeth
otorrhea
any discharge from the ear
stomatomycosis
any disease of the mouth due to a fungus
lymphadenopathy
any disease process affecting a lymph node or nodes
nephropathy
any disease the kidney
Ametropia
any error of refraction in which images do not focus properly on the retina
pneumoconiosis
any fibrosis of the lung tissues caused by dust in the lungs after prolonged environmental or occupational contact
gonadotropin
any hormone that stimulates the gonads
traumatic brain injury
blow to the head or a penetrating head injury that damages the brain
cyanosis
bluish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes caused by a lack of adequate oxygen in the blood
corpus
body of the uterus middle portion
humerus
bone of the upper arm
osteophytes
bone spurs
manubrium
bony structure that forms the upper portion of the sternum
dental arches
bony structures of the oral cavity hold the teeth firmly in position to facilitate chewing and speaking
vertebra
bony units in the spinal column
norepinephrine
both a hormone and a neurohormone released as a hormone by the adrenal medulla and as a neurohormone by the sympathetic nervous system
Hodgkin's lymphoma
cancer of the immune system distinguished by the presence of large, cancerous lymphocytes known as reed-sternberg cells
leukemia
cancer of the white blood-forming cells in the bone marrow
testicular cancer
cancer that begins in the testicles
breast cancer
carcinoma that develops from the cells of the breast and can spread to adjacent lymph nodes and other body sites
immunoglobulin D (IgD)
class of antibodies found only on the surface of B cells
immunoglobulin E (IgE)
class of antibodies produced in the lungs, skin, and mucous membranes
immunoglobulin A (IgA)
class of antibodies produced predominately against ingested antigens
immunoglobulin M (IgM)
class of antibodies that are found in circulating body fluids
retinoids
class of chemical compounds derived from vitamin A that are used in skin care and treatment because of their effect on epithelial cell growth
cancer
class of diseases characterized by the uncontrolled division of cells and the ability of these cells to invade other tissues, either by invasion through direct growth into adjacent tissue or by spreading into distant sites by metastasizing
barbiturates
class of drugs whose major action is a calming or depressed effect on the central nervous system
blood types
classified according to the presence or absence of certain antigens
lens
clear, flexible, curved structure that focuses images on the retina
macula
clearly defined light-sensitive area in the center of the retina that is responsible for sharp central vision
abscess
closed pocket containing pus that is caused by a bacterial infection
epidermoid cyst
closed sac that is found just under the skin
fibrinogen and prothrombin
clotting proteins found in plasma important role in clot formation to control bleeding
glomerulus
cluster of capillaries surrounded by a cup-shaped membrane called the Bowman's capsule and a renal tubule
carbuncle
cluster of connected furuncles
premenstrual dysphoric disorder
condition associated with severe emotional and physical problems that are closely linked to the menstrual cycle
polycystic ovary syndrome
condition caused by a hormonal imbalance in which the ovaries are enlarged by the presence of many cysts formed by incompletely developed follicles
dysfunctional uterine bleeding
condition characterized by abnormal bleeding, often due to an imbalance in hormone level changes
bipolar disorder
condition characterized by cycles of severe mood changes shifting between highs
cerebral palsy
condition characterized by poor muscle control, spasticity, speech defects, and other neurologic deficiencies due to damage that affects the cerebrum
galactorrhea
condition in which an excess of prolactin causes the breasts to produce milk spontaneously, not due to childbirth
factitious disorder
condition in which an individual acts as if he or she has a physical or mental illness when he or she is not really sick
hydrocephalus
condition in which excess cerebrospinal fluid accumulates in the ventricles of the brain
dehydration
condition in which fluid loss exceeds fluid intake and disrupts the body's normal electrolyte balance
endometriosis
condition in which patches of endometrial tissue escape the uterus and become attached to other structures in the pelvic cavity
angina
condition in which severe episodes of chest pain occur due to an inadequate blood flow to the myocardium
prediabetes
condition in which the blood glucose level is higher than normal, but not high enough to be classified as type 2 diabetes
Astigmatism
condition in which the eye does not focus properly because of uneven curvatures of the cornea
respiratory failture
condition in which the level of oxygen in blood becomes dangerously low or the level of carbon dioxide becomes dangerously high
premature ejaculation
condition in which the male reaches climax too soon, usually before or shortly after penetration of the female
gastroparesis
condition in which the muscles in the stomach slow down and work poorly or not at all, preventing the stomach from emptying normally
premature menopause
condition in which the ovaries cease functioning before age 40 years due to disease, a hormonal disorder, or surgical removal
epispadias
congenital abnormality of the urethral opening
hypospadias
congenital abnormality of the urethral opening
anorchism
congenital absence of one or both testicles
spina bifida
congenital defect that occurs during early pregnancy when the spinal canal fails to close completely around the spinal cord to protect it
cretinism
congenital form of hypothyroidism
encephalocele
congenital herniation of brain tissue through a gap in the skull
meningocele
congenital herniation of the meninges through a defect in the skull or spinal column
heart block
congenital or acquired arrhythmia caused by the electrical signal moving through the heart being partially or completely blocked from reaching the ventricles
cerebral hemispheres
connected at the lower midpoint by the corpus callosum
semicircular canals
connected to the cochlea by the vestibule, contain the liquid endolymph and sensitive hair cells. The bending of these hair cells in response to the movements of the head sets up impulses in nerve fibers to help maintain equilibrium. Equilibrium is the state of balance.
fibrous joints
consisting of inflexible layers of dense connective tissue, hold the bones tightly together also known as sutures
skull
consists of 8 bones that form the cranium, 14 bones that form the face, and 6 bones in the middle ear
occupational therapy
consists of activities to promote recovery and rehabilitation to assist patients in performing the activities of daily living
endocardium
consists of epithelial tissue, is the inner lining of the heart
ventricular fibrillation
consists of rapid, irregular, and useless contractions of the ventricles
tarsal
each ankle is made up of seven short of these bones these bones are similar to the bones of the wrist, however they are much larger in size
cerebral lobes
each cerebral hemisphere is subdivided to create pairs of these each one named for the bone of the cranium that covers it
otalgia
earache, pain in the ear
gingivitis
earliest stage of periodontal disease and the inflammation affects only the gums
Cerumen
earwax, secreted by verminous glands that line the auditory canal
eupnea
easy or normal breathing
bulimia nervosa
eating disorder characterized by frequent episodes of binge eating followed by compensatory behaviors such as self-induced vomiting, excessive exercising, or the misuse of laxatives, diuretics, or other medications
Ossification
fragile membrane turning into bone
nocturia
frequent and excessive urination during the night
fimbriae
fringed, finger-like extensions of the infundibulum
embryo
from implantation through the 8th week of pregnancy, the developing baby is known as this
fetus
from the 9th week of pregnancy to the time of birth, the baby in utero is known as this
hemolytic
function of destroying worn-out erythrocytes and releasing their hemoglobin for reuse
ophthalmoscopy
funduscopy, use of an ophthalmoscope to visually examine the fundus of the eye
otomycosis
fungal infection of the external auditory canal
onychomycosis
fungal infection of the nail
tinea
fungal infection that can grow on the skin, hair, or nails
tinea pedis
fungal infection that develops between the toes
renal pelvis
funnel-shaped area inside each kidney that is surrounded by the renal cortex and medulla
infundibulum
funnel-shaped opening into the fallopian tube near the ovary
Malleus
hammer
uvula
hangs from the free edge of the soft palate
vermiform appendix
hangs from the lower portion of the cecum
vermiform appendix
hangs from the lower portion of the cecum, which is the first part of the large intestine
gallstone
hard deposit formed in the gallbladder and bile ducts due to the concretion of bile components
osteosarcoma
hard-tissue sarcoma that usually involves the upper shaft of the long bones, pelvis, or knee
atherosclerosis
hardening and narrowing of the arteries caused by a buildup of cholesterol plaque on the interior walls of the arteries
ganglion cyst
harmless, fluid-filled swelling that occurs most commonly on the outer surface of the wrist
autism
have significant developmental delays, including speech and language
topical steroids
hydrocortisone and other more potent variations are used in the treatment of various skin disorders and diseases
diuresis
increased output of urine
melanocyte-stimulating hormone
increases the production of melanin in melanocytes, thereby causing darkening of skin pigmentation
extension
increasing the angle between two bones or the straightening out of a limb
peak flow meter
inexpensive handheld device used to let patients with asthma measure air flowing out of the lungs, revealing any narrowing of the airways in advance of an asthma attack
trichomoniasis
infection caused by the parasite trichomonas vaginalis
sexually transmitted diseases
infections caused by either bacteria or a virus that affects both males and females
Dental caries
infectious disease caused by bacteria that destroy the enamel and dentin of the tooth
tuberculossi
infectious disease caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis usually attacks the lungs
pediculosis
infestation with lice
pubic symphysis
joint located between the pubic bones in the anterior of the pelvis cartilaginous joint that unites the left and right pubic bones
ankles
joints that connect the lower leg and foot and make the necessary movements possible
unguis
keratin plate that protects the dorsal surface of the last bone of each finger and toe
epiglottis
lid-like structure located at the base of the tongue, swings downward and closes off the laryngopharynx so that food does not enter the trachea and the lungs
thyroid gland
lies on either side of the larynx
prostate gland
lies under the bladder and surrounds the end of the urethra in the region where the vas deferens enters the urethra
cystic fibrosis
life-threatening genetic disorder in which the lungs and pancreas are clogged with large quantities of abnormally thick mucus
HELLP syndrome
life-threatening pregnancy complication characterized by hemolysis (breakdown of red blood cells), elevated liver enzymes, and low platelet count
ethmoid bone
light, spongy bone located at the roof and side of the nose
BiPAP machine
like a CPAP machine but can be set at a higher pressure for inhaling and a lower pressure for exhaling
synovial membrane
lines the capsule and secretes synovial fluid
mucous membranes
lines the nose also line the digestive, reproductive, and urinary systems as well as other parts of the respiratory system
peritoneal dialysis
lining of the peritoneal cavity acts as a filter to remove waste from the blood
oral cavity
lips, hard and soft palates, salivary glands, tongue, teeth, and periodontium
amniotic fluid
liquid that protects the fetus and makes possible its floating movements
cruciate ligaments
make possible the movements of the knee
appendicular skeleton
makes body movement possible and also protects the organs of digestion, excretion, and reproduction
posterior segment
makes up the remaining two-thirds of the eyeball, Lined with retina and filled with vitreous humor
coitus
male ejaculates approximately 100 million sperm into the female's vagina
sperm
male gametes
penis
male sex organ that transports the sperm into the female vagina
vasectomy
male sterilization procedure in which a small portion of the vas deferens is surgically removed
koilonychia
malformation of the nails in which the outer surface is concave or scooped out like the bowl of a spoon
craniostenosis
malformation of the skull due to the premature closure of the cranial sutures
skin cancer
malignant growth on the skin which can have many causes, including repeated severe sunburns or long-term exposure to the sun
carcinoma in situ
malignant tumor in its original position that has not yet disturbed or invaded the surrounding tissues
basal cell carcinoma
malignant tumor of the basal cell layer of the epidermis
sarcoma
malignant tumor that arises from connective tissues, including hard, soft, and liquid connective tissues
carcinoma
malignant tumor that occurs in epithelial tissue
anxiety disorders
mental conditions characterized by excessive, irrational dread of everyday situations or fear that is out of proportion to the real danger in a situation
dissociative identity disorder
mental illness characterized by the presence of two or more distinct personalities, each with its own characteristics, which appear to exist within the same individual
Nyctalopia
night blindness, condition in which an individual with normal daytime vision has difficulty seeing at night
first-degree burn
no blisters; superficial damage to the epidermis
comedo
noninfected lesion formed by the buildup of sebum and keratin in a hair follicle often associated with acne vulgaris
bioimpedance spectroscopy
noninvasive method of diagnosing lymphedema
abdominal ultrasound
noninvasive test used to visualize internal organs by using very high-frequency sound waves
CPAP machine
noninvasive ventilation device used in the treatment of sleep apnea
benign
not life threatening, although this type of tumor can cause damage as it grows and places pressure on adjacent structures
molecular breast imaging (MBI)
nuclear medicine technique using gamma radiation to detect potential tumors in particularly dense breast tissue
body mass index
number that shows body weight adjusted for height
acquired immunity
obtained by having had a contagious disease
myocardial infection
occlusion of one or more coronary arteries caused by plaque buildup
hemorrhoids
occur when a cluster of veins, muscles, and tissues slip near or through the anal opening
antibiotic-resistant bacteria
occur when antibiotics fail to kill all of bacteria they target
hyperparathyroidism
overproduction of the parathyroid hormone, causes the condition known as hypercalcemia
hyperthyroidism
overproduction of thyroid hormones
allergy
overreaction by the body to a particular antigen
iliotibial band syndrome
overuse injury caused by the band rubbing against bone
stress fracture
overuse injury, a small crack in the bone that often develops from chronic, excessive impact
hemoglobin
oxygen-carrying blood protein pigment of the erythrocytes
dysmenorrhea
pain caused by uterine cramps during a menstrual period
dyspareunia
pain during sexual intercourse
cystalgia
pain in the bladder
mastalgia
pain in the breast
cephalagia
pain in the head
intermittent claudication
pain in the leg muscles that occurs during exercise and is relieved by rest
dyspepsia
pain or discomfort in digestion
shin splint
painful condition caused by the tibialis anterior muscle tearing away from the tibia
pulse
rhythmic pressure against the walls of an artery caused by the contraction of the heart
pyloric sphincter
ring-like muscle at the base of the stomach that controls the flow of partially digested food from the stomach to the duodenum of the small intestine
ileocecal sphincter
ring-like muscle that controls the flow from the ileum of the small intestine into the cecum of the large intestine
sphincter
ring-like muscle that tightly constricts the opening of a passageway
bacilli
rod-shaped, spore-forming bacteria
cervical cancer
slow-growing squamous cell cancer
dementia
slowly progressive decline in mental abilities, including memory, thinking, and judgement, that is often accompanied by personality changes
rickettsia
small bacterium that lives in lice, fleas, ticks, and mites
vesicle
small blister, less than 0.5 cm in diameter, containing watery fluid
wheal
small bump that itches
papillae
small bumps, contain taste buds, which are the sensory receptors for the sense of taste
anal fissure
small crack-like sore in the skin of the anus that can cause severe pain during a bowel movement
cilia
small hairs, make up the eyebrows and eyelashes
diverticulum
small pouch, or sac, found in the lining or wall of a tubular organ such as the colon
optic disk
small region in the eye where the nerve endings of the retina enter the optic nerve called the blind spot
myringotomy
small surgical incision in the eardrum to relieve pressure from excess pus or fluid or to create an opening for the placement of ear tubes
pustule
small, circumscribed lesion containing pus
nevus
small, dark skin growth that develops from melanocytes in the skin
skin tags
small, flesh-colored or light-brown polyps that hang from the body by fine stalks
verrucae
small, hard skin lesions caused by the human papillomavirus
papule
small, raised red lesion that is less than 0.5 cm in diameter and does not contain pus
radius
smaller and shorter bone in the forearm runs up the thumb side
fibula
smaller of the two bones of the lower leg
arterioles
smaller, thinner branches of arteries that deliver blood to the capillaries
bronchioles
smallest branches of the bronchi
venules
smallest veins that join to form the larger veins
cerebrovascular accident
stroke damage to the brain that occurs when the blood flow to the brain is disrupted because a blood vessel is either blocked or has ruptured
tongue
strong, flexible, and muscular important for chewing, speaking, and swallowing
congenital heart defects
structural abnormalities caused by the failure of the heart to develop normally before birth
xiphoid process
structure made of cartilage that forms the lower portion of the sternum
adnexa of the eyes
structures outside the eyeball
ergonomics
study of the human factors that affect the design and operation of tools and the work environment
oncology
study of the prevention, causes, and treatment of tumors and cancer
hordeolum
stye, pus-filled and often painful lesion on the eyelid resulting from an acute infection in a sebaceous gland
adipose tissues
subcutaneous layer is made up of loose connective tissue and this
bactericide
substance that causes the death of bacteria
immunosuppressant
substance that prevents or reduces the body's normal immune response
allergen
substance that produces an allergic reaction in an individual
prosthesis
substitute for a diseased or missing body part
sudden infant death syndrome
sudden and unexplainable death of an apparently healthy sleeping infant between the ages of 2 months and 6 months
embolism
sudden blockage of a blood vessel by an embolus
pulmonary embolism
sudden blockage of a pulmonary artery by foreign matter or by an embolus that has formed in the leg or pelvic region
acute renal failure
sudden onset and is characterized by uremia
respiratory system
supplies the blood with oxygen for transpiration to the cells in all parts of the body
innervation
supply of nerves to a specific body part
coronary arteries
supply oxygen-rich blood to the myocardium
pectoral girdle
supports that arms and hands, formed by the shoulders
nephropyosis
suppuration of the kidney
Wedge resection
surgery in which a small wedge-shaped piece of cancerous lung tissue is removed, along with a margin of healthy tissue around the cancer
anastomosis
surgical connection between two hollow, or tubular, structures
tympanoplasty
surgical correction of a damaged middle ear, either to cure chronic inflammation or to restore function
tracheostomy
surgical creation of a stoma into the trachea to insert a temporary or permanent tube to facilitate breathing
colostomy
surgical creation of an artificial excretory opening between the colon and the body surface
ileostomy
surgical creation of an artificial excretory opening between the ileum, at the end of the small intestine, and the outside of the abdominal wall
osteotomy
surgical cutting of a bone
neurotomy
surgical division or dissection of a nerve
carpal tunnel release
surgical enlargement of the carpal tunnel or cutting of the carpal ligament to relieve the pressure on tendons and nerves
panic attack
unexpected, sudden experience of fear in the absence of danger, accompanied by physical symptoms such as heart palpitations, shortness of breath, chest tightness, dizziness, sweating, nausea, feelings of unreality, choking sensations, or a combination of these
diopter
unit of measurement of a lens's refractive power
halitosis
unpleasant odor coming from the mouth that can be caused by dental diseases or respiratory or gastric disorders
stupor
unresponsive state from which a person can be aroused only briefly despite vigorous, repeated attempts
hypomenorrhea
unusually small amount of menstrual flow during a shortened regular menstrual period
gastroesophageal reflux disease
upward flow of acid from the stomach into the esophagus
nausea
urge to vomit
nocturnal enuresis
urinary incontinence during sleep
neurogenic bladder
urinary problem caused by interference with the normal nerve pathways associated with urination
transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation
uses a device that delivers electrical impulses through the skin, which causes changes in muscles
transcranial magnetic stimulation
uses brief, powerful electromagnetic pulses to alter electrical pathways in the brain
allogenic bone marrow transplant
uses healthy bone marrow cells from a compatible donor, often a sibling
therapeutic ultrasound
uses high-frequency sound waves to treat muscle injuries by generating heat deep within muscle tissue
breast MRI
uses magnets and radio waves, and the insertion of a contrast medium via IV, to get more detailed information for those already diagnosed with cancer or to look for signs of cancer in patients at high risk
radioactive iodine uptake test
uses radioactive iodine administered orally to measure thyroid function
digestive system
uses the acids and enzymes produced by the stomach to destroy invaders that are swallowed or consumed with food
urinary tract infection (UTI)
usually begins in the bladder, can affect all parts of the urinary system
rhinophyma
usually occurs in older men characterized by hyperplasia of the tissues of the nose and is associated with advanced rosacea
stress fractures
usually overuse injuries
metrorrhagia
uterine bleeding between menstrual periods
electromyography
utilizes electrodes taped to the skin to measure the transfer of electrical signals in peripheral nerves to the muscles
vaginal candidiasis
vaginal infection caused by the yeast-like fungus Candida albicans