Chapter 3-14 Vocab

traction

a pulling force exerted on a limb in a distal direction in an effort to return the bone or joint to normal alignment

thoracic cavity

The thoracic cavity (thoh-RAS-ick), also known as the rib cage, is the bony structure that protects the heart and lungs. It consists of the ribs, sternum, and upper portion of the spinal column extending from the neck to the diaphragm, but not including the arms.

sigmoid colon

S-shaped structure that continues from the descending colon above and joins the rectum below

ribs

The 12 pairs of ribs, which are also known as costals, attach posteriorly to the thoracic vertebrae

peripheral spinal nerves

31 pairs are grouped together and named based on the region of the body they innervate

acoustic nerves

(cranial nerve VIII), also called auditory nerves, transmit this information to the brain. The acoustic nerves are made up of two parts: cochlear nerves that transmit sound for hearing, and vestibular nerves that sense balance and head position.

KUB

(kidneys, ureters, bladder) radiographic study without use of a contrast medium

Refraction

ability of the lens to bend light rays so they focus on the retina

visual acuity

ability to distinguish object details and shape at a distance

heartbeat

ability to pump blood effectively throughout the body

amenorrhea

abnormal absence of menstrual of menstrual periods for 90 days or more

ascites

abnormal accumulation of serous fluid in the peritoneal cavity

heart murmur

abnormal blowing or clicking sound heard when listening to the heart or a neighboring large blood vessel

hypercapnia

abnormal buildup of carbon dioxide in the blood

thrombosis

abnormal condition of having a thrombus

anhidrosis

abnormal condition of lacking sweat in response to heat

clubbing

abnormal curving of the nails that is often accompanied by enlargement of the fingertips

urethrorrhea

abnormal discharge from the urethra

cardiomegaly

abnormal enlargement of the heart that is frequently associated with heart failure as the heart enlarges in an effort to compensate for its decreased pumping ability

hepatomegaly

abnormal enlargement of the liver

splenomegaly

abnormal enlargement of the spleen

claustrophobia

abnormal fear of being in small or enclosed spaces

brain tumor

abnormal growth located inside the skull

tumor or neoplasm

abnormal growth of body tissue

gigantism

abnormal growth of the entire body that is caused by excessive secretion growth hormone before puberty

placenta previa

abnormal implantation of the placenta in the lower portion of the uterus

lordosis

abnormal increase in the forward curvature of the lumbar spine

kyphosis

abnormal increase in the outward curvature of the thoracic spine as viewed from the side

scoliosis

abnormal lateral curvature of the spine

stone

abnormal mineral deposit that has formed within the body and is named for the organ or tissue where it is located

angiostenosis

abnormal narrowing of a blood vessel

arteriostenosis

abnormal narrowing of an artery or arteries

vesicovaginal fistula

abnormal opening between the bladder and vagina that allows constant involuntary flow of urine from the bladder into the vagina

valvular prolapse

abnormal protrusion of a heart valve that results in the inability of the valve to close completely

exophthalmos

abnormal protrusion of the eyeball out of the orbit

erythroderma

abnormal redness of the entire skin surface

cyst

abnormal sac containing gas, fluid, or a semisolid material

chondromalacia

abnormal softening of cartilage

leukoplakia

abnormal white, usually benign lesion that develops on the tongue or inside of the cheek

goiter

abnormal, benign enlargement of the thyroid gland

aldosteronism

abnormality of the electrolyte balance that is caused by the excessive secretion of aldosterone

diarrhea

abnormally frequent flow of loose or watery stools and can lead to dehydration

hyperglycemia

abnormally high concentration of glucose in the blood

hyperkinesia

abnormally increased muscle function or activity

hypoglycemia

abnormally low concentration of glucose in the blood

keloid

abnormally raised or thickened scar that expands beyond the boundaries of the original incision

hyperventilation

abnormally rapid rate of deep respiration that is usually associated with anxiety

tachypnea

abnormally rapid rate of respiration, usually of more than 20 breaths per minute

tachycardia

abnormally rapid resting heart rate

bradypnea

abnormally slow rate of respiration, usually less than 10 breathes per minutes

bradycardia

abnormally slow resting heart rate

varicose veins

abnormally swollen veins that usually occur in the superficial veins of the legs

anesthesia

absence of normal sensation, especially sensitivity to pain, that is induced by the administration of an anesthetic agent

anovulation

absence of ovulation when it would be normally expected

anoxia

absence of oxygen from the body's tissues and organs even though there is an adequate flow of blood

azoospermia

absence of sperm in the semen

anuria

absence of urine formation by the kidneys

Adnexa

accessory or adjoining anatomical parts of an organ

needlestick injury

accidental puncture wound caused by a used hypodermic needle, potentially transmitting an infection

pneumothorax

accumulation of air in the pleural space resulting in a pressure imbalance that causes the lung to fully or partially collapse

Impacted cerumen

accumulation of earwax that forms a solid mass by adhering to the walls of the external Auditory canal

nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

accumulation of fat in the liver of people who drink little or no alcohol

pulmonary edema

accumulation of fluid in lung tissues, especially the alveoli

pyosalpinx

accumulation of pus in a fallopian tube

laser

acronym in which the letters stand for light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation

eructation

act of belching or raising gas orally from the stomach

exhalation

act of breathing out

external respiration

act of bringing air in and out of the lungs from the outside environment and in the process exchanging oxygen for carbon dioxide

expectoration

act of coughing up and spitting out salvia, mucus, or other body fluid

depression

act of lowering a body part

elevation

act of raising or lifting a body part

pronation

act of rotating the arm or leg so that the palm of the head or sole of the food is turned downward or backward

supination

act of rotating the arm or the leg so that the palm of the hand of the sole of the foot is turned forward or upward

inhalation

act of taking in air as the diaphragm contracts and pulls downward

psychotropic drug

acts primarily on the central nervous system, where it produces temporary changes affecting the mind, emotions, and behavior

tetanus

acute and potentially fatal infection of the central nervous system caused by a toxin produced by the tetanus bacteria

diphtheria

acute bacterial infection of the throat and upper respiratory tract

delirium

acute condition of confusion, disorientation, disordered thinking and memory, agitation, and hallucinations

cholangitis

acute inflammation of the bile duct characterized by pain in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen, fever, and jaundice

paronychia

acute or chronic infection of the skin fold around a nail

renal colic

acute pain in the kidney area that is caused by blockage during the passage of a nephrolith (kidney stone)

croup

acute respiratory infection in children and infants characterized by obstruction of the larynx, hoarseness, and swelling around the vocal cords resulting in a barking cough and stridor

herpes zoster

acute viral infection characterized by painful skin eruptions that follow the underlying route of an inflamed nerve

mumps

acute viral infection that is characterized by the swelling of the parotid glands, which are the salivary glands located just in front of the ears

rabies

acute viral infection that is transmitted to humans through the bite or saliva of an infected animal

measles

acute, highly contagious infection that is transmitted by respiratory droplets of the rubeola virus

influenza

acute, highly contagious viral infection characterized by respiratory inflammation, fever, chills, and muscle pain

pyoderma

acute, inflammatory, pus-forming bacterial skin infection such as impetigo

cellulitis

acute, rapidly spreading bacterial infection within the connective tissues that is characterized by malaise, swelling, warmth, and red streaks

substance abuse

addictive use of tobacco, alcohol, medications, or illegal drugs

antispasmodic

administed to suppress smooth muscle contractions of the stomach, intestine, or bladder

intravenous fluids

administered to combat the effects of dehydration

total parenteral nutrition

administered to patients who cannot or should not get their nutrition through eating

antitussive

administered to prevent or relieve coughing

antidepressant

administered to prevent or relieve depression

anticonvulsant

administered to prevent seizures such as those associated with epilepsy

skeletal muscle relaxant

administered to relax certain muscles and to relieve the stiffness, pain, and discomfort caused by strains, sprains, or other muscle injuries

anxiolytic drug

administered to temporarily relieve anxiety and to reduce tension

antipsychotic drug

administered to treat symptoms of severe disorders of thinking and mood that are associated with neurological and psychiatric illnesses such as schizophrenia, mania, and delusional disorders

supplemental oxygen

administered when the patient is unable to maintain an adequate oxygen saturation level in the blood from breathing normal air

metered-dose inhaler

administers a specific amount of a medication such as a bronchodilator in aerosol form

lobar pneumonia

affects larger areas of the lungs, often including one or more sections, or lobes, or a lung

postpartum

after childbirth

afterbirth

after delivery of the newborn, the placenta and fetal membranes as expelled as this

antifungal

agent that destroys or inhibits the growth of fungi

bile

aids in the digestion of fats, is a digestive juice secreted by the liver that is necessary for the digestion of fat

paranasal sinuses

air-filled cavities lined with mucous membrane, are located in the bones of the skull

total knee replacement

all of the parts of the knee get replaced also known as total knee arthroplasty

allergic rhinitis

allergic reaction to airborne allergens that causes an increased flow of mucus

Cartilaginous joints

allow only slight movement and consist of bones connected entirely by cartilage

basophils

also formed in red bone marrow, are the least common type of WBC responsible for causing the symptoms of allergies

thrombocytes

also know as platelets smallest formed elements of the blood important role in the clotting of blood

biceps brachii

also know as the biceps, formed from two divisions located in the anterior upper arm flexes the elbow

defecation

also known as a bowel movement evacuation or emptying of the large intestine

osteoporotic hip fracture

also known as a broken hip, is usually caused by weakening of the bones due to osteoporosis and can occur either spontaneously or as the result of a fall

hallux valgus

also known as a bunion, an abnormal enlargement of the joint at the base of the great toe

open fracture

also known as a compound fracture, one in which the bone is broken and there is an open wound in the skin

colles' fracture

also known as a fractured wrist occurs at the lower end of the radius when a person tries to stop a fall by landing on his or her hands

Baker's cyst

also known as a popliteal cyst, is a fluid-filled sac behind the knee usually results from a condition such as rheumatoid arthritis triggering the production of excess synovial fluid

closed fracture

also known as a simple feature or a complete fracture, one in which the bone is broken, but there is no open wound in the skin

herniated disk

also known as a slipped or ruptured disk, is the breaking apart of an intervertebral disk that results in pressure on spinal nerve roots

total hip replacement

also known as a total hip arthroplasty, is performed to restore a damaged hip to full function

compression fracture

also known as a vertebral crush fracture, occurs when the bone is pressed together on itself

osteomalacia

also known as adult rickets, is abnormal softening of bones in adults

orthopedic surgeon

also known as an orthopedist, is a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders involving the bones, joints, and muscles

radiograph

also known as an x-ray, is the use of x-radiation to visualize bone fractures and other abnormalities

joints

also known as articulations, place of union between two or more bones

sternum

also known as breast bone, flat, dagger-shaped bone located in the middle of the chest

spongy bone

also known as cancellous bone porous, which makes it lighter and weaker than compact bone

taplies

also known as clubfoot, describes any congenital deformity of the foot involving the talus

compact bone

also known as cortical bone dense, hard, and very strong bone that forms the protective outer layer of bones.

crepitation

also known as crepitus, is the grating sound heard when the ends of a broken bone move together

Xerophthalmia

also known as dry eye, is drying of eye surfaces, including the conjunctiva, because the tear glands do not produce enough tears

adhesive capsulitis

also known as frozen shoulder, is painful ankylosis of the shoulder caused by adhesions forming in the synovial capsule surrounding the shoulder, making the joint become thicker and tighter

gout

also known as gouty arthritis, is a type of arthritis characterized by deposits of uric acid crystals in the joints, usually beginning with the big toe

singultus

also known as hiccups, myoclonus of the diaphragm that causes the characteristic hiccup sound with each spasm

lumbago

also known as low back pain, is pain of the lumbar region of the spine

dislocation

also known as luxation, is the total displacement of a bone from its joint

closed reduction

also known as manipulation, is the attempted realignment of the bone involved in a fracture of joint dislocation

myocardial muscles

also known as myocardium or cardiac muscle, form the muscular walls of the heart

internal fixation

also known as open reduction internal fixation, is a fracture treatment in which a plate or pins are placed directly into the bond to hold the broken pieces in place

avascular necrosis

also known as osteonecrosis, is an area of bone tissue death caused by insufficient blood flow

thoracic cavity

also known as rib cage

spondylosis

also known as spinal osteoarthritis, degenerative disorder can cause the loss of normal spinal structure and function

immobilization

also known as stabilization, is the act of holding, suturing, or fastening the bone in a fixed position with strapping or a cast

arthrodesis

also known as surgical ankylosis, is the surgical fusion of two bones to stiffen a joint

body of the sternum

also known as the gladiolus, is the bony structure that forms the middle portion of the sternum

calcaneus

also known as the heel bone, is the largest of the tarsal bones

acetabulum

also known as the hip socket, is the large circular cavity in each side of the pelvis that articulates with the head of the femur to form the hip joint

mandible

also known as the jawbone, only movable bone of the skull

patella

also known as the kneecap, is the bony anterior portion of the knee

tibia

also known as the shinbone, is the larger anterior weight-bearing bone of the lower leg

coccyx

also known as the tailbone, forms the end of the spine and is actually made of four small vertebrae that are fused together

triceps brachii

also known as the triceps, formed from three divisions located in the posterior upper arm, extends the elbow

spinal column

also known as the vertebral column, protects the spinal cord and supports the head and body

fallopian tubes

also known as uterine tubes these tubes extend from the upper end of the uterus to a point near but not attached to an ovary

osteoarthritis

also known as wear and tear arthritis, is most commonly associated with aging

intracranial pressure

amount of pressure inside the skull

PERRLA

an acronym meaning Pupils are Equal, Round, Responsive to Light and Accommodation. This is a diagnostic observation, and any abnormality here could indicate a head injury or damage to the brain.

hip resurfacing

an alternative to removing the head of the femur

azotemia

an elevation of the blood urea nitrogen (BUN) caused by a lack of blood flow to each kidney

benign prostatic hyperplasia

an enlargement of the prostate gland that most often occurs in men older than age 50

myoma

an example of a benign tumor made up of muscle tissue

Guillian-Barre syndrome

an inflammation of the myelin sheath of peripheral nerves, characterized by rapidly worsening muscle weakness that can lead to temporary paralysis

burn

an injury to body tissues caused by heat, flame, electricity, sun, chemicals, or radiation

liver transplant

an option for a patient whose liver has failed for a reason other than liver cancer

hiatal hernia

anatomical abnormality in which a portion of the stomach protrudes upward into the chest, through an opening in the diaphragm

dental implant

anchoring of a crown, bridge, or denture to the bone of the jaw

canthus

angle where the upper and lower eyelids meet

talus

ankle bone that articulates with the tibia and fibula

otosclerosis

ankylosis of the bones of the middle ear, resulting in a conductive hearing loss

frontal bone

anterior portion of the cranium that forms the forehead

hard palate

anterior portion of the palate area is covered with specialized mucous membrane

skeletal muscles

attached to the bones of the skeleton and make body motions possible

temporomandibular joint

attaches mandible to the skull

monoclonal antibodies

any of a class of antibodies produced in the laboratory by identical offspring of a clone of specific cells

arteriosclerosis

any of a group of diseases characterized by thickening and the loss of elasticity of arterial walls

autoimmune disorder

any of a large group of diseases characterized by a condition in which the immune system produces antibodies against its own tissues, mistaking healthy cells, tissues, or organs for antigens

adenocarcinoma

any one of a large group of carcinomas derived from glandular tissue

blood dyscrasia

any pathologic condition of the cellular elements of the blood

community-acquired pneumonia

any pneumonia that results from contagious infection outside of a hospital or clinic

sterilization

any procedure rendering an individual incapable of reproduction

keratosis

any skin growth, such as a wart or a callus, in which there is overgrowth and thickening of the skin

antigen

any substance that the body regards as being foreign

stimulus

anything that excites a nerve and causes an impulse

purpura

appearance of multiple purple discolorations on the skin caused by bleeding underneath the skin

fluorescein staining

application of fluorescent dye to the surface of the eye via eye drops or a strip applicator. Causes a corneal abrasion to temporarily appear bright green

dysplastic nevi

atypical moles that can develop into skin cancer

Eustachian tubes

auditory tubes, narrow tubes that lead from the middle ear to the nasal cavity and throat

Pinna

auricle or outer ear, external portion of the ear

Hashimoto's disease

autoimmune disease in which the body's own antibodies attack and destroy the cells of the thyroid gland

systemic lupus erythematosus

autoimmune disorder characterized by a red, scaly rash on the face and upper trunk

scleroderma

autoimmune disorder in which the connective tissues become thickened and hardened, causing the skin to become hard and swollen

juvenile rheumatoid arthritis

autoimmune disorder that affects children ages 16 years or younger with symptoms that include stiffness, pain, joint swelling, skin rash, fever, slowed growth, and fatigue

alopecia areata

autoimmune disorder that attacks the hair follicles, causing well-defined bald areas on the scalp or elsewhere on the body

type 1 diabetes

autoimmune insulin deficiency disorder caused by the destruction of pancreatic islet beta cells

reflex

automatic, involuntary response to some change, either inside or outside the body

vesicoureteral reflux

backward flow of urine into the ureters from the bladder

streptococci

bacteria that form a chain

clostridium difficile

bacterial infection common to older adults in hospitals or long-term-care facilities

dysentery

bacterial infection, occurs most frequently in tropical countries where it is spread through food or water contaminated by human feces

female urethra

approximately 1.5 inches long, and the urethral meatus is located between the clitoris and the opening of the vagina

male urethra

approximately 8 inches long and the urethral meatus is located at the tip of the penis

cytotoxic drugs

are also used for both immunosuppression and chemotherapy

fascia

band of connective tissue that envelops, separates, or binds together muscles of groups of muscles

adhesion

band of fibrous tissue that holds structures together abnormally

ligaments

bands of fibrous tissues that form joints by connecting one bone to another bone or by joining a bone to cartilage

psychoanalysis

based on the idea that mental disorders have underlying causes stemming from childhood and can only be overcome by gaining insight into one's feelings and patterns of behavior

neurons

basic cells of the nervous system that allow different parts of the body to communicate with each other

glucose

basic form of energy used by the body

menarche

beginning of menstruation

ejaculatory duct

begins at the vas deferens, passes through the prostate gland and empties into the urethra

bladder retraining

behavioral therapy in which the patient learns to urinate on a schedule, with increasingly longer time intervals as the bladder increases its capacity

osteochondroma

benign bony projection covered with cartilage

ocular prosthesis

artificial eye

pelvis

as known as the bony pelvis, protects internal organs and supports the lower extremities

pruritus

associated with most forms of dermatitis

coronary artery disease

atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries that reduces the blood supply to the heart muscle

seborrheic keratosis

benign skin growth that has a waxy or "pasted-on" look

uterine fibroid

benign tumor composed of muscle and fibrous tissue that occurs in the wall of the uterus

lymphangioma

benign tumor formed by an abnormal collection of lymphatic vessels due to a congenital malformation of the lymphatic system

hemangioma

benign tumor made up of newly formed blood vessels

insulinoma

benign tumor of the pancreas that causes hypoglycemia by secreting additional insulin

prolactinoma

benign tumor of the pituitary gland

lipoma

benign, slow-growing fatty tumor located between the skin and the muscle layer

papilloma

benign, superficial, wart-like growth on the epithelial tissue or elsewhere in the body, such as in the bladder

immunoglobulins

bind with specific antigens in the antigen-antibody response

cleft lip

birth defect in which there is a deep groove of the lip running upward to the nose as a result of the failure of this portion of the lip to close during prenatal development

pupil

black circa alar opening in the center of the iris that permits light to enter the eye

Subconjunctival hemorrhage

bleeding between the conjunctiva and the sclera

otorrhagia

bleeding from the ear

pneumorrhagia

bleeding from the lungs

tracheorrhagia

bleeding from the mucous membranes of the trachea

epistaxis

bleeding from the nose that may be caused by dry air, injury, medication to prevent blood clotting, or high blood pressure

splenorrhagia

bleeding from the spleen

urethrorrhagia

bleeding from the urethra

Scotoma

blind spot, abnormal area of diminished vision surrounded by an area of normal vision

hemianopia

blindness in 1/2 of the visual field

herpes labialis

blister-like sores on the lips and adjacent facial tissue that are caused by the oral herpes simplex virus type 1

second-degree burn

blisters, damage to the epidermis, and dermis

thrombotic occlusion

blocking of an artery by a thrombus

sunscreen

blocks out the harmful ultraviolet B is sometimes measured in terms of the strength of the sun protection factor (SPF)

Hepatitis C virus

blood borne disease that is spread through contact with blood and other body fluids that are contaminated with this virus

Hepatitis B virus

blood borne disease that is transmitted through contact with blood and other body fluids that are contaminated

human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

blood borne infection in which the virus damages or kills the T cells of the immune system, causing it to progressively fail, thus leaving the body at risk of developing many life-threatening opportunistic infections

leukocytes

blood cells involved in defending the body against infective organisms and foreign substances white blood cells

thrombus

blood clot attached to the interior wall of an artery or vein

hemoglobin A1c testing

blood test that measures the average blood glucose level over the previous 3 to 4 months

western blot test

blood test that produces more accurate results than the ELISA test

glomerular filtration rate

blood test to check how well the kidneys are functioning at filtering blood

hemarthrosis

blood within a joint condition is frequently due to a joint injury, also can occur spontaneously in patients taking blood-thinning medications or those having a blood clotting disorder such as hemophilia

acoustic neuroma

brain tumor that develops adjacent to the cranial nerve running from the brain to the inner ear

bariatrics

branch of medicine concerned with the prevention and control of obesity and associated diseases

terminal end fibers

branching fibers at the end of the axon that lead the nerve impulse from the axon to the synapse

catabolism

breaking down of body cells or substances, releasing energy and carbon dioxide

mastication

breaks food down into smaller pieces, mixes it with saliva, and prepares it to be swallowed

ductal carcinoma in situ

breast cancer at its earliest stage before the cancer has broken through the wall of the milk duct

mastitis

breast infection that is caused by bacteria that enter the breast tissue, most frequency during breastfeeding

nipple

breast milk flows through this

hypothyroidism

caused by a deficiency of thyroid secretion

malaria

caused by a parasite that lives in certain mosquitoes and is transferred to humans by the bite of an infected mosquito

opportunistic infection

caused by a pathogen that does not normally produce an illness in healthy humans

hyperpnea

breathing that is deeper and more rapid than is normal at rest

absence seizure

brief disturbance in brain function in which there is a loss of awareness often described as a staring episode

syncope

brief loss of consciousness caused by the decreased flow of blood to the brain

ilium

broad, blade-shaped bone that forms the back and sides of the pubic bone

fracture

broken bone

cerebral contusion

bruising of brain tissue as the result of a head injury that causes the brain to bounce against the rigid bone of the skull

anabolism

building up of body cells and substances from nutrients

rectocele

bulging of the front wall of the rectum into the vagina, usually as the result of childbirth or pregnancy

fundus

bulging, rounded part above the entrance of the fallopian tubes

tract

bundle or group of nerve fibers located within the brain or spinal cord

pyrosis

burning sensation caused by the return of acidic stomach contents into the esophagus

myxedema

caused by an extreme deficiency of thyroid secretion

hypoparathyroidism

caused by an insufficient or absent secretion of the parathyroid hormone

asbestosis

caused by asbestos particles in the lungs and usually occurs after working with asbestos

vascular birthmarks

caused by blood vessels close to the skin's surface

genital warts

caused by human papillomaviruses are highly contagious

silicosis

caused by inhaling silica dust in the lungs and usually occurs after working in occupations including foundry work, quarrying, ceramics, glassworks, and sandblasting

Cushing's syndrome

caused by prolonged exposure to high levels of cortisol

viral pneumonia

caused by several different types of viruses, accounts for approximately a third of all pneumonias

acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis

caused by the abnormal growth of bacteria in the mouth

E. coli

caused by the bacterium Escherichia coli, is transmitted through contaminated foods that have not been adequately cooked

syphilis

caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum, has many symptoms that are difficult to distinguish from other STDs

infectious mononucleosis

caused by the epstein-barr virus

genital herpes

caused by the herpes simplex virus type 1 or 2 symptoms include itching or burning before the appearance of lesions on the genitals or rectum

varicella

caused by the herpes virus varicella zoster and is highly contagious

syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone

caused by the overproduction of the antidiuretic hormone ADH

diabetic coma

caused by very high blood glucose

insulin shock

caused by very low blood glucose

heel spur

calcium deposit in the plantar fascia near its attachment to the calcaneus

due date

calculated from the first day of the last menstrual period

gastrocnemius

calf muscle that flexes the knee and bends the foot downward

Speech-language pathologist

can be involved in numerous medical areas including audiology. These practitioners help patients who have problems related to swallowing, speech, and communication disorders.

aspiration pneumonia

can occur when a foreign substance is inhaled into the lungs

medullary cavity

central cavity located in the shaft of long bones, where it is surrounded by compact bone

dilation

changes during first stage of labor

atheroma

characteristic of atherosclerosis deposit of plaque on or within the arterial wall

anorexia nervosa

characterized by a false perception of body appearance

panic disorder

characterized by a fear of panic attacks

attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder

characterized by a short attention span and impulsive behavior that is inappropriate for the child's developmental age

hypercalcemia

characterized by abnormally high concentrations of calcium circulating in the blood instead of being stored in the bones and teeth

pulmonary arteries

carry deoxygenated blood out of the right ventricle and into the lungs

lactiferous ducts

carry milk from the mammary glands to the nipple

pulmonary veins

carry the oxygenated blood from the lungs into the left atrium of the heart

hypocalcemia

characterized by abnormally low levels of calcium in the blood

generalized anxiety disorder

characterized by chronic, excessive worrying

eclampsia

characterized by convulsions and sometimes coma

somatic symptom disorder

characterized by physical complaints or concerns about one's body that are out of proportion to any physical findings or disease

obsessive-compulsive disorder

characterized by recurrent obsession and/or compulsions to do things

conversion disorder

characterized by serious temporary or ongoing changes in function, such as paralysis or blindness, that are triggered by psychological factors rather than by any physical cause

trigeminal neuralgia

characterized by severe, lightning-like pain due to an inflammation of the fifth cranial nerve

malingering

characterized by the intentional creation of false or grossly exaggerated physical or psychological symptoms

psychotic disorder

characterized by the loss of contact with reality and deterioration of normal social functioning

hoarding disorder

characterized by the over accumulation of belongings in a way that interferes with daily living

migraine headache

characterized by throbbing pain on one side of the head

rosacea

characterized by tiny red pimples and broken blood vessels

hormones

chemical messengers that are secreted by endocrine glands directly into the bloodstream

neurotransmitters

chemical substances that make it possible for messages to cross from the synapse of a neuron to the target receptor

antioxidants

chemicals such as vitamins A, C, and E; carotene; and lutein that may prevent or delay cell damage by blocking the activity of potentially harmful chemicals called free radicals

Papilledema

choked disk, swelling and inflammation of the optic nerve at the point of entrance into the eye through the optic disk

choroid

choroid coat, opaque middle layer of the eyeball the contains many blood vessels and provide the blood supply for the entire eye

lipedema

chronic abnormal condition that is characterized by the accumulation of fat and fluid in the tissues just under the skin of the hips and legs

alcoholism

chronic alcohol dependence with specific signs and symptoms upon withdrawal

myasthenia gravis

chronic autoimmune disease that affects the neuromuscular junction and produce serious weakness of voluntary muscles

Crohn's disease

chronic autoimmune disorder that can occur anywhere in the digestive tract

paget's disease

chronic bone disease of unknown cause named for Sir James Paget characterized by the abnormal breakdown of bone, usually in the pelvis, skull, spine, and legs, followed by abnormal bone formation

ulcerative colitis

chronic condition of unknown cause in which repeated episodes of inflammation in the rectum and large intestine cause ulcers

cirrhosis

chronic degenerative disease of the liver characterized by scarring

Open-angle glaucoma

chronic glaucoma, the most common form of this condition. The trabecular meshwork gradually becomes blocked, causing a buildup of pressure.

eosinophilic esophagitis

chronic immune system disease in which a type of white blood cell called an eosinophil builds up in the esophagus, usually as the result of an allergy to certain foods

interstitial cystitis

chronic inflammation within the walls of the bladder

acne vulgaris

chronic inflammatory disease characterized by pustular eruptions of the skin caused by an overproduction of sebum around the hair shaft

asthma

chronic inflammatory disease of the bronchial tubes, often triggered by an allergic reaction

epilepsy

chronic neurological condition characterized by recurrent episodes of seizures of varying severity

myofascial pain syndrome

chronic pain disorder that affects muscles and fascia throughout the body

personality disorder

chronic pattern of inner experience and behavior that causes serious problems with relationships and works

diverticulosis

chronic presence of an abnormal number of diverticula in the colon

Parkinson's disease

chronic, degenerative central nervous disorder characterized by fine muscle tremors, rigidity, and a slow or shuffling gait

rotation

circular movement around an acid such as the shoulder joint

circumduction

circular movement at the far end of a limb

epididymis

coiled tube at the upper part of each testicle

hemothorax

collection of blood in the pleural cavity

cranial hematoma

collection of blood trapped in the tissues of the brain

crust

collection of dried serum and cellular debris

right lymphatic duct

collects lymph from the right side of the head and neck, the upper right quadrant of the body, and the right arm

monochromatism

color blindness, inability to distinguish certain colors in a normal manner

iris

colorful circular structure that surrounds the pupil

saliva

colorless liquid that maintains the moisture in the mouth

tomotherapy

combination of tomography with radiation therapy to precisely target the tumor being treated

benign paroxysmal positional vertigo

common cause of vertigo that occurs when there is a shift in the location of small crystals in the semicircular canals

upper respiratory infection

common cold

irritable bowel syndrome

common condition of unknown cause with symptoms that can include intermittent cramping and abdominal pain, accompanied by constipation or diarrhea

gastritis

common inflammation of the stomach lining that is often caused by the bacterium Helicobacter pylori

depression

common mood disorder characterized by lethargy and sadness, as well as the loss of interest or pleasure in normal activities

pharynx

common passageway for both respiration and digestion

psoriasis

common skin disorder characterized by flare-ups in which red papules covered with silvery scales occur on the elbows, knees, scalp, back, or buttocks

meningioma

common, slow-growing, and usually benign tumor of the meninges

rheumatoid arthritis

commonly known as RA, is a chronic autoimmune disorder in which the joints and some organs of other body systems are attacked

onychocryptosis

commonly known as an ingrown toenail

decibel

commonly used as the measurement of the loudness of sound

asystole

complete lack of electrical activity in the heart

deafness

complete or partial loss of the ability to hear

tourette syndrome

complex neurological disorder characterized by involuntary tics, grunts, and compulsive utterances that sometimes include obscenities

preeclampsia

complication of pregnancy characterized by hypertension, edema, and proteinuria

malabsorption

condition in which the small intestine cannot absorb nutrients from food that passes through it

uterine prolapse

condition in which the uterus slides from its normal position in the pelvic cavity and sags into the vagina

ischemia

condition in which there is an insufficient supply of oxygen in the tissues due to restricted blood flow to a part of the body

hypotonia

condition in which there is diminished tone of the skeletal muscles

valvular stenosis

condition in which there is narrowing, stiffening, thickening, or blockage of one or more valves of the heart

exfoliative dermatitis

condition in which there is widespread scaling of the skin

latent autoimmune diabetes in adults

condition in which type 1 diabetes develops in adults

chronic venous insufficiency

condition in which venous circulation is inadequate due to partial vein blockage or to the leakage of venous valves

bacterial vaginosis

condition in women in which there is an abnormal overgrowth of certain bacteria in the vagina

hyperesthesia

condition of abnormal and excessive sensitivity to touch, pain, or other sensory stimuli

dystonia

condition of abnormal muscle tone that causes the impairment of voluntary muscle movement

Presbyopia

condition of common changes in the eyes that occur with aging

hypogonadism

condition of deficient secretion of hormones by the sex glands

gynecomastia

condition of excessive mammary development in the male

hypergonadism

condition of excessive secretion of hormones by the sex glands

hyperinsulinism

condition of excessive secretion of insulin in the bloodstream

hyperhidrosis

condition of excessive sweating in one area or over the whole body

pregnancy

condition of having a developing baby in the uterus

deep vein thrombosis

condition of having a thrombus attached to the interior wall of a deep vein

hypoxia

condition of having deficient oxygen levels in the body's tissues and organs

cachexia

condition of physical wasting away due to the loss of weight and muscle mass that occurs in patients with diseases such as advanced cancer or AIDS

tinnitus

condition of ringing, buzzing, or roaring sound in one or both ears

pruritus vulvae

condition of severe itching of the external female genitalia

somnambulism

condition of walking or performing some other activity without awakening

morbid obesity

condition of weighing two times or more than the ideal weight or having a BMI value greater than 40

Barrett's esophagus

condition that occurs when the cells in the epithelial tissue of the esophagus are damaged by chronic acid exposure

gender dysphoria

condition where a person's gender at birth does not match the gender with which they currently identify, potentially causing significant amounts of stress

acanthosis nigricans

condition where one or more areas of the skin develop dark, wart-like patches

hypoxemia

conditions of having low oxygen levels in the blood usually due to respiratory disorders or heart conditions

upper respiratory tract

consists of the nose, mouth, pharynx, epiglottis, larynx, and trachea

kidneys

constantly filter the blood to remove waste products and excess water

pertussis

contagious bacterial infection of the upper respiratory tract that is characterized by recurrent bouts of a paroxysmal cough, followed by breathlessness and a noisy inspiration

anthrax

contagious disease that can be transmitted through livestock infected with bacillus anthracis

infectious myringitis

contagious inflammation that causes painful blisters on the ear drum

inner ear

contains sensory receptors for hearing and balance

lymph node

contains specialized lymphocytes that are capable of destroying pathogens

overflow incontinence

continuous leaking from the bladder either because it is full or because it does not empty completely

Miosis

contraction of the pupil, normally in response to exposure to light but also possibly due to the use of prescription or illegal drugs

bronchospasm

contraction of the smooth muscle in the walls of the bronchi and bronchioles, tightening and squeezing the airway shut

tricuspid valve

controls the opening between the right atrium and the right ventricle

cortisol

corticosteroid that has an anti-inflammatory action

aldosterone

corticosteroid that regulates the sodium and water levels in the body by increasing sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion by the kidneys

articular cartilage

covers the surface of bones where they articulate, or come together, to form joints

synovial joint

created where two bones articulate to permit a variety of motions

Esotropia

crosseyed, inward deviation of one or both eyes

transverse

crosswise direction

meniscus

curve, fibrous cartilage found in some joints, such as the knee an the temporomandibular joint of the jaw

incision

cut made with a surgical instrument

spermatocele

cyst that develops in the epididymis and is filled with a milky fluid containing sperm

third-degree burn

damage to the epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous layers, and possibly also the muscle and bone below

coronary thrombosis

damage to the heart muscle caused by a thrombus blocking a coronary artery

smoke inhalation

damage to the lungs in which particles from a fire coat the alveoli and prevent the normal exchange of gases

diabetic retinopathy

damage to the retina as a complication of uncontrolled diabetes

areola

dark-pigmented area surrounding the nipple

gangrene

death of tissue, most commonly caused by a loss of circulation to the affected tissues

fibromyalgia

debilitating chronic condition characterized by fatigue; diffuse or specific muscle, joint, or bone pain; and a wide range of other symptoms

vaginal atrophy

decrease in elasticity and lubrication caused by hormonal changes

leukopenia

decrease in the number of disease-fighting white blood cells circulating in the blood

proton pump inhibitors

decrease the amount of acid produced by the stomach

flexion

decreasing the angle between two bones by bending a limb at a joint

rickets

deficiency disease occurring in children characterized by defective bone growth resulting from a lack of vitamin D necessary for the body to maintain calcium and phosphorus levels in the bones

hypoperfusion

deficiency of blood passing through an organ or body part

constipation

defined as having a bowel movement fewer than 3 times per week

Rh factor

defines the presence of absence of the Rh antigen on red blood cells

Rh factor

defines the presence or absence of the Rh antigen on red blood cells

myolysis

degeneration of muscle tissue

dental calculus

dental plaque that has calicified on the teeth

orthodontist

dental specialist who prevents or corrects malocclusion of the teeth and related facial structures

periodontist

dental specialist who prevents or treats disorders of the tissues surrounding the teeth

hypnotic

depresses the central nervous system and usually produces sleep

sedative

depresses the central nervous system to produce calm and diminished responsiveness without producing sleep

levels of consciousness

describe the measurement of response to arousal and stimulus

autistic spectrum disorder

describes a condition with different levels of symptom severity in which a young child has difficulty developing normal social relationships and communication skills, may compulsively follow repetitive routines, and has narrowly focused, intense interests that are sometimes unusual

fibrillation

describes a potentially life-threatening fast and irregular heartbeat, compared to the fast but regular rhythm of tachycardia

occlusion

describes any contact between the chewing surfaces of the upper and lower teeth

trismus

describes any restriction to the opening of the mouth caused by trauma, surgery, or radiation associated with the treatment of oral cancer

cognition

describes the mental activities associated with thinking, learning, and memory

popliteal

describes the posterior space behind the knee where the ligaments, vessels, and muscles related to this joint are located

nephrolithiasis

describes the presence of stones in the kidney

metastasis

describes the process by which cancer is spread to a new site, and the term is also used to describe the tumor itself

shaken baby syndrome

describes the results of a child being violently shaken by someone

periodontium

describes the structures that surround, support, and are attached to the teeth

cephalic presentation

describes when the baby is coming head first

cauterization

destruction of tissue by burning

cryosurgery

destruction or elimination of abnormal tissue cells through the application of extreme cold by using liquid nitrogen

cholesteatoma

destructive epidermal cyst in the middle ear and/or mastoid process made up of epithelial cells and cholesterol

Retinal detachment/retinal tears

detached retina, separation of some or all of the light-sensitive retina from the choroid

spinal cord injury

determined by the level of the vertebra closest to the injury

plasma cells

develop from B cells and secrete a large volume of antibodies coded to destroy specific antigens

amniotic cavity

developing embryo is surrounded by this fluid-filled space between the embryo and the amniotic sac

targeted therapy

developing form of anticancer drug therapy that uses drugs or other substances to identify and attack specific cancer cells without harming normal cells

cryptorchidism

developmental defect in which one or both of the testicles fail to descend into their normal position in the scrotum

ruptured rotator cuff

develops when rotator cuff tendinitis is left untreated or if the overuse continues

sensorineural hearing loss

develops when the auditory nerve or hair cells in the inner ear are damaged

intellectual disability

diagnosis of significant below-average intellectual and adaptive functioning present from birth or early infancy

voiding cystourethrography

diagnostic procedure in which a fluoroscope is used to examine the flow of urine from the bladder and through the urethra

slit-lamp ophthalmoscopy

diagnostic procedure in which a narrow beam of light is focused into parts of the eye to permit the ophthalmologist to examine the structures at the front of the eye.

range of motion testing

diagnostic procedure to evaluate joint mobility and muscle strength

lymphoscintigraphy

diagnostic test that is performed to detect damage or malformations of the lymphatic vessels

bone marrow biopsy

diagnostic test that may be necessary after abnormal types or numbers of red or white blood cells are found in a complete blood count test

electromyography

diagnostic test that measures the electrical activity within muscle fibers in response to nerve stimulation

thyroid-stimulating hormone assay

diagnostic test to measure the circulating blood level of thyroid-stimulating hormone

dyspnea

difficult or labored breathing

dysuria

difficult or painful urination

dysphonia

difficulty in speaking, which may include any impairment in vocal quality, including hoarseness, weakenss, or the cracking of a boy's voice during puberty

urinary hesitancy

difficulty in starting a urinary stream

dysphagia

difficulty in swallowing

gastrointestinal tract

digestive system consists primarily of this

hydronephrosis

dilation of one or both kidneys

Mydriasis

dilation of the pupil, opposite of miosis

Amblyopia

dimness of vision or the partial loss of sight, especially in one eye

colonoscopy

direct visual examination of the inner surface of the entire color from the rectum to the cecum using a colonoscope

ureterorrhagia

discharge of blood from the ureter

age spots

discolorations caused by sun exposure

macule

discolored flat spot that is less than 1 cm in diameter

chronic bronchitis

disease in which the airways have become inflamed due to recurrent exposure to an inhaled irritant, usually cigarette smoke

immunotherapy

disease treatment that involves either stimulating or repressing the immune response

antibody

disease-fighting protein created by the immune response to the presence of a specific antigen

Strabismus

disorder in which the eyes point in different directions or are not aligned correctly, because the eye muscles are unable to focus together

abruptio placentae

disorder in which the placenta separates from the uterine wall before the birth of the fetus

delirium tremens

disorder involving sudden and severe mental changes or seizures caused by abruptly stopping the use of alcohol

Conn's syndrome

disorder of the adrenal glands that is caused by the excessive production of aldosterone

cheilosis

disorder of the lips characterized by crack-like sores at the corners of the mouth

peripheral neuropathy

disorder of the peripheral nerves that carry information to and from the brain and spinal cord

Graves' disease

disorder of unknown cause in which the immune system attacks the thyroid gland and stimulates it to make excessive amounts of thyroid hormone

chronic fatigue syndrome

disorder of unknown cause that affects many body systems debilitating and complex disorder characterized by profound fatigue that is not improved by bed rest and may be made worse by physical or mental activity

prostatism

disorder resulting from the compression or obstruction of the urethra due to benign prostatic hyperplasia

learning disabilities

disorders found in children of normal intelligence who have difficulties in learning specific skills such as processing language or grasping mathematical concepts

peripheral vascular diseases

disorders of blood vessels that are located outside of the heart and brain

ureterectasis

distention of a ureter due to hydroureter or congenital abnormalities

hydroureter

distention of the ureter with urine that cannot flow because the ureter is blocked

dyskinesia

distortion or impairment of voluntary movement resulting in fragmented or jerky motions

psychologist

doctoral degree but is not a medical doctor evaluates and treats emotional problems and mental illness

diaphragm

dome-shaped sheet of muscle that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdomen

refraction test

done to determine an eye's refractive error so that the best corrective lenses can be prescribed

pericardium

double-walled membranous sac that encloses the heart

Ptosis

drooping of the upper eyelid that is usually due to paralysis

neuromuscular blocker

drug that causes temporary paralysis by blocking the transmission of nerve stimuli to the muscles

lacrimal canal

duct at the inner corner of each eye. Collect tears and empty them into the lacrimal sacs

infestation

dwelling of microscopic parasites on external surface tissue

inflammatory bowel disease

general name for diseases that cause inflammation and swelling in the intestine

lymphoma

general term applied to malignancies affecting lymphoid tissues

polyp

general term used most commonly to describe a mushroom-like growth from the surface of a mucous membrane, such as polyp in the nose

dermatosis

general term used to denote skin lesions or eruptions of any type that are not associated with inflammation

granuloma

general term used to describe a small, knot-like swelling of granulation tissue in the epidermis

lensectomy

general term used to describe the surgical removal of a cataract clouded lens

albinism

genetic condition characterized by a deficiency or the absence of pigment in the skin, hair, and irises of the eyes

polycystic kidney disease

genetic disorder characterized by the growth of numerous fluid-filled cysts in the kidneys

hemochromatosis

genetic disorder in which the intestines absorb too much iron

T cells

get the T in their name from their origin in the thymus these lymphocytes play a central role in cell-mediated immunity

seminal vesicles

glands that secrete a thick, yellow substance to nourish the sperm cells

the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM)

gold standard for diagnosing these disorders

presbycusis

gradual loss of sensorineural hearing that occurs as the body ages

Macular degeneration

gradually progressive condition in which the macula at the center of the retina is damaged, resulting in the loss of central vision but not in total blindness

renal transplantation

grafting of a donor kidney from either a living or nonliving donor, into the body to replace the recipient's failed kidneys

aphthous ulcers

gray-white pits with a red border in the soft tissues lining the mouth

vernix

greasy substance that protects the fetus in utero and can still be present at birth

meconium

greenish material that collects in the intestine of a fetus and forms the first stools of a newborn

fissure

groove or crack-like break in the skin

staphylococci

group of about 30 species of bacteria that form irregular groups or clusters resembling grapes

interstitial lung disease

group of almost 200 disorders that cause inflammation and scarring of the alveoli and their supporting structures

nephrotic syndrome

group of conditions in which excessive amounts of proteins are lost through the urine

Glaucoma

group of diseases characterized by increased intraocular pressure that causes damage to the retinal nerve fibers and the optic nerve

prostatitis

group of disorders characterized by the inflammation of the prostate gland

Alzheimer's disease

group of disorders involving the parts of the brain that control thought, memory, and language

bundle of His

group of fibers located within the interventricular system

ichthyosis

group of hereditary disorders characterized by dry, thickened, and scaly skin

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

group of lung diseases in which the bronchial airflow is obstructed making it difficult to breathe out

muscular dystrophy

group of more than 30 genetic diseases that are characterized by progressive weakness and degeneration of the skeletal muscles that control movement, without affecting the nervous system

Cytokines

group of proteins such as interferons and interleukins released primarily by the T cells these cells act as intracellular signals to begin the immune response

complement system

group of proteins that normally circulate in the blood in an inactive form

impulse control disorders

group of psychiatric disorders characterized by a failure to resist an impulse despite potential negative consequences

premature syndrome

group of symptoms experienced by some women within the 2-week period before menstruation

pulmonary function tests

group of tests that measure volume and flow of air by using a spirometer

optician

health care practitioner who designs, fits, and dispenses lenses for vision correction

certified diabetes educator

health care professional qualified to teach people with diabetes how to manage their disease

pubic bones

held securely by the pubic symphysis

tonsils and adenoids

help protect the body from infection coming through the nose or the mouth

sweat glands

help regulate body temperature and water content by secreting sweat tiny, coiled glands found on almost all body surfaces

hair

helps control the loss of body heat rod-like structures composed of tightly fused, dead protein cells filled with hard keratin

occupational therapist

helps enable patients to participate in the activities of daily life, including self-care, education, work or social interaction

rectus abdominis

helps flex the trunk, assists in breathing, and supports the spine

infertility specialist

helps infertile couples by diagnosing and treating problems associated with conception and maintaining pregnancy

celiac disease

hereditary autoimmune disorder characterized by a severe reaction to foods containing gluten

cystocele

hernia of the bladder through the vaginal wall

myocele

herniation of muscle substance through a tear in the fascia surrounding it

impetigo

highly contagious bacterial skin infection that commonly occurs in children

gonorrhea

highly contagious condition caused by the bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae

poliomyelitis

highly contagious viral infection of the brainstem and spinal cord that sometimes leads to paralysis

influenza

highly contagious viral respiratory infection that usually occurs in seasonal epidemics

chiropractor

holds a doctor of chiropractic degree and specializes in the manipulative treatment of disorders originating from misalignment of the spine

dentist

holds a doctor of dental surgery or doctor of medical dentistry degree and specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of teeth and tissues of the oral cavity

optometrist

holds a doctor of optometry degree and provides primary eye care, including diagnosing eye diseases and conditions and measuring the accuracy of vision to determine whether corrective lenses are needed

osteopath

holds a doctor of osteopathy degree and uses traditional forms of medical treatment in addition to specializing in treatment health problems by spinal manipulation

podiatrist

holds a doctor of podiatry or doctor of podiatric medicine degree and specializes in diagnosing and treating disorders of the foot

heart

hollow, muscular organ located in the thoracic cavity between the lungs

ghrelin

hormone produced in the gastrointestinal tract

progesterone

hormone released during the second half of the menstrual cycle by the corpus luteum in the ovary

glucagon

hormone secreted by the alpha cells of the pancreatic islets in response to low levels of glucose in the bloodstream

insulin

hormone secreted by the beta cells of the pancreatic islets in response to high levels of glucose in the bloodstream

estrogen

hormone secreted by the ovaries that is important in the development and maintenance of the female secondary sex characteristics and in regulation of the menstrual cycle

calcitonin

hormone that works with the parathyroid hormone to decrease calcium levels in the blood and tissues by moving calcium into storage in the bones and teeth

corticosteroid drug

hormone-like preparation administered primarily as an anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressant

renal vein

how blood leaves the kidney and returns to the bloodstream

food allergy

immune system reaction that occurs after eating a certain food

measles, mumps, and rubella vaccination

immunization can prevent these three viral illnesses and should be administered in early childhood

magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography

important neuroimaging tools because they facilitate the examination of the soft tissue structures of the brain and spinal cord

thymosin

important part in the immune system by stimulating the maturation of lymphocytes into T cells

sensory nerve endings

in the dermis are the sensory receptors for stimuli such as touch, temperature, pain, and pressure

infertility

inability of a couple of achieve pregnancy after 1 year of regular, unprotected intercourse, or the inability of a woman to carry a pregnancy to a live birth

renal failure

inability of one or both of the kidneys to perform their functions

erectile dysfunction

inability of the male to achieve or maintain a penile erection

urinary retention

inability to completely empty the bladder when attempting to urinate

bowel incontinence

inability to control the excretion of feces

incontinence

inability to control the excretion of urines, feces, or both

urinary incontinence

inability to control the voiding of urine

stress incontinence

inability to control the voiding of urine under physical stress such as running, lifting, sneezing, laughing, or coughing

lactose intolerance

inability to digest dairy products due to the absence of the enzyme lactase, which is needed to process the sugar found in milk and some other dairy products

choledocholithotomy

incision into the common bile duct for the removal of a gallstone

periosteotomy

incision through the periosteum to the bone

pigmented birthmarks

include nevi as well as cafe-au-lait spots and other irregularities in skin color

metabolism

includes all of the processes involved in the body's use of nutrients

manic behavior

includes an abnormally elevated mood of euphoria, including inappropriate elation, increased irritability, severe insomnia, poor judgement, and inappropriate social behavior

localized allergic response

includes redness, itching, and burning where the skin has come into contact with an allergen

peripheral nervous system

includes the 12 pairs of cranial nerves extending from the brain and the 31 pairs of peripheral spinal nerves extending outward from the spinal cord

central nervous system

includes the brain and spinal cord receive and process information and regulates all bodily activity

systemic circulation

includes the flow of blood to all parts of the body except the lungs

atelectasis

incomplete expansion of part or all of a lung due to a blockage of the air passages or pneumothorax

greenstick fracture

incomplete fracture, one in which the bone is bent and only partially broken

vasculitis

inflammation of a blood vessel

osteitis

inflammation of a bone

bursitis

inflammation of a bursa

salpingitis

inflammation of a fallopian tube

fasciitis

inflammation of a fascia

valvulitis

inflammation of a heart valve

neuritis

inflammation of a nerve accompanied by pain and sometimes loss of function

phlebitis

inflammation of a vein

oophoritis

inflammation of an ovary

Mastoiditis

inflammation of any part of the mastoid bone

pyelonephritis

inflammation of both the renal pelvis and kidney

testitis

inflammation of one or both testicles

overuse tendinitis

inflammation of tendons caused by excessive or unusual use of a joint

adrenalitis

inflammation of the adrenal glands

onychia

inflammation of the bed of the nail that often results in the loss of the nail

cystitis

inflammation of the bladder

osteomyelitis

inflammation of the bone marrow and adjacent bone

encephalitis

inflammation of the brain, can be caused by a viral infection such as rabies

costochondritis

inflammation of the cartilage that connects a rib to the sternum

cervicitis

inflammation of the cervix that is usually caused by an infection

keratitis

inflammation of the cornea

otitis

inflammation of the ear

epididymitis

inflammation of the epididymis that is frequently caused by the spread of infection from the urethra or the bladder

pelvic inflammatory disease

inflammation of the female reproductive organs that is not associated with surgery or pregnancy

cholecystitis

inflammation of the gallbladder, usually associated with gallstones blocking the flow of bile

balanitis

inflammation of the glans penis that is usually caused by poor hygiene in men who have not had the foreskin removed by circumcision

folliculitis

inflammation of the hair follicles

carditis

inflammation of the heart

endocarditis

inflammation of the inner lining of the heart

nephritis

inflammation of the kidney or kidneys

Labyrinthitis

inflammation of the labyrinth that can result in vertigo and deafness

Dacryoadenitis

inflammation of the lacrimal gland caused by a bacterial, viral or fungal infection

laryngitis

inflammation of the larynx

vaginitis

inflammation of the lining of the vagina

bacterial endocarditis

inflammation of the lining or valves of the heart caused by the presence of bacteria in the bloodstream

hepatitis

inflammation of the liver usually caused by a viral infection

lymphadenitis

inflammation of the lymph nodes

meningitis

inflammation of the meninges of the brain and spinal cord

otitis media

inflammation of the middle ear

stomatitis

inflammation of the mucosa of the mouth

endocervicitis

inflammation of the mucous membrane lining of the cervix

gastroenteritis

inflammation of the mucous membrane lining the stomach and intestines

myocarditis

inflammation of the myocardium that develops as a rarely seen complication of a viral infection

pancreatitis

inflammation of the pancreas

pericarditis

inflammation of the pericardium

periostitis

inflammation of the periosteum shin splints

pharyngitis

inflammation of the pharynx

plantar fasciitis

inflammation of the plantar fascia on the sole of the foot

pleurisy

inflammation of the pleura, the membranes that cover the lungs and line the pleural cavity

radiculitis

inflammation of the root of a spinal nerve that causes pain and numbness radiating down the affected limb

sciatica

inflammation of the sciatic nerve

scleritis

inflammation of the sclera

tenosynovitis

inflammation of the sheath surrounding a tendon

sinusitis

inflammation of the sinuses

dermatitis

inflammation of the skin

enteritis

inflammation of the small intestine caused by eating or drinking substances contaminated with viral or bacterial pathogens

myelitis

inflammation of the spinal cord

synovitis

inflammation of the synovial membrane that results in swelling and pain of the affected joint

tendinitis

inflammation of the tendons caused by excessive or unusual use of the joint

rotator cuff tendinitis

inflammation of the tendons of the rotator cuff

thymitis

inflammation of the thymus gland

epicondylitis

inflammation of the tissues surrounding the elbow

periodontal disease

inflammation of the tissues that surround and support the teeth

urethritis

inflammation of the urethra

vulvitis

inflammation of the vulva

diverticulitis

inflammation or infection of one or more diverticulum in the colon

seborrheic dermatitis

inflammation sometimes resulting from seborrhea that causes scaling and itching of the upper layers of the skin or scalp

arthritis

inflammatory condition of one or more joints more than 100 types with many different causes

polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR)

inflammatory disorder of the muscles and joints characterized by pain and stiffness in the neck, shoulders, upper arms, and hips and thighs

melatonin

influences the sleep-wakefulness portions of the circadian cycle

bronchodilator

inhaled medication that relaxes and expands the bronchial passages into the lungs

severe combined immunodeficiency

inherited condition in which abnormalities in the immune system cause an increased susceptibility to infection and failure to thrive as a result of infections

abrasion

injury in which superficial layers of skin are scraped or rubbed away

strain

injury to the body of the muscle or to the attachment of a tendon

contusion

injury to underlying tissues without breaking the skin and is characterized by discoloration and pain

corneal abrasion

injury, such as a scratch or irritation, to the outer layers of the cornea

visceral pleura

inner layer of pleura that covers each lung

endometrium

inner layer, and consists of specialized epithelial mucosa that is rich in blood vessels

medulla

inner region of the kidney, and it contains most of the urine-collecting tubules

amniotic sac

innermost membrane that surrounds the embryo in the uterus

intermittent catheter

inserted as needed several times a day to drain urine from the bladder

urinary catheterization

insertion of a tube into the bladder to procure a sterile specimen for diagnostic purposes

mastoid muscle

inserts at one point of insertion into the mastoid process

endoscope

instrument used for an endoscopy visual examination of internal structures

otoscope

instrument used to examine the external ear canal

type 2 diabetes

insulin resistance disorder

heat rash

intensely itchy rash caused by blockage of the sweat glands by bacteria and dead cells

cluster headaches

intensely painful headaches that affect one side of the head and may be associated with tearing of the eyes and nasal congestion

cochlear implant

electronic device that bypasses the damaged portions of the ear and directly stimulates the auditory nerve

nebulizer

electronic device that pumps air or oxygen through a liquid medicine to turn it into a mist, which is then inhaled by the patient via a face mask or mouthpiece

hearing aids

electronic devices that are worn to correct a hearing loss

parathyroid glands

embedded in the posterior surface of the thyroid gland

Ambu bag

emergency resuscitator used to assist ventilation

Braxton Hicks contractions

intermittent painless uterine contractions that occur with increasing frequency as the pregnancy progresses

sigmoidoscopy

endoscopic examination of the interior of the rectum, sigmoid colon, and possibly a portion of the descending colon

esophagogastroduodenoscopy

endoscopic procedure that allows direct visualization of the upper GI tract

esophageal varices

enlarged and swollen veins at the lower end of the esophagus

lacrimal sac

enlargement of the upper portion of the lacrimal duct

ELISA

enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay blood test used to screen for the presence of HIV antibodies, as well as Lyme disease and other infectious conditions

abortion

interruption or termination of pregnancy before the fetus is viable

supraventricular tachycardia

episode that begins and ends abruptly during which there are very rapid and regular heartbeats that originate at or above the atrioventricular node

stricture

esophagus resulting from scar tissue or other damage can cause swallowing difficulties

lungs

essential organs of respiration that are divided into lobes

gastroduodenostomy

establishment of an anastomosis between the upper portion of the stomach and the duodenum

cardiac arrest

event in which the heart abruptly stops beating or develops an arrhythmia that prevents it from pumping blood effectively

Ectropion

eversion of the edge of an eyelid

cover test

examination of how the two eyes work together and is used to assess binocular vision

urinalysis

examination of urine to determine the presence of abnormal elements

myosarcoma

example of a malignant tumor derived from muscle tissue

peripheral arterial disease

example of a peripheral vascular disease that is caused by atherosclerosis

Kaposi's sarcoma

example of an opportunistic infection that is frequently associated with HIV

pleural effusion

excess accumulation of fluid in the pleural space

hyperpituitarism

excess secretion of growth hormone that causes acromegaly and gigantism

obesity

excessive accumulation of fat in the body

hypermenorrhea

excessive amount of menstrual flow over a period of more than 7 days

bronchorrhea

excessive discharge of mucus from the bronchi

agoraphobia

excessive fear of environments where the person fears a panic attack might occur

acrophobia

excessive fear of heights

social anxiety disorder

excessive fear of social situations where the person fears negative evaluation by others and embarrassing him or herself in front of others

edema

excessive fluid accumulation in body tissues than can be symptomatic of nephrotic syndrome and other kidney diseases

polyphagia

excessive hunger

gastrorrhea

excessive secretion of gastric juice or mucus in the stomach

photophobia

excessive sensitivity to light and can be the result of migraines, excessive wearing of contact lenses, drug use, or inflammation

aerophagia

excessive swallowing of air while eating or drinking and is a common cause of gas in the stomach

polydipsia

excessive thirst

polyuria

excessive urination

polyuria

excessive urination and is a common symptom of diabetes

drug abuse

excessive use of illegal or recreational drugs, or the misuse of prescription drugs

menometrorrhagia

excessive uterine bleeding at both the usual time of menstrual periods and at other irregular intervals

xeroderma

excessively dry skin

internal respiration

exchange of gases within the cells of the blood and tissues

respiration

exchange of oxygen for carbon dioxide that is essential to life

hemoptysis

expectoration of blood or blood-stained sputum derived from the lungs or bronchial tubes as the result of a pulmonary or bronchial hemorrhage

large intestine

extends from the end of the small intestine to the anus

small intestine

extends from the pyloric sphincter to the first part of the large intestine

rectus femoris

extends the legs at the knee

spermatic cord

extends upward from the epididymis and is attached to each testicle

acromion

extension of the scapula that forms the high point of the shoulder

vaginal orifice

exterior opening of the vagina

epicardium

external layer of the heart and the inner layer of the pericardium

pulse oximeter

external monitor placed on the patient's fingertip or earlobe to measure the oxygen saturation level in the blood

urethral meatus

external opening of the urethra

perineum

external surface region in both males and females between the pubic symphysis and the coccyx

hyperextension

extreme or overextension of a limb or body part beyond its normal limit

bradykinesia

extreme slowness in movement

hyperemesis

extreme, persistent vomiting that can cause dehydration

entropion

inversion of the edge of an eyelid

enuresis

involuntary discharge of urine

Bruxism

involuntary grinding or clenching of the teeth that usually occurs during sleep and is associated with tension or stress

vaginismus

involuntary spasm of the pelvic floor muscles, which close off the vagina

Nystagmus

involuntary, constant, rhythmic movement of the eyeball that can be congenital or caused by a neurobiological injury or drug use

clinical trials

involve testing new and promising cancer treatments that have not yet received Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval on patients who agree to be part of the research

endometrial cancer

involves a cancerous growth that begins in the lining of the uterus

antigen-antibody reaction

involves binding antigens to antibodies

binaural testing

involves both ears

hyperbaric oxygen therapy

involves breathing pure oxygen in a special chamber that allows air pressure to be raised up to three times higher than normal

tonic-clonic seizure

involves in the entire body

monaural testing

involves one ear

muscle biopsy

involves removal of a plug of tissue for examination

compartment syndrome

involves the compression of nerves and blood vessels due to swelling within the "compartment"

cheyne-stokes respiration

irregular pattern of breathing characterized by alternating rapid or shallow respiration followed by slower respiration or apnea

sphenoid bone

irregular, wedge shaped bone at the base of the skull.

chalazion

is a nodule or cyst, usually on the upper eyelid, caused by obstruction in a sebaceous gland.

opthalmologist

is a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating the full spectrum of diseases and disorders of the eyes, from vision correction to eye surgery

Uveitis

is an inflammation of the uvea causing swelling and irritation

Emmetropia

is the normal relationship between the refractive power of the eye and the shape of the eye that enables light rays to focus correctly on the retina

cleft palate

failure of the palate to close during the early development of the fetus

delusion

false personal belief that is maintained despite obvious proof or evidence to the contrary

Hyperopia

farsightedness, defect in which light rays focus beyond the retina

nail root

fastens the nail to the finger or toe by fitting into a groove in the skin

pancreas

feather-shaped organ located posterior to the stomach that functions as part of both the digestive and the endocrine systems

ova

female gametes

accommodation

is the process whereby the eyes make adjustments for seeing objects at various distances. These adjustments include contraction (narrowing) and dilation (widening) of the pupil, movement of the eyes, and changes in the shape of the lens.

Convergence

is the simultaneous inward movement of the eyes toward each other. This occurs in an effort to maintain single binocular vision as an object comes nearer.

cornea

is the transparent outer surface of the eye covering the iris and pupil.

premature infant

fetus born before the 37th week of gestation

urticaria

itchy wheals caused by an allergic reaction

bursa

fibrous sac that acts as a cushion to ease movement in areas that are subject to friction

keratin

fibrous, water-repellent protein

end-stage renal disease

final stage of chronic kidney disease, and this condition is fatal unless the functions of the failed kidneys are replaced by dialysis or with a successful kidney transplant

villi

finger-like projections contains blood vessels and lacteals

nasopharynx

first division posterior to the nasal cavity and continues downward to behind the mouth

quickening

first movement of the fetus in the uterus that can be felt by the mother

duodenum

first portion of the small intestine extends from the pylorus of the stomach to the jejunum

cervical vertebrae

first set of seven vertebrae and they form the neck

metacarpals

five bones that form the palm of the hand

scales

flakes or dry patches made up of excess dead epidermal cells

port-wine stain

flat vascular birthmark made up of dilated blood capillaries, creating a large, reddish-purple discoloration on the face or neck

external oblique

flex and rotate the vertebral column also flex the torso and compress the abdomen

internal oblique

flex the spine, support the abdominal contents, help breathe, and rotate the spine

soft palate

flexible posterior portion of the palate important role of closing off the nasal passage to prevent food and liquid from moving upward into the nasal cavity

pulmonary circulation

flow of blood only between the heart and lungs

otopyorrhea

flow of pus from the ear

synovial fluid

flows within the synovial cavity, acts as a lubricant to make the smooth movement of the joint possible

exudate

fluid, such as pus, that leaks out of an infected wound

follicle

fluid-filled sac containing a single ovum

hydrocele

fluid-filled sac in the scrotum along the spermatic cord leading from the testicles

laser iridotomy

focused beam of light to create a hole in the iris of the eye

behavioral therapy

focuses on changing behavior by identifying problem behaviors, replacing them with appropriate behaviors, and using rewards or other consequences to make the changes

cognitive behavioral therapy

focuses on changing thoughts that are affecting a person's emotions and actions

refractive disorder

focusing problem that occurs when the lens cornea do not bend light so that it focuses properly on the retina

rugae

folds in the mucosa lining of the stomach allow the stomach to increase and decrease in size

embolus

foreign object, such as a blood clot, a quantity of air or gas, or a bit of tissue or tumor, that is circulating in the blood

veins

form a low-pressure collecting system to return oxygen-poor blood to the heart

epithelial tissues

form a protective covering for all of the internal and external surfaces of the body

dermabrasion

form of abrasion involving the use of a revolving wire brush or sandpaper

vascular dementia

form of dementia caused by a stroke or other restriction of the flow of blood to the brain

gestational diabetes mellitus

form of diabetes mellitus that occurs during some pregnancies

gestational diabetes mellitus

form of diabetes that occurs during pregnancy

glycogen

form of glucose that is stored in the liver and muscles

eczema

form of persistent or recurring dermatitis usually characterized by redness, itching, and dryness, with possible blistering, cracking, oozing, or bleeding

vestibular rehabilitation therapy

form of physical therapy designed to treat a wide variety of balance disorders, the majority of which are caused by problems in the inner ear and vestibular nerve

ankylosing spondylitis

form of rheumatoid arthritis that primarily causes inflammation of the joints between the vertebrae

Peyronie's disease

form of sexual dysfunction in which the penis is bent or curved during erection

collagen replacement therapy

form of soft-tissue augmentation used to soften facial lines or scars or to make lips appear fullers

staphylococcus aureus

form of staphylococcus that often infects wounds and causes serious problems such as toxic shock syndrome or food poisoning

antiangiogenesis

form of treatment that disrupts the blood supply to the tumor

polyarteritis

form of vasculitis involving several medium and small arteries at the same time

temporal arteritis

form of vasculitis that can cause headaches, visual impairment, jaw pain, and other symptoms diagnosed when a biopsy shows the presence of abnormally large cells

metatarsals

form that part of the foot to which the toes are attached

palatine bones

form the anterior part of the hard palate of the mouth and floor of the nose

maxillary bones

form the most upper jaw also known as the maxillae

temporal bones

form the sides and base of cranium

nasal bones

form the upper part of the bridge of the nose

temporomandibular joint

formed at the back of the mouth where the maxillary and mandibular arches come together

identical twins

formed by the fertilization of a single egg cell by a single sperm that divides to form two embryos

eosinophils

formed in red bone marrow and then migrate to tissues throughout the body cells destroy parasitic organisms and play a major role in allergic reactions

neutrophils

formed in red bone marrow, are the most common type of WBC

lymphocytes

formed in red bone marrow, in lymph nodes, and in the spleen identify foreign substances and germs in the body and produce antibodies that specifically target them

monocytes

formed in red bone marrow, lymph nodes, and the spleen monocytes provide immunological defenses against many infectious organisms

navel

formed where the umbilical cord was attached to the fetus

short stature

formerly known as dwarfism, is a condition resulting from the failure of the ones of the limbs to grow to an appropriate length compared to the size of the head and trunk

callus

forms as a bulging deposit around the area of the break

pubis

forms the anterior portion of the pubic bone, located just below the urinary bladder

occipital bone

forms the back part of skull and base of cranium

vomer bone

forms the base for the nasal septum

ischium

forms the lower posterior portion of the pubic bone, bears the weight of the body when sitting

deltoid

forms the muscular cap of the shoulder

skin

forms the protective outer layer covering the external surfaces of the entire body

palate

forms the roof of the mouth, consists of three major parts

squamous epithelial tissue

forms the upper layer of the epidermis

fat embolus

forms when a long bone is fractured and fat cells from yellow bone marrow are released into the blood

botox

formulation of botulinum toxin, same neurotoxin responsible for the form of food poisoning known as botulism

spondylolisthesis

forward slipping movement of the body of one of the lower lumbar vertebrae on the vertebra or sacrum below it

cytomegalovirus

found in most body fluids

external oblique and internal oblique muscles

found in the abdomen

mast cells

found in the connective tissue of the dermis, respond to injury, infection, or allergy by producing and releasing substances, including heparin and histamine

nephrolith

found in the kidney

plaque

found within the lumen of an artery, a fatty deposit similar to the buildup of rust inside a pipe

spinal fracture

fracture in which the bone has been twisted apart type of fracture occurs as the result of a severe twisting motion such as in a sports injury

external fixation

fracture treatment procedure in which pins are placed through the soft tissues and bone so that an external appliance can be used to hold the pieces of bone firmly in place during healing

gonads

gamete-producing glands

blood gases

gases that are normally dissolved in the liquid portion of blood

tuberculin skin testing

screening test for TB in which a very small amount of PPD tuberculin is injected just under the top later of the skin on the forearm

ultrasonic bone density testing

screening test for osteoporosis or other conditions that cause a loss of bone mass

seasonal affective disorder

seasonal bout of depression associated with the decrease in hours of daylight during winter months

oropharynx

second division portion that is visible when looking into the mouth

arachnoid membrane

second layer of the meninges and is located between the dura mater and the pia mater

thoracic vertebrae

second set of 12 vertebrae each of these vertebrae has a pair of ribs attached to it, and together they form the outward curve of the spine

lacrimal glands

secrete lacrimal fluid, located on the underside of the upper eyelid just above the outer corner of the eye

salivary glands

secrete saliva that is carried by ducts into the mouth

sebaceous glands

secrete sebum that lubricates the skin and discourages growth of bacteria on the skin located in the dermis layer of the skin and are closely associated with hair follicles

perspiration

secreted by sweat glands and is made up of 99% water plus some salt and metabolic waste products

antidiuretic hormone

secreted by the hypothalamus and stored in the pituitary gland, helps control blood pressure by reducing the amount of water that is excreted through the kidneys

corpus leteum

secretes the hormone progesterone during the second half of the menstrual cycle

breast self-examination

self-care procedure for the early detection of breast cancer

testicular self-examination

self-help step in early detection of testicular cancer by detecting lumps, swelling, or changes in the skin of the scrotum

chyme

semifluid mass of partly digested food that passes out of the stomach, through the pyloric sphincter and into the small intestine

Vertigo

sense of whirling, dizziness and loss of balance that is often combined with nausea.

retina

sensitive innermost layer that lines the posterior segment of the eye

glans penis

sensitive region located at the tip of the penis

hallucination

sensory perception experienced in the absence of external stimulation

polymyositis

muscle disease characterized by the simultaneous inflammation and weakening of voluntary muscles in many parts of the body

kegel exercises

series of pelvic muscle exercises used to strengthen the muscles of the pelvic floor

peristalsis

series of wave-like contractions of the smooth muscles in a single direction that moves the food forward into the digestive system

Reye's syndrome

serious and potentially deadly disorder in children that is characterized by vomiting and confusion

pneumonia

serious inflammation of the lungs in which the alveoli and air passages fill with pus and other fluids

trapezius

muscle moves the head and shoulder blade

temporalis

muscle moves the lower jaw up and back to close the mouth

frontalis

muscles in the forehead raises and lowers the eyebrows

myometrium

muscular middle layer

lower esophageal sphincter

muscular ring between the esophagus and stomach

vagina

muscular tube lined with mucosa that extends from the cervix to the outside of the body

esophagus

muscular tube through which ingested food passes from the pharynx to the stomach

polyp

mushroom-like growth from the surface of a mucous membrane

cuticle

narrow band of epidermis attached to the surface of the nail just in front of the root, protecting the new keratin cells as they form

tendon

narrow band of nonelastic, dense, fibrous connective tissue that attaches a muscle to a bone

pylorus

narrow passage that connects the stomach with the small intestine

phimosis

narrowing of the opening of the foreskin so it cannot be retracted to expose the glans penis

urethrostenosis

narrowing of the urethra

myopia

nearsightedness, defect in which light rays focus in front of the retina

ganglion

nerve center made up of a cluster of nerve cell bodies outside the central nervous system

olfactory receptors

nerve endings that act as the receptors for the sense of smell

cervical radiculopathy

nerve pain caused by pressure on the spinal nerve roots in the neck region

lumbar radiculopathy

nerve pain in the lower back caused by muscle spasm or nerve root irritation from the compression of vertebral disks such as a herniated disk

plexus

network of intersecting spinal nerves

restless legs syndrome

neurological disorder characterized by uncomfortable feelings in the legs, producing a strong urge to move them

efferent neurons

neurons carry impulses away from the brain and spinal cord and toward the muscles and glands

afferent neurons

neurons emerge from sensory organs and the skin to carry the impulses from the sensory organs toward the brain and spinal cord

connecting neurons

neurons link afferent and efferent neurons

deep brain stimulation

neurosurgical procedure used in the treatment of dystonia, tremors, and parkinson's disease

antacids

neutralize the acids in the stomach, taken to relieve the discomfort of conditions such as pyrosis or to help peptic ulcers heal

neonate

newborn infant during the first 4 weeks after birth

ketosis

normal metabolic process that helps the body utilize stored fat when other sources of energy are lacking

menstruation

normal periodic discharge of the endometrial lining and unfertilized egg from uterus

anteflexion

normal position of the uterus the body of the uterus is bent forward

process

normal projection on the surface of a bone that most commonly serves as attachment for muscle or tendons

cicatrix

normal scar resulting from the healing of a wound

menopause

normal termination of menstruation in a woman during middle age

rhabdomyolysis

serious syndrome that can result from a direct or indirect muscle injury death of muscle fibers release their contents into the bloodstream, where they can lead to complications such as renal failure

polymenorrhea

occurence of menstrual cycles more frequently than is normal

sleep hyperhidrosis

occurrence of hyperhidrosis during sleep

Bone conduction

occurs as the eardrum vibrates and causes the auditory ossicles of the middle ear to vibrate.

oblique fracture

occurs at an angle across the bone

labor and delivery

occurs in three stages 1) Dilation 2) Delivery of the baby 3) Expulsion of the afterbirth

heart failure

occurs most commonly in the elderly, often after the heart has been weakened or damaged by other health issues

transverse fracture

occurs straight across the bone

hemorrhagic stroke

occurs when a blood vessel in the brain leaks

sprain

occurs when a ligament that connects bones to a joint is wrenched or torn injury to a join which usually occurs when a ligament is wrenched or torn

relaxation

occurs when a muscle returns to its original form

strangulated hernia

occurs when a portion of the intestine is constricted inside the hernia, causing ischemia in this tissue by cutting off its blood supply

conception

occurs when a sperm penetrates and fertilizes the descending ovum

pathologic fracture

occurs when a weakened bone breaks under normal strain, due to bones being weakened by osteoporosis or a disease process such as cancer

diabetic retinopathy

occurs when diabetes damages the tiny blood vessels in the retina

airway obstruction

occurs when food or a foreign object partially or completely blocks the airway and prevents air from entering or leaving the lungs

impingement syndrome

occurs when inflamed and swollen tendons are caught in the narrow space between the bones within the shoulder joint

dissociative disorders

occurs when normal thought is separated from consciousness

ischemic colitis

occurs when part of the large intestine is partially or completely deprived of blood

conductive hearing loss

occurs when sound waves are prevented from passing from the air to the fluid-filled inner ear

Addison's disease

occurs when the adrenal glands do not produce enough of the hormones cortisol or aldosterone

allergic reaction

occurs when the body's immune system reacts to a harmless allergen such as pollen, food, or animal dander as if it were a dangerous invader

Breech presentation

occurs when the buttocks or feet of the fetus are positioned to enter the birth canal first instead of the head

keratoconus

occurs when the cornea becomes irregular and cone-shaped, causing blurring and distortion of vision

immunodeficiency disorder

occurs when the immune response is compromised

binocular vision

occurs when the muscles of both eye work together in coordination to make normal depth perception possible

overactive bladder

occurs when the muscles of the bladder contract involuntarily even though the bladder is not actually full enough to indicate the need to urinate

diastolic pressure

occurs when the ventricles are relaxed, is the lowest pressure against the walls of an artery

systolic pressure

occurs when the ventricles contract, is the highest pressure against the walls of an artery

Sensorineural conduction

occurs when these sound vibrations reach the inner ear. The structures of the inner ear receive the sound waves and relay them to the auditory nerve for transmission to the brain.

dilation

of the eyes is required in preparation for the ophthalmoscopic exam of the interior eye.

colorectal carcinoma

often first manifests itself in polyps in the colon

ultrasound

often used as an initial follow-up test when an abnormality is found by mammography

sebum

oily substance that is released through ducts opening into the hair follicles

comminuted fracture

one in which the bone is splintered or crushed

eyeball

one inches sphere with only about 1/6 of its surface visible

methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus

one of several types of bacteria that are now resistant to most antibiotics

arteriovenous malformation

one of the causes of hemorrhagic strokes

prostate cancer

one of the most common cancers among men

masseter

one of the strongest in the body, moves the lower jaw up to close the mouth when chewing

nerve

one or more bundles of neurons that connect the brain and spinal cord with other parts of the body

bacteria

one-celled microscopic organisms

left lung

only has two lobes due to space restrictions because the heart is located on that side of the body

capillaries

only one epithelial cell in thickness, are the smallest blood vessels in the body

ulcer

open lesion of the skin or mucous membrane resulting in tissue loss around the edges

pressure sore

open ulcerated wound that is caused by prolonged pressure on an area of skin

closed-angle glaucoma

opening between the cornea and iris narrows so that fluid cannot reach the trabecular meshwork. This narrowing can cause a sudden increase in the intraocular pressure that produces severe pain, nausea, redness of the eye, and blurred vision

foramen

opening in a bone through which blood vessels, nerves, and ligaments pass

external auditory meatus

opening of the external auditory canal of the outer ear. Located within the temporal bone on each sie of skull

pores

openings on the surface of the skin that act as the ducts of the sweat glands

pneumocystis pneumonia

opportunistic infection caused by the yeast-like fungus

radioactive iodine treatment

oral administration of radioactive iodine to destroy thyroid cells

synthetic thyroid hormone

oral medications administered to replace lost thyroid function

clitoris

organ of sensitive, erectile tissue located anterior to the urethral meatus and the vaginal orifice

autonomic nervous system

organized into two divisions, one comprising sympathetic nerves and the other parasympathetic nerves

genitalia

organs of reproduction and their associated structures

cranial nerves

originate from the undersurface of the brain

squamous cell carcinoma

originates asa a malignant tumor of the scaly squamous cells of the epithelium

ovarian cancer

originates within the cells of the ovaries

autologous

originating within an individual

allogenic

originating within another

necrotizing fasciitis

severe infection caused by group A strep bacteria

systemic reaction or anaphylaxis

severe response to an allergen

androgens

sex hormones secreted by the gonads, the adrenal cortex, and fat cells

androgens

sex hormones, primarily testosterone, secreted by the gonads, the adrenal cortex, and fat cells

diaphysis

shaft of a long bone

hypopnea

shallow or slow respiration

testicular torsion

sharp pain in the scrotum caused by twisting of the vas deferens and blood vessels leading into the testicle

pleurodynia

sharp pain that occurs when the inflamed membranes rub against each other with each inhalation

scapula

shoulder blade

scleral buckle

silicone band or sponge used to repair a detached retina

fungus

simple parasitic organism

receptors

sites in the sensory organs that receive external stimulation

vitiligo

skin condition resulting from the destruction of the melanocytes due to unknown causes

scabies

skin infection caused by an infestation of itch mites

narcolepsy

sleep disorder consisting of sudden and uncontrollable brief episodes of falling asleep during the day

clavicle

slender bone that connects the manubrium of the sternum to the scapula

hemiparesis

slight paralysis or weakness affecting one side of the body

sacrum

slightly curved, triangular-shaped bone near the base of the spine that forms the lower portion of the back at birth, the sacrum is composed of five separate bones, in younger children, they fuse together to form a single bone

sacroiliac

slightly movable articulation between the sacrum and posterior portion of the ilium

mucus

slippery secretion produced by the mucous membranes that protects and lubricates these tissues

cartilage

smooth, rubbery, blue-white connective tissue that acts as a shock absorber between bones

cochlea

snail-shaped structure of the inner ear and is where sound vibrations are converted into nerve impulses

pancreas

soft, 6-inch-long oblong gland that is located behind the stomach

vitreous humor

soft, clear, jelly-like mass that contains millions of fine fibers

capillary hemangioma

soft, raised, pink or red vascular birthmark

feces

solid body wastes expelled through the rectum and anus

nodule

solid, raised skin lesion that is larger than 0.5 cm in diameter and deeper than a papule

short stature

sometimes caused by deficient secretion of growth hormone

adjuvant therapy

sometimes used after the primary cancer treatments have been completed to decrease the chance that a cancer will recur

peptic ulcers

sores that affect the mucous membranes of the digestive systems

melanocytes

special cells that are also found in the basal cell layer

registered dietitian

specialist in food and nutrition who practices medical nutrition therapy and counsels patients on improving their dietary intake

exercise physiologist

specialist who works under the supervision of a physician to develop, implement, and coordinate exercise programs and administer medical tests to promote physical fitness

Purkinje fibers

specialized conductive fibers located within the walls of the ventricles

colostrum

specialized form of breast milk that delivers essential nutrients and antibodies in a form that the newborn can digest

phagocytes

specialized leukocytes that act as part of the antigen-antibody reaction by destroying substances such as cell debris, dust, pollen, and pathogens by the process of phagocytosis

dendritic cells

specialized leukocytes that patrol the body searching for antigens that produce infections

B cells

specialized lymphocytes that produce antibodies

gingiva

specialized mucous membrane that covers the bone of the dental arches and surrounds the neck of the teeth

myofascial release

specialized soft-tissue manipulation technique used to ease the pain of conditions such as fibromyalgia, myofascial pain syndrome, movement restrictions, temporomandibular joint disorders, and carpal tunnel syndrome

lacteals

specialized structures of the lymphatic system that absorb those fats that cannot be transported by the bloodstream

maxillofacial surgery

specialized surgery of the face and jaws to correct deformities, treat diseases, and repair injuries

allergist

specializes in diagnosing and treating conditions of altered immunologic reactivity, such as allergic reactions

immunologist

specializes in diagnosing and treating disorders of the immune system

oral or maxillofacial surgeon

specializes in surgery of the face and jaws to correct deformities, treat diseases, and repair injuries

audiologist

specializes in the measurement of hearing function and in the rehabilitation of persons with hearing impairments

sports medicine physician

specializes in treating sports-related injuries of the bones, joints, and muscles

stool samples

specimens of feces that are examined for content and characteristics

oligospermia

sperm count of below 20 million/mL

vertebrae

spinal column consists of 26 of these

west nile virus

spread to humans by the bite of an infected mosquito

cerebral cortex

outer layer of the cerebrum and is made up of elevated folds and deep fissures

parietal pleura

outer layer of the pleura

renal cortex

outer region of the kidney

synovial capsule

outermost layer of strong fibrous tissue that resembles a sleeve as it surround the joint

epidermis

outermost layer of the skin, made up of several specialized epithelial tissues

extraocular

outside the eyeball

urinary bladder

oval, hollow, muscular organ that is a reservoir for urine before it is excreted from the body

seborrhea

overactivity of the sebaceous glands that results in the production of an excessive amount of sebum

priapism

painful erection that lasts 4 hours or more but is either not accompanied by sexual excitement or does not go away after sexual stimulation has ended

achilles tendinitis

painful inflammation of the achilles tendon caused by excessive stress being placed on that tendon

cramp

painful localized muscle spasm often named for its cause, such as menstrual cramps or writer's cramp

vulvodynia

painful syndrome of unknown cause

ovaries

pair of small, almond-shaped organs located in the lower abdomen, one on either side of the uterus

lunula

pale half-moon shaped region at every nail root, which is generally most easily seen in the thumbnail

quadriplegia

paralysis of all four extremities

paraplegia

paralysis of both legs and lower part of the body

toxoplasmosis

parasite that is most commonly transmitted from pets to humans by contact with contaminated animal feces

prostate gland

part of the male reproductive system, surrounds the urethra

subluxation

partial displacement of a bone from its joint

ileus

partial or complete blockage of the small or large intestine

intestinal obstruction

partial or complete blockage of the small or large intestine caused by a physical obstruction

alopecia

partial or complete loss of hair, most commonly on the scalp

tarsorrhaphy

partial or complete suturing together of the upper and lower eyelids to protect the eye when the lids are paralyzed

Floaters

particles of cellular debris that float In the vitreous humor and casts shadows on the retina

pancreatic islets

parts of the pancreas that have endocrine functions

endotracheal intubation

passage of a tube through the mouth into the trachea to establish or maintain an open airway, especially when patient is on a ventilator

melena

passage of black, tarry, foul-smelling stools

flatulence

passage of gas out of the body through the rectum

lacrimal duct

passageway that drains excess tears into the nose

transverse colon

passes horizontally across the abdominal cavity from right to left towards the spleen

urethra

passes through the penis to the outside of the body

lesion

pathologic change of the tissues due to disease or injury

autologous bone marrow transplant

patient receives his or her own bone marrow cells which have been harvested, cleansed, treated, and stored before the remaining bone marrow in the patient's body is destroyed

pituitary gland

pea-sized gland that is divided into two parts, the anterior and posterior lobes

gallbladder

pear-shaped organ about the size of an egg located under the liver stores and concentrates bile for later use

uterus

pear-shaped organ with muscular walls and a mucous membrane lining filled with a rich supply of blood vessels

urethral catheterization

performed by inserting a plastic tube called a catheter though the urethra and into the bladder

digital rectal examination

performed on men by using a lubricated, gloved finger placed in the rectum to palpate the prostate gland to detect prostate enlargement and to look for indications of prostate cancer or tumors of the rectum

percutaneous diskectomy

performed to treat a herniated intervertebral disk

bariatric surgery

performed to treat morbid obesity by restricting the amount of food that can enter the stomach and be digested

percutaneous vertebroplasty

performed to treat osteoporosis-related compression fractures

urinary catheterization

performed to withdraw urine for diagnostic purposes, to allow urine to drain freely, or to place a fluid such as a chemotherapy solution into the bladder

thoracic surgeon

performs operations on the organs inside the thorax, or chest, including the heart, lungs, and esophagus

visual field

perimetry, performed to determine losses in peripheral vision

gestation

period of development of the baby in the mother's uterus

Raynaud's disease

peripheral arterial occlusive disease in which intermittent attacks are triggered by cold or stress

bronchiectasis

permanent dilation of the bronchi, caused by chronic infection and inflammation

contracture

permanent tightening of fascia, muscles, tendons, ligaments, or skin that occurs when normally elastic connective tissues are replaced with nonelastic fibrous tissues

causalgia

persistent, severe burning pain that usually follows an injury to a sensory nerve

transgender

person whose gender identity does not match their gender at birth

myofascial

pertaining to muscle tissue and fascia

acoustic

pertaining to sound or hearing

cerebral

pertaining to the cerebrum or to the brain

ocular

pertaining to the eye

optic

pertaining to the eye or sight

hemopoietic hematopoietic

pertaining to the formation of blood cells

cholecystic

pertaining to the gallbladder

cardiovascular

pertaining to the heart and blood vessels

neuromuscular

pertaining to the relationship between a nerve and muscle

auditory

pertaining to the sense of hearing

cutaneous

pertaining to the skin

sputum

phlegm ejected through the mouth that can be examined for diagnostic purposes

anesthesiologist

physician who specializes in administering anesthetic agents before and during surgery

hematologist

physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating abnormalities, disease, and disorders of the blood and blood-forming tissues

cardiologist

physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating abnormalities, diseases, and disorders of the heart

psychiatrist

physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating chemical dependencies, emotional problems, and mental illness

gynecologist

physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the female reproductive system

urologist

physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the genitourinary system of males and the urinary system of females

nephrologist

physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the kidneys

neurologist

physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the nervous system

pulmonologist

physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the respiratory system

gastroenterologist

physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the stomach and intestines

urologist

physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the urinary system of females and the genitourinary system of males

endocrinologist

physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and malfunctions of the endocrine glands

lymphologist

physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating disorders of the lymphatic system

neonatologist

physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating disorders of the newborn

dermatologist

physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating disorders of the skin

oncologist

physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating malignant disorders such as tumors and cancer

proctologist

physician who specializes in disorders of the colon, rectum, and anus

physiatrist

physician who specializes in physical medicine and rehabilitation with the focus on restoring function

obstetrician

physician who specializes in providing medical care to women during pregnancy, childbirth, and immediately thereafter

rheumatologist

physician who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of arthritis and disorders such as osteoporosis, fibromyalgia, and tendinitis that are characterized by the inflammation in the joints and connective tissues

vascular surgeon

physician who specializes in the diagnosis, medical management, and surgical treatment of disorders of the blood vessels

neurosurgeon

physician who specializes in the surgery of the nervous system

plastic surgeon

physician who specializes in the surgical restoration and reconstruction of body structures

neurologist

physician who specializes in treating the causes of paralysis and similar muscle disorders in which there is a loss of function

otolaryngologist

physician with specialized training in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases and disorders of the head and neck

bilirubin

pigment excreted into the digestive fluid called bile, giving it a yellow to green color

melanin

pigment that determines the color of the skin, which depends upon the type and amount of this pigment that is present

chloasma

pigmentation disorder characterized by brownish spots on the face

uvea

pigmented layer of the eye

conjunctivitis

pinkeye, inflammation of the conjunctiva that is usually caused by an infection of allergy

fovea centralis

pit in the middle of the macula

corneal ulcer

pitting of the cornea caused by an infection or injury.

Mydriatic drops

placed into the eyes to produce temporary paralysis, forcing the pupils to remain dilated even in the presence of bright light

suprapubic catheterization

placement of a catheter into the bladder through a small incision made through the abdominal wall just above the pubic bone

nephrostomy

placement of a catheter to maintain an opening from the pelvis of one or both kidneys to the exterior of the body

nasogastric intubation

placement of a feeding tube through the nose and into the stomach

enema

placement of a solution into the rectum and colon to empty the lower intestine through bowel activity

parasite

plant or animal that lives on or within another living organism at the expense of that organism

serum

plasma fluid after the blood cells and the clotting proteins have been removed

interstitial fluid

plasma from arterial blood that flows out of the arterioles and into the capillaries, and then flows into the spaces between the cells of the tissues

accessory organs

play a key role in the digestive process but are not part of the gastrointestinal tract

natural killer cells

play an important role in the killing of cancer cells and cells infected by viruses

interleukins

play multiple roles in the immune system, including directing B and T cells to divide and proliferate

lamina

posterior portion of the vertebra

lochia

postpartum vaginal discharge that typically continues for 4 to 6 weeks after childbirth

ectopic pregnancy

potentially dangerous condition in which a fertilized egg is implanted and begins to develop outside of the uterus

drug overdose

potentially fatal, accidental or intentional use of an illegal drug or prescription medicine in an amount higher than what is safe or normal

sleep apnea

potentially serious disorder in which breathing repeatedly stops and starts during sleep for periods long enough to cause a measurable decrease in blood oxygen levels

cecum

pouch that lies on the right side of the abdomen

palpitation

pounding or racing heartbeat with or without irregularity in rhythm

actinic keratosis

precancerous skin growth that occurs on skin-damaged skin

lipocytes

predominant in the subcutaneous layer where they manufacture and store large quantities of fat

trimesters

pregnancy divided into three of these

sympathetic nerves

prepare the body for emergencies and stress by increasing the respiratory rate, heart rate, and blood flow to muscles

hyperproteinuria

presence of abnormally high concentrations of protein in the urine

hypoproteinemia

presence of abnormally low concentrations of protein in the blood

hematospermia

presence of blood in the seminal fluid

hematochezia

presence of bright red blood in the stool

steatorrhea

presence of excess fat in the stool

hirsutism

presence of excessive body and facial hair in women, usually occurring in a male pattern

cholelithiasis

presence of gallstones in the gallbladder or bile ducts

cervical dysplasia

presence of precancerous changes in the cells that make up the inner lining of the cervix

pyothorax

presence of pus in the pleural cavity between the layers of the pleural membrane

fibrocystic breast disease

presence of single or multiple benign cysts in the breasts

Photopsia

presence of what appears to be flashes of light

barotrauma

pressure related ear condition

irrigation and debridement

pressurized fluid is used to clean out wound debris

tracheotomy

procedure in which an incision is made into the trachea to gain access to the airway below a blockage

partial knee replacement

procedure in which only part of the knee is replaced

electroconvulsive therapy

procedure in which small amounts of electric current are passed through the brain, deliberately triggering a brief seizure in order to reverse symptoms of certain mental illnesses

vasovasostomy

procedure performed as an attempt to restore fertility to a vasectomize male

functional endoscopic sinus surgery

procedure performed using an endoscope in which chronic sinusitis is treated by enlarging the opening between the nose and sinus

dialysis

procedure to remove waste products, such as urea, creatinine, and excess water from the blood of a patient whose kidneys no longer function

absorption

process by which completely digested nutrients are transported to the cells throughout the body

digestion

process by which complex foods are broken down into nutrients in a form the body can use

air conduction

process by which sound waves enter the ear through the pinna and then travel down the external auditory canal until they strike the tympanic membrane

effacement

process by which the cervix prepares for delivery as it gradually softens, shortens, and becomes thinner

hemodialysis

process by which waste products are filtered directly from the patient's blood

staging

process of classifying tumors by how far the disease has progressed, the potential for its responding to therapy, and the patient's prognosis

lactation

process of forming and secreting milk from the breasts as nourishment for the infant

lumbar puncture

process of obtaining a sample of cerebrospinal fluid by inserting a needle into the subarachnoid space of the lumbar region to withdraw fluid

puberty

process of physical changes by which a child's body becomes an adult body that is capable of reproducing

electroencephalography

process of recording the electrical activity of the brain through the use of electrodes attached to the scalp

spermatogenesis

process of sperm formation

axon

process that conducts impulses away from the nerve cell

angiogenesis

process through which a tumor supports it growth by creating its own blood supply

Bartholin's glands

produce a mucus secretion to lubricate the vagina

endocrine glands

produce hormones, do not have ducts

neurohormones

produced and released by neurons in the brain, rather than by the endocrine glands, and delivered to organs and tissues through the bloodstream

cerebrospinal fluid

produced by special capillaries within the four ventricles located in the middle region of the cerebrum

interferons

produced in response to the presence of antigens, particularly viruses or tumor cells

hidrosis

production and secretion of perspiration

galactorrhea

production of breast milk in a woman who is not breastfeeding

dental prophylaxis

professional cleaning of the teeth to remove plaque and calculus

coma

profound state of unconsciousness marked by the absence of spontaneous eye movements, no response to painful stimuli, and the lack of speech

diaphoresis

profuse sweating

leukorrhea

profuse, whitish mucus discharge from the uterus and vagina

multiple sclerosis

progressive autoimmune disorder characterized by inflammation that causes demyelination of the myelin sheath

Retinitis pigmentosa

progressive degeneration of the retina that affects night and peripheral vision. it can be detected by the presence of dark pigmented spots in the retina

pulmonary fibrosis

progressive formation of scar tissue in the lung, resulting in decreased lung capacity and increased difficulty in breathing

chronic kidney disease

progressive loss of renal function over months or years

emphysema

progressive, long term loss of lung function, usually due to smoking

nephroptosis

prolapse or dropping down of a kidney into the pelvic area when the patient stands

insomnia

prolonged or abnormal inability to sleep

nails

protect the dorsal surface of the last bone of each toe and finger

myelin sheath

protective covering made up of glial cells

axial skeleton

protects the major organs of the nervous, respiratory, and circulatory systems

leptin

protein hormone secreted by fat cells that is involved in the regulation of appetite

hernia

protrusion of a part of a structure through the tissues normally containing it

inguinal hernia

protrusion of a small loop of bowel through a weak place in the lower abdominal wall or groin

midbrain and pons

provide conduction pathways to and from the higher and lower centers in the brain

biliary

provides the channels through which bile is transported from the liver to the small intestine

physical therapist

provides treatment to prevent disability or restore function through the use of exercise, heat, massage, or other techniques

schizophrenia

psychotic disorder usually characterized by withdrawal from reality, illogical patterns of thinking, delusions, and hallucinations and accompanied in varying degrees by other emotional, behavioral, or intellectual disturbances

right ventricle

pumps the oxygen-poor blood through the pulmonary semilunar valve and into the pulmonary artery, which carries it to the lungs

myoclonus

quick, involuntary jerking of a muscle or group of muscles

teletherapy

radiation therapy administered at a distance from the body

retrograde urography

radiograph of the urinary system taken after a contrast medium has been placed in the urethra through a sterile catheter and caused to flow upward through the urinary tract

cholangiography

radiographic examination of the bile ducts with the use of a contrast medium

cystography

radiographic examination of the bladder after a contrast medium is instilled via a urethral catheter

mammography

radiographic examination of the breasts to detect the presence of tumors or precancerous cells

abdominal computed tomography (CT)

radiographic procedure that produces a detailed cross-section of the tissue structure within the abdomen

upper GI series and lower GI series

radiographic studies to examine the digestive system

Fluorescein angiography

radiographic study of the blood vesselsin the retina of the eye following the intravenous injection of a fluorescein dye as a contrast medium.

intravenous pyelography

radiographic study of the kidneys and ureters

myelography

radiographic study of the spinal cord after the injection of a contrast medium through a lumbar puncture

amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

rapidly progressive neurological disease that attacks the nerve cells responsible for controlling voluntary muscles

ebola

rare and generally fatal disease transmitted by contact with any bodily fluids infected wth the ebola virus

inflammatory breast cancer

rare but aggressive form of breast cancer in which the cancer cells block the lymphatic vessels in the skin of the breast

acromegaly

rare chronic disease characterized by abnormal enlargement of the extremities caused by the excessive secretion of growth hormone after puberty

Meniere's disease

rare chronic disorder in which the amount of fluid in the inner ear increases intermittently, producing attacks of vertigo, a fluctuating hearing loss, and tinnitus

Wilms tumor

rare type of malignant tumor of the kidney that occurs in young children

pheochromocytoma

rare, benign tumor of the adrenal gland that causes too much release of epinephrine and norepinephrine, which are the hormones that regulate heart rate and blood pressure

rods and cones

receive images that have passed through the lens of the eye

right atrium

receive oxygen-poor blood from all tissues, except the lungs, through the superior and inferior venae cavae

left ventricle

receives oxygen-rich blood from the left atrium

left atrium

receives oxygen-rich blood from the lungs through the four pulmonary veins

pharynx

receives the air after it passes through the nose or mouth

organ of corti

receives vibrations from the cochlear duct and relays them to the auditory nerve fibers

spirometer

recording device that measures the amount of air inhaled or exhaled and the length of time required for each breath

erythema

redness of the skin due to capillary dilation

root canal

refers both to the pulp cavity in the root of the tooth and to a procedure in which diseased or damaged pulp in the root canal is removed in order to save the tooth

paresthesia

refers to a burning or prickling sensation that is usually felt in the hands, arms, legs, or feet but can also occur in other parts of the body

empyema

refers to a collection of pus in a body cavity

tolerance

refers to an acquired unresponsiveness to a specific antigen

dentition

refers to the natural teeth arranged in the upper and lower jaws

Corneal transplant

keratoplasty, surgical replacement of a scarred or diseased cornea with clear corneal tissue from a donor

varicocele

knot of widening varicose veins in one side of the scrotum

lumbar vertebrae

known as L1 through L5 make up the third set of five vertebrae and together they form the inward curve of the lower spine these are the largest and strongest of the vertebrae and bear most of the body's weights

hemoccult test

laboratory test for hidden blood in stool

xerostomia

lack of adequate saliva due to diminished secretions by the salivary glands

ataxia

lack of muscle coordination during voluntary movement

malnutrition

lack of proper food or nutrients in the body due to a shortage of food, poor eating habits, or the inability of the body to digest, absorb, and distribute these nutrients

atonic

lacking normal muscle tone or strength

bulla

large blister that is usually more than 0.5 cm in diameter

arteries

large blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart to all regions of the body

steroids

large family of hormone-like substances that share the same fat-soluble chemical structure

olecranon process

large projection on the upper end of the ulna. forms the point of the elbow and exposes a nerve that tingles when struck

ecchymosis

large, irregular area of purplish discoloration due to bleeding under the skin

furuncles

large, tender, swollen areas caused by a staphylococcal infection around hair follicles or sebaceous glands

right lung

larger and has three lobes

ulna

larger and longer bone of the forearm. the proximal end of the ulna articulates with the distal end of the humerus to form the elbow joint

cerebrum

largest and upper-most portion of the brain, consists of four lobes

aorta

largest blood vessel in the body

femurs

largest bones in the body

thoracic duct

largest lymphatic vessel in the body, collects lymph from the left side of the head and neck, the upper left quadrant of the trunk, the left arm, the entire lower portion of the trunk, and both legs

gluteus maximus

largest muscle of the buttock

maxillary sinuses

largest of the paranasal sinuses, are located in the maxillary bones under the eyes

liver

largest organ the in the body important functions related to removing toxins from the blood and turning food into the fuel and nutrients the body needs

ileum

last and longest portion of the small intestine extends from the jejunum to the cecum of the large intestine

lung cancer

leading cause of cancer death in the United States condition in which cancer cells form in the tissues of the lung

dyslexia

learning disability characterized by substandard reading achievement due to the inability of the brain to process symbols correctly

emesis

reflex ejection of the stomach contents outward through the mouth

epidural anesthesia

regional anesthesia produced by injecting medication into the epidural space of the lumbar or sacral region of the spine

spinal anesthesia

regional anesthesia produced by injecting medication into the subarachnoid space

growth hormone

regulates the growth of bone, muscle, and other body tissues

primary bone cancer

relatively rare malignant tumor that originates in a bone

thyroid storm

relatively rare, life-threatening condition caused by exaggerated hyperthyroidism

diaphragmatic breathing

relaxation technique used to relieve anxiety

ovulation

release of a mature egg from a follicle on the surface of one of the ovaries that happens on approximately the 13th or 14th day of a woman's menstrual cycle

tenolysis

release of a tendon from adhesions

histamine

released in response to allergens, causes the signs of an allergic response, including itching and increased mucus secretion

heparin

released in response to an injury, is an anticoagulant

indwelling catheter

remains inside the body for a prolonged time based on need

varicocelectomy

removal of a portion of an enlarged vein to relieve a varicocele

biopsy

removal of a small piece of living tissue for examination to confirm or establish a diagnosis

surgical biopsy

removal of a small piece of tissue for examination to confirm a diagnosis

hypophysectomy

removal of abnormal glandular tissue

debridement

removal of dirt, foreign objects, damaged tissue, and cellular debris from a wound to prevent infection and to promote healing

transurethral prostatectomy

removal of excess tissue from an enlarged prostate gland with the use of resectoscope

curettage

removal of material from the surface by scraping

Enucleation

removal of the eyeball, leaving the eye muscles intact

vitrectomy

removal of the vitreous humor and its replacement with a clear solution

orchiopexy

repair of an undescended testicle

revision surgery

replacement of a worn or failed implant

dermatoplasty

replacement of damaged skin with healthy tissue taken from a donor site on the patient's body

gamete

reproductive cell

natural immunity

resistance to a disease present without the administration of an antigen or exposure to a disease

gluten intolerance

response to gluten involving digestive distress but not causing the intestinal tissue damage of celiac disease

fraternal twins

result from the fertilization of separate ova by separate sperm cells

sudden cardiac death

results when treatment of cardiac arrest is not provided within a few minutes

foreskin

retractable double-layered fold of skin and mucous membrane that covers and protects the glans penis

regurgitation

return of swallowed food into the mouth

uterine involution

return of the uterus to its normal size and former condition after delivery

parasympathetic nerves

return the body to normal after a response to stress

lymphocytes

leukocytes that are formed in bone marrow as stem cells

monocytes

leukocytes that provide immunological defenses against many infectious organism

Apgar score

scale of 1 to 10 to evaluate a newborn infant's physical status at 1 and 5 minutes after birth

plaque

scaly, solid raised area of closely spaced papules

oliguria

scanty urination

probiotics

living microorganisms sometimes described as "good" bacteria because of their role in aiding digestion and protecting the body from harmful bacteria

contact dermatitis

localized allergic response caused by contact with an irritant, such as diaper rash

bronchopneumonia

localized form of pneumonia that often affects the bronchioles

aneurysm

localized weak spot or balloon-like enlargement of the wall of an artery

cervical lymph nodes

located along the sides of the neck

hamstring group

located at the back of the upper leg, consists of three separate muscles: the biceps femoris, semitendinosus, and semimembranosus muscles involved in knee flexion and hip extension

lingual tonsils

located at the base of the tongue, not readily visible

medulla oblongata

located at the lowest part of the brainstorm, is connected to the spinal cord

thalamus

located below the cerebrum relays sensory stimuli from the spinal cord and midbrain to the cerebral cortex produces sensations by relaying impulses to and from the cerebrum and the sense organs of the body

hypothalamus

located below the thalamus controls vital bodily functions

tympanic membrane

located between outer and middle ear.

mitral valve

located between the left atrium and left ventricle

aortic semilunar valve

located between the left ventricle and the rest of body

pulmonary semilunar valve

located between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery

lymphatic vessels

located deeper within the tissue have valves to prevent the back flow of lymph

brainstem

located in the base of the brain and forms the connection between the brain and spinal cord controls the functions necessary for survival and for arousal stalk-like portion of the brain that connects the cerebral hemispheres with the spinal cord

ethmoid sinuses

located in the ethmoid bones between the nose and the eyes, are irregularly shaped air cells that are separated from the orbital cavity by only thin layer of bone

frontal sinuses

located in the frontal bone just above the eyebrows

inguinal lymph nodes

located in the inguinal (groin) area of the lower abdomen

dendrites

root-like processes that receive impulses and conduct them to the cell body

fibroadenoma

round, firm, rubbery mass that arises from excess growth of glandular and connective tissue in the breast

malleolus

rounded bony projection on the tibia and fibula on the sides of each ankle joint

mons pubis

rounded, fleshly prominence located over the pubic symphysis

cerebellum

located in the lower back part of the cranium below the cerebrum coordinates muscular activity and balance for smooth and steady movements second-largest part of the brain

adenoids

located in the nasopharynx, which is the upper part of the pharynx

sinoatrial node

located in the posterior wall of the right atrium near the entrance of the superior vena cava

sphenoid sinuses

located in the sphenoid bone behind the eye and under the pituitary gland, are close to the optic nerves, and an infection here can damage vision

smooth muscles

located in the walls of internal organs such as the digestive tract, blood vessels, and ducts leading from glands

subcutaneous layer

located just below the layers of the skin and connects the skin to the surface muscles

bulbourethral glands

located just below the prostate gland

thymus

located near the midline in the anterior portion of the thoracic cavity

pia mater

located nearest to the brain and spinal cord

atrioventricular node

located on the floor of the right atrium near the intertribal septum

palatine tonsils

located on the left and right sides of the throat in the area that is visible at the back of the mouth

deltoid muscle

located on the shoulder, is shaped like an inverted triangle

transverse abdominis

located on the side of the abdomen core muscle is engaged when a person laughs or coughs

adrenal glands

located on top of each kidney each consists of an outer portion and middle portion

axillary lymph nodes

located under the arms in the area known as the armpits

oval window

located under the base of the stapes, membrane that separates the middle ear from the inner ear

ciliary body

located within the choroid, set of muscles and suspensory ligaments that adjust the thickness of the lens to refine the focus of light rays on the retina

spinal cord

long, fragile, tube-like structure that begins at the end of the brainstem and continues down almost to the bottom of the spinal column

vas deferens

long, narrow continuation of each epididymis

muscle fibers

long, slender cells that make up muscles

spirochetes

long, slender, spiral-shaped bacteria that have flexible walls and are capable of movement

colon

longest portion of the large intestine

anorexia

loss of appetite for food, especially when caused by disease

asphyxia

loss of consciousness that occurs when the body cannot get the oxygen it needs to function

sacropenia

loss of muscle mass, strength, and function that come with aging

paralysis

loss of sensation and voluntary muscle movements in a muscle through disease or injury to its nerve supply

aphonia

loss of the ability of the larynx to produce normal speech sounds

aphasia

loss of the ability to speak, write, and/or comprehend the written or spoken word

arrhythmia

loss of the normal rhythm of the heartbeat

cataract

loss of transparency of the lens that causes a progressive loss of visual clarity

ankylosis

loss or absence of mobility in a joint due to disease, injury, or a surgical procedure

dual x-ray absorptiometry

low-exposure radiographic measurement of the spine and hips to measure bone density

persistent depressive disorder

low-grade, chronic depression with symptoms that are milder than those of severe depression but are present on a majority of days for two or more years

anus

lower opening of the digestive tract

cervix

lower, narrow portion that extends into the vagina

lethargy

lowered level of consciousness marked by listlessness, drowsiness, and apathy

basal layer

lowest layer of the epidermis

acute respiratory distress syndrome

lung condition usually caused by trauma, pneumonia, smoke or fumes, inhaled vomit, or sepsis

intervertebral disks

made of cartilage, separate and cushion the vertebrae from each other act as shock absorbers and allow for movement of the spinal column

cranium

made up of 8 bones, protects brain and encloses the skull. joined by jagged fibrous joints that are often referred to as sutures

gastric juices

made up of enzymes and hydrochloric acid aid in the beginning of food digestion

breats

made up of fat, connective tissue, and the mammary glands

quadriceps femoris

made up of four muscles, including the vests lateralis and vastus medialis, which flex and extend the leg at the knee

lymph

made up of the remaining 10% of the returning interstitial fluid

integumentary system

made up of the skin and its related structures, performs important functions in maintaining the health of the body

lacrimal fluid

maintain moisture on the anterior surface of the eyeball.

carotid arteries

major arteries that carry blood upward to the head

Dental plaque

major cause of dental caries and periodontal disease, forms as soft deposits in sheltered areas near the gums and between the teeth

urea

major waste product of protein metabolism

catatonic behavior

marked by a lack of responsiveness, stupor, and a tendency to remain in a fixed posture

andropause

marked by the decrease of the male hormone testosterone

osteoporosis

marked loss of bone density and an increase in bone porosity that is frequently associated with aging

bolus

mass of food that has been chewed and is ready to be swallowed

thymus

mass of lymphoid tissue located above the heart, reaches its greatest size at puberty and becomes smaller with age

erythrocytes

mature red blood cells produced by the red bone marrow red blood cells

post-traumatic stress disorder

may develop after an event involving actual or threatened death or injury to the individual or someone else, during which the person felt intense fear, helplessness, or horror

labyrinth

maze like system of the inner ear

malignant

means becoming progressively worse and life-threatening

rectus

means in straight alignment with the vertical axis of the body

renal

means pertaining to the kidneys

purulent

means producing or containing pus

pulmonary

means relating to or affecting the lungs

oblique

means slanted or at an angle

metastasize

means to spread from one place to another

medialis

means toward the midline

lateralis

means toward the side

edentulous

means without teeth

hertz

measure of sound frequency that determines how high or low a pitch is

tonometry

measurement of intraocular pressure

audiological evaluation

measurement of the ability to hear and understand speech sounds based on their pitch and loudness

blood pressure

measurement of the amount of systolic and diastolic pressure exerted against the walls of the arteries

intraocular pressure

measurement of the fluid pressure inside the eye

fructosamine test

measures average glucose levels over the previous 3 weeks

acoustic reflectometry

measures how much sound is reflected back from the eardrum, a way to test how much fluid is in the middle ear to diagnosis otitis media

polysomnography

measures physiological activity during sleep and is often performed to detect nocturnal defects in breathing associated with sleep apnea

fasting blood sugar test

measures the blood glucose levels after the patient has not eaten for 8 to 12 hours

home blood glucose monitoring

measures the current blood glucose level using a drop of blood, and is often performed by the patient multiple times per day

thyroid scan

measures thyroid function, a form of nuclear medicine

orthotic

mechanical appliance, such as a shoe insert, leg brace, or a splint, which is specially designed to control, correct, or compensate for impaired limb function

ventilator

mechanical device for artificial respiration that is used to replace or supplement the patient's natural breathing function

ruptured spleen

medical emergency that occurs when the covering of the spleen is torn, usually as the result of a blow to the abdomen

anesthetist

medical professional who specializes in administering anesthesia but is not a physical, for example, a nurse anesthetist

antithyroid drug

medication administered to slow the ability of the thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormones

antineoplastic

medication that blocks the development, growth, or proliferation of malignant cells

antiemetic

medication that is administered to prevent or relieve nausea and vomiting

cytotoxic drug

medication that kills or damages cells

anesthetic

medication used to induce anesthesia

diuretics

medications administered to increase urine secretion, primarily to rid the body of excess water and salt

antihistamines

medications administered to relieve or prevent the symptoms of hay fever, which is a common allergy to wind-borne pollens, and other types of allergies

antibiotics

medications capable of inhibiting growth or killing pathogenic bacterial microorganisms

laxatives

medications or foods given to stimulate bowel movements

amnesia

memory disturbance characterized by a total or partial inability to recall past experiences

pathogen

microorganism that causes a disease in humans

nephrons

microscopic functional units of each kidney

lymphatic capillaries

microscopic, blind-ended tubes located near the surface of the body with capillary walls that are only one cell in thickness

myocardium

middle and thickest of the heart's three layers

jejunum

middle portion of the small intestine extends from the duodenum to the ileum

mediastinum

middle section of the chest cavity and is located between the lungs

hand, foot, and mouth disease

mild viral infection common in children under 5 years of age

walking pneumonia

milder but longer-lasting form of the disease

mammary glands

milk-producing glands that develop during puberty

electrolytes

mineral substances that are normally found in the blood and other bodily fluids

arthroscopic surgery

minimally invasive procedure for the treatment of the interior of a joint

laparoscopic adrenalectomy

minimally invasive surgical procedure to remove one or both adrenal glands

overuse injuries

minor tissue injuries that have not been given time to heal

mammary glands

modified sweat glands sometimes classified with the integumentary system

nevi

moles

Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma

more common type refers to all lymphomas other than Hodgkin's lymphoma

computed tomography

more commonly used as a primary tool for evaluation of the urinary system because it can be rapidly performed and provides additional imaging of the abdomen

nonalcoholic steatohepatitis

more serious form of this condition because it consists of fatty accumulations plus liver damaging inflammation

immunoglobulin G (IgG)

most abundant class of antibodies, found in blood serum and lymph

acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

most advanced and fatal stage of an HIV infection

thyroid carcinoma

most common cancer of the endocrine system, and is the most rapidly increasing cancer in the united states

diabetes mellitus

most common endocrine system disease, group of metabolic disorders characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from defects in the body's production of insulin

Iritis

most common form of uveitis. affects primarily structures in the front of the eye

extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy

most common kidney stone treatment high-energy ultrasonic waves traveling through water or gel are used to break the stone into fragments

androgenic alopecia

most common type of hair loss

Foley catheter

most common type of indwelling catheter made of a flexible tube with a balloon filled with sterile water at the end to hold it in place in the bladder

ischemic stroke

most common type of stroke in older people, occurs when the flow of blood to the brain is blocked by the narrowing or blockage of a carotid artery

atrial fibrillation

most common type of tachycardia

bacterial pneumonia

most commonly caused by streptococcus pneumoniae

oral glucose tolerance test

most commonly performed to diagnose gestational diabetes

chlamydia

most commonly reported STD in the US

Hepatitis A virus

most prevalent type of hepatitis transmitted through contamination of food and water with infected fecal matter

abduction

movement of a limb away from the midline of the body

adduction

movement of a limb toward the midline of the body

plantar flexion

movement that bends the foot downward at the ankle

dorsiflexion

movement that bends the foot upward at the ankle

borborygmus

rumbling noise caused by the movement of gas in the intestine

myorrhexis

rupture or tearing of a muscle

spleen

sac-like mass of lymphoid tissue located in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen, just inferior to (below) the diaphragm and posterior to (behind) the stomach

stomach

sac-like organ composed of the fundus, body, and antrum

scrotum

sac-like structure that surrounds, protects, and supports the testicles

hair follicles

sacs that hold the root of the hair fibers

infiltrating ductal carcinoma

starts in the milk duct and invades the fatty breast tissue outside the duct most common form

muscle tone

state of balanced muscle tension that makes normal posture, coordination, and movement possible

conscious

state of being awake, alert, aware, and responding appropriately

immunity

state of being resistant to a specific disease

unconscious

state of being unaware and unable to respond to any stimuli, including pain

testosterone

steroid hormone secreted by the testicles and the adrenal cortex to stimulate the development of male secondary sex characteristics

corticosteroids

steroid hormones produced by the adrenal cortex

torticollis

stiff neck due to spasmodic contraction of the neck muscles that pull the head toward the affected side

arthrosclerosis

stiffness of the joints, especially in the elderly

phrenic nerves

stimulate the diaphragm cause it to contract

lactogenic hormone

stimulates and maintains the secretion of breast milk in the mother after childbirth

luteinizing hormone

stimulates ovulaiton in the female

adrenocorticotropic hormone

stimulates the growth and secretions of the adrenal cortex

follicle-stimulating hormone

stimulates the secretion of estrogen and the growth of ova in the ovaries of the female

thyroid-stimulating hormone

stimulates the secretion of hormones by the thyroid gland

epinephrine

stimulates the sympathetic nervous system in response to physical injury or to mental stress such as fear

oxytocin

stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth

muscle innervation

stimulation of a muscle by an impulse transmitted by a motor nerve

Stapes

stirrup

ureterolith

stone located anywhere along the ureter

cystolith

stone located within the urinary bladder

hamstring injury

strain or tear on any of the three hamstring muscles that straighten the hip and bend the knee

plasma

straw-colored fluid that contained nutrients, hormones, and waste products 91% water

seizure

sudden surge of electrical activity in the brain that affects how a person feels or acts for a short time

spasm

sudden, involuntary contraction of one or more muscles

sleep deprivation

sufficient lack of restorative sleep over a cumulative period so as to cause physical or psychiatric symptoms and affect routine performance or tasks

trichomycosis axillaris

superficial bacterial infection of the hair shafts in areas with extensive sweat glands, such as the armpits

proctopexy

surgical fixation of a prolapsed rectum to an adjacent tissue or organ

nephropexy

surgical fixation of nephroptosis or a floating kidney

cystopexy

surgical fixation of the bladder to the abdominal wall

osteoclasis

surgical fracture of a bone to correct a deformity

nephrolysis

surgical freeing of a kidney from adhesions

intraocular lens

surgical implanted replacement for a natural lens that has been removed

lithotomy

surgical incision for the removal of a nephrolith from the bladder

myotomy

surgical incision into a muscle

tenotomy

surgical incision into a tendon

thoracotomy

surgical incision into the chest walls to open the pleural cavity for biopsy or treatment

colotomy

surgical incision into the colon

laryngotomy

surgical incision into the larynx, performed when the upper part of the airway is obstructed

orbitotomy

surgical incision into the orbit

pyelotomy

surgical incision into the renal pelvis

thalamotomy

surgical incision into the thalamus

urethrotomy

surgical incision into the urethra for relief of a stricture

meatotomy

surgical incision made in the urethral meatus to enlarge the opening

craniotomy

surgical incision or opening into the skull

fasciotomy

surgical incision through the fascia to relieve tension or pressure

arthrolysis

surgical loosening of an ankylosed joint

gastrostomy tube

surgical placed feeding tube from the exterior of the body directly into the stomach

fenestration

surgical procedure in which a new opening is created in the labyrinth to restore lost hearing

lymph node dissection

surgical procedure in which all of the lymph nodes in a major group are removed to determine or slow the spread of cancer in this area

ostomy

surgical procedure to create an artificial opening between an organ and they body surface

radial keratotomy

surgical procedure to treat myopia

thoracentesis

surgical puncture of the chest wall with a needle to obtain fluid from the pleural cavity

blepharoplasty

surgical reduction of the upper and lower eyelids by removing sagging skin

ostectomy

surgical removal of a bone

diverticulectomy

surgical removal of a diverticulum

laminectomy

surgical removal of a lamina or posterior portion of a vertebra

lobectomy

surgical removal of a lobe of an organ, usually the lung, brain, or liver

percutaneous nephrolithotomy

surgical removal of a nephrolith through a small incision in the back

lobectomy

surgical removal of a portion of the brain to treat brain cancer or seizure disorders that cannot be controlled with medication

craniectomy

surgical removal of a portion of the skull

iridectomy

surgical removal of a portion of the tissue of the iris

synovectomy

surgical removal of a synovial membrane from a joint

ureterectomy

surgical removal of a ureter

gastrectomy

surgical removal of all or a part of the stomach

labyrinthectomy

surgical removal of all or a portion of the labyrinth

pneumonectomy

surgical removal of all or part of a lung

colectomy

surgical removal of all or part of the colon

hepatectomy

surgical removal of all or part of the liver

pancreatectomy

surgical removal of all or part of the pancreas

cystectomy

surgical removal of all or part of the urinary bladder

radical mastectomy

surgical removal of an entire breast and many of the surrounding tissues

gingivectomy

surgical removal of diseased gingival tissue

rhytidectomy

surgical removal of excess skin and fat from the face to eliminate wrinkles

liposuction

surgical removal of fat beneath the skin with the aid of suction

lipectomy

surgical removal of fat from beneath the skin to improve physical appearance

hemorrhoidectomy

surgical removal of hemorrhoids

mastoidectomy

surgical removal of mastoid cells

lobectomy

surgical removal of one lobe of the thyroid gland

orchidectomy

surgical removal of one or both testicles

parathyroidectomy

surgical removal of one or more of the parathyroid glands, performed to control hyperparathyroidism

lumpectomy

surgical removal of only the cancerous tissue with the surrounding margin of normal tissue

prostatectomy

surgical removal of part or all of the prostate gland

modified radical mastectomy

surgical removal of the entire breast and all of the axillary lymph nodes under the adjacent arm

mastectomy

surgical removal of the entire breast and nipple

circumcision

surgical removal of the foreskin of the penis

cholecystectomy

surgical removal of the gallbladder

ileectomy

surgical removal of the ileum

laryngectomy

surgical removal of the larynx

pinealectomy

surgical removal of the pineal gland

thymectomy

surgical removal of the thymus gland

stapedectomy

surgical removal of the top portion of the stapes bone and the insertion of a small prosthetic device known as a piston that conducts sound vibrations to the inner ear

castration

surgical removal or destruction of both testicles

palatoplasty

surgical repair of a cleft palate

arthroplasty

surgical repair of a damaged joint

fascioplasty

surgical repair of a fascia

neuroplasty

surgical repair of a nerve or nerves

urethroplasty

surgical repair of damage or a defect in the walls of the urethra

chondroplasty

surgical repair of damaged cartilage

craniplasty

surgical repair of the skull

septoplasty

surgical repair or alteration of parts of the nasal septum

otoplasty

surgical repair, restoration, or alteration of the pinna of the ear

myorrhaphy

surgical suturing of a muscle

ureterorrhaphy

surgical suturing of a ureter

cystorrhaphy

surgical suturing of a wound or defect in the bladder

tenodesis

surgical suturing of the end of a tendon to a bone

tenorrhaphy

surgical suturing together of the divided ends of a tendon

osteorrhaphy

surgical suturing, or wiring together, of bones

eletrodesiccation

surgical technique in which tissue is destroyed using an electric spark

neurorrhaphy

surgically suturing together the ends of a severed nerve

lips

surround the opening to the oral cavity

airway inflammation

swelling and clogging of the bronchial tubes with mucus

hematoma

swelling of clotted blood trapped in the tissues

blepharitis

swelling of the eyelid, often at the location of the eyelash hair follicles

lymphedema

swelling of the tissues due to an abnormal accumulation of lymph fluid within the tissues

periorbital edema

swelling of the tissues surrounding the eye or eyes

carpal tunnel syndrome

symptoms occur when the tendons that pass through the carpal tunnel are chronically overused and become inflamed and swollen

cortisone

synthetic equivalent of corticosteroids produced by the adrenal glands

human growth hormone

synthetic version of the growth hormone that is administered to stimulate growth when the natural supply of growth hormone is insufficient for normal development

meninges

system of membranes that enclose the brain and spinal cord

tarsus

tarsal plate, framework within the upper and lower eyelids that provides the necessary stiffness and shape

lacrimal apparatus

tear apparatus, consists of the structures that produce, store and remove tears

colporrhexis

tearing or laceration of the vaginal wall

needle breast biopsy

technique in which an x-ray or MRI guided needle is used to remove small sample of tissue from the breast for diagnosis and the planning of treatment

exfoliative cytology

technique in which cells are scraped from the tissue and examined under a microscope

spinal fusion

technique to immobilize part of the spine by joining together two or more vertebrae

photodynamic therapy

technique used to treat damaged and precancerous skin

mohs surgery

technique used to treat various types of skin cancer

intussusception

telescoping of one part of the small intestine into the opening of an immediately adjacent part

mastoid process

temporal bone containing hollow air space that surrounds the middle ear

apnea

temporary absence of spontaneous respiration

transient ischemic stroke

temporary interruption in the blood supply to the brain

placenta

temporary organ that forms within the uterus to allow the exchange of nutrients, oxygen, and waste product between the mother and fetus without allowing maternal blood and fetal blood to mix

Bell's palsy

temporary paralysis of the seventh cranial nerve that causes paralysis of the face, only on the affected side

myalgia

tenderness or pain in the muscles

cardiomyopathy

term used to describe all diseases of the heart muscle

oligomenorrhea

term used to describe infrequent or very light menstruation in a woman with previously normal periods

ablation

term used to describe some types of treatment of prostate cancer

perimenopause

term used to designate the transition phase between regular menstrual periods and no periods at all

palpation of the breast

test performed by a trained health care provider to check the texture, size, and consistency of the breast

deep tendon reflexes

tested with a reflex hammer that is used to strike a tendon

sperm count

testing of freshly ejaculated semen to determine the volume plus the number, shape, size, and motility of the sperm

antepartum

the final stage of pregnancy just before the onset of labor

Fontanelles

the soft spots, are normally present on the skull of a newborn. These flexible soft spots facilitate the passage of the infant through the birth canal. They also allow for the growth of the skull during the first year. As the child matures, and the sutures close, the fontanelles gradually harden.

cilia

the thin hairs located just inside the nostrils, filter incoming air to remove debris

dermis

thick layer of the living tissue directly below the epidermis

phlegm

thick mucus secreted by the tissues lining the respiratory passages

pectoralis major

thick, fan-shaped muscle situated on the anterior chest wall makes up the bulk of the chest muscles

dura mater

thick, tough, outermost membrane of the meninges

callus

thickening of part of the skin on the hands or feet caused by repeated rubbing

chorion

thin outer membrane that encloses the embryo

pleural cavity

thin, fluid-filled spaced between the parietal and visceral pleural membranes

pleura

thin, moist, and slippery membrane that covers the outer surface of the lungs and lines the inner surface of the thoracic cavity

inferior conchae

thing, scroll-like bones that form part of the interior of the nose

osteopenia

thinner than average bone density

laryngopharynx

third division shared by both the respiratory and digestive systems

tonsils

three masses of lymphoid tissue that form a protective ring around the back of the nose and upper throat

auditory ossicles

three small bones located within the middle ear transmit sound waves from eardrum to inner ear by vibration

auditory ossicles

three tiny bones located in each middle ear malleus, incus, stapes

contraction

tightening of a muscle

puerperium

time from the delivery of the placenta through approximately the first 6 weeks after the delivery

arrector pili

tiny muscle fibers attached to the hair follicles that cause the hair to stand erect

ear tubes

tiny ventilating tubes placed through the eardrum to provide ongoing drainage for fluids and to relieve pressure that can build up after childhood ear infections

endosteum

tissue that lines the medullary cavity

granulation tissue

tissue that normally forms during the healing of a wound

laceration

torn or jagged wound or an accidental cut wound

alopecia universalis

total loss of hair on all parts of the body

hemiplegia

total paralysis affecting only one side of the body

collagen

tough yet flexible fibrous protein material found in the skin and also in the bones, cartilage, tendons, and ligaments

periosteum

tough, fibrous tissues that forms the outermost covering of bone

perimetrium

tough, membranous outer layer

uremia

toxic condition resulting from renal failure in which kidney function is compromised and urea and other waste products normally secreted in the urine are retained in the blood

external auditory canal

transmits sound waves to tympanic membrane

assistive listening device

transmits, processes, or amplifies sound and can be used with or without a hearing aid

salmonellosis

transmitted by feces, either through direct contact with animals, or by eating contaminated raw or undercooked meats and eggs or unpasteurized milk and cheese products

human immunodeficiency virus

transmitted through exposure to infected body fluids, particularly through sexual intercourse with an infected partne

lyme disease

transmitted to humans by the bite of a tick that has had contact with a deer infected with the spirochete borrelia burgdorferi

conjunctiva

transparent mucous membrane that lines the underside of each eyelid and continues to form a protective covering over the exposed surface of the eyeball

trachea

transport air to and from the lungs

respiratory system

traps breathed-in foreign matter with nose hairs and the moist mucous membrane lining of the respiratory system

descending colon

travels down the left side of the abdominal cavity to the sigmoid colon

ascending colon

travels upward from the cecum to the undersurface of the liver

ureteroscopy

treatment for a nephrolith lodged in the ureter

oral rehydration therapy

treatment in which a solution of electrolytes is administered in a liquid preparation to counteract the dehydration that can accompany diarrhea, especially in young children

sclerotherapy

treatment of spider veins by injecting a saline sclerosing solution into the vein

physical therapy

treatment to prevent disability or restore function through the use of exercise, heat, massage, or other techniques

immunosuppression

treatment to repress or interfere with the ability of the immune system to respond to stimulation by antigens

larynx

triangular chamber located between the pharynx and the trachea

urethra

tube extending from the bladder to the exterior of the body

umbilical cord

tube that carries blood, oxygen, and nutrients from the placenta to the developing baby

pinealoma

tumor of the pineal gland that can disrupt the production of melatonin

myelosis

tumor of the spinal cord

synovial sarcoma

tumor of the tissues surrounding a synovial joint such as the knees or elbows

secondary bone cancer

tumors that have metastasized to bones from other organs such as the breasts and lungs

volvulus

twisting of the intestine on itself, causing an obstruction

bronchi

two large tubes that branch out from the trachea and convey air into the two lungs

venae cavae

two largest veins in the body

ventricles

two lower chambers of the heart and these chambers divided by the interventricular septum

ureters

two narrow tubes, each about 10 to 12 inches long, which transport urine from the kidney to the bladder

parietal bones

two of the largest bones of the skull. form most of the roof and upper sides of cranium

thyroxine and triiodothyronine

two primary thyroid hormones that regulate the rate of metabolism and affect the growth and rate of function of many other body systems

testicles

two small, egg-shaped glands that produce the sperm

pituitary adenoma

two types of these slow-growing benign tumors of the pituitary gland

atria

two upper chambers of the heart and these chambers are divided by the intertribal septum

myeloma

type of cancer that occurs in blood-making cells found in the red bone marrow

persistent vegetative state

type of coma in which the patient exhibits alternating sleep and wake cycles

yeast

type of fungus

macrophage

type of leukocyte that surrounds and kills invading cells

glomerulonephritis

type of nephritis caused by inflammation of the glomeruli that causes red blood cells and proteins to leak into the urine

noise-induced hearing loss

type of nerve deafness caused by repeated exposure to extremely loud noises such as gunshot or to moderately loud noises that continue for long periods of time

hospital-acquired pneumonia

type of pneumonia contracted during a stay in the hospital when a patient's defenses are impaired

gamma knife surgery

type of radiation treatment for brain tumors performed without a knife or an incision

malignant melanoma

type of skin cancer that occurs in the melanocytes

oral thrush

type of stomatomycosis that develops when the fungus Candida albicans grows out of control

carotid ultrasonography

ultrasound study of the carotid artery

neurodegenerative disease

umbrella term for disorders in which there is a progressive loss of the structure or functions of the neurons

alopecia totalis

uncommon condition characterized by the loss of all the hair on the scalp

diabetes insipidus

uncommon disorder caused by an insufficient production of the antidiuretic hormone ADH or by the inability of the kidneys to respond appropriately to this hormone

ureteral orifices

urine drains from the ureters into the bladder through these in the wall of the urinary bladder

Weber and Rinne tests

use a tuning fork to distinguish between conductive and sensorineural hearing losses

bladder ultrasound

use of a handheld ultrasound transducer to look for stones or for elevation of the bladder by an enlarged prostate and to measure the residual amount of urine remaining in the bladder after urination

Photocoagulation

use of a laser to treat some forms of wet macular degeneration by sealing leaking or damaged blood vessels

ileal conduct

use of a small piece of intestine to convey urine to the ureters and to a stoma in the abdomen

video-assisted thoracic surgery

use of a thoracoscope to view the inside of the pleural cavity through very small incisions

capsule endoscopy

use of a tiny video camera in a capsule that the patient swallows

tympanometry

use of air pressure in the ear canal to test for disorders of the middle ear

fetal monitoring

use of an electronic device to record the fetal heart rate and the maternal uterine contractions during labor

audiometry

use of audiometer to measure hearing acuity

chemabrasion

use of chemicals to remove the outer layers of skin to treat acne scarring, fine wrinkling, and keratoses

electrolysis

use of electric current to destroy hair follicles in order to produce the relatively permanent removal of undesired hair

hypnotherapy

use of hypnosis to produce an altered state of focused attention in which the patient may be more willing to believe and act on suggestions

chemoprevention

use of natural or synthetic substances such as drugs or vitamins to reduce the risk of developing cancer or to reduce the chance that cancer will recur

brachytherapy

use of radioactive materials in contact with or implanted into the tissues to be treated

chemotherapy

use of the chemical agents and drugs in combinations selected to destroy malignant cells and tissues

Phacoemulsification

use of ultrasonic vibration to shatter and remove the lens clouded by a cataract

echoencephalography

use of ultrasound imaging to create a detailed visual image of the brain for diagnosing purposes

synthetic immunoglobulins

used as a post-exposure preventive measure against certain viruses, including rabies and some type of hepatitis

synthetic interferon

used in the treatment of multiple sclerosis, hepatitis C, and some cancers

radiation therapy

used in the treatment of some cancers

multiples

used to describe a birth involving more than two infants

bone density testing

used to determine losses or changes in bone density

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

used to image soft tissue structures such as the interior of complex joints

Snellen chart

used to measure visual acuity.

retinopexy

used to reattach the detached area in a retinal detachment

prostate-specific antigen (PSA) blood test

used to screen for prostate cancer

bone marrow transplant

used to treat certain types of cancers, such as leukemia and lymphomas, which affect bone marrow

mood-stabilizing drugs

used to treat mood instability and bipolar disorders

laser trabeculoplasty

used to treat open-angle glaucoma by creating openings in the trabecular meshwork to allow the fluid to drain properly

antiviral drug

used to treat viral infections or to provide temporary immunity

labia majora and labia minora

vaginal lips that protect the other external genitalia and the urethral meatus

chest x-ray

valuable tool for diagnosing pneumonia, lung cancer, pneumothorax, pleural effusion, tuberculosis, and emphysema

repetitive stress disorders

variety of muscular conditions that result from repeated motions performed in the course of normal work, daily activities, or recreation such as sports

ventricular tachycardia

very rapid heartbeat that begins within the ventricles

pineal gland

very small endocrine gland

viruses

very small infectious agents that live only by invading other cells

alveoli

very small, grape like clusters found at the end of each bronchiole

petechiae

very small, pinpoint hemorrhages that are less than 2 mm in diameter

concussion

violent shaking up or jarring of the brain

rubella

viral infection characterized by a low-grade fever, swollen glands, inflamed eyes, and a fine, pink rash

anoscopy

visual examination of the anal canal and lower rectum

bronchoscopy

visual examination of the bronchi using a bronchoscope

arthroscopy

visual examination of the internal structure of a joint

laryngoscopy

visual examination of the larynx and vocal cords using a flexible or rigid laryngoscope inserted through the mouth

cystoscopy

visual examination of the urinary bladder with the use of a specialized type of endoscope known as a cystoscope

hematemesis

vomiting of blood

nasal septum

wall of cartilage that divides the nose into two equal sections

exotropia

walleye, outward deviation of one eye relative to the other

urine

waste products and excess fluids converted to this excreted from the body via the urinary bladder

rhinorrhea

watery flow of mucus from the nose

myoparesis

weakness or slight muscular paralysis

atrophy

weakness or wearing away of body tissues and structures

erosion

wearing away of a surface, such as the epidermis of the skin or the outer layer of a mucous membrane

retrograde ejaculation

when an orgasm results in semen flowing backward into the bladder instead of out through the penis

viable

when the fetus is capable of living outside the uterus

renal artery

where blood enters the kidneys

seminiferous tubules

where sperm are formed

origion

where the muscle begins and it is located nearest the midline of the body or on a less movable part of the skeleton

insertion

where the muscle ends by attaching to a bone or tendon

Aqueous humor

which is also known as aqueous fluid, fills both of these chambers. The term aqueous means watery or containing water. As used here, the term humor describes any clear body liquid or semifluid substance.

parathyroid hormone

which works with the hormone calcitonin that is secreted by the thyroid gland regulate calcium levels in the blood and tissues

sclera

white of the eye, maintains shape of the eye and protects the delicate inner layers of tissue

semen

whitish fluid containing sperm that is ejaculated through the urethra at the peak of male sexual excitement

epiphyses

wider ends of long bones such as the femurs of the legs

exanthem

widespread rash, usually in children

rectum

widest division of the large intestine makes up the last 4 inches of the large intestine and ends at the anus

intraocular

within the eyeball

primigravida

woman during her first pregnancy

primipara

woman who has borne one viable child

multiparous

woman who has given birth two or more times

nulligravida

woman who has never been pregnant

nullipara

woman who has never borne a viable child

lymphatic system

work together with specialized leukocytes in specific ways to attack and destroy pathogens that have succeeded in entering the body

stimulant

works by increasing activity in certain areas of the brain to increase concentration and wakefulness

lymphatic circulatory system

works closely with the blood circulatory system

intact skin

wraps the body in a physical barrier to prevent invading organisms from entering the body

candidiasis

yeast infection

jaundice

yellow discoloration of the skin, mucous membranes, and eyes

Anisocoria

condition in which the pupils are unequal in size

lower respiratory tract

consists of the bronchial tree and lungs

vulva

consists of the labia, clitoris, Bartholin's glands, and vaginal orifice

anabolic steroids

man-made substances that are chemically related to male sex hormones

laryngospasm

sudden spasmodic closure of the larynx

phalanges

14 bones of the fingers/toes bones of the toes

zygomatic bones

2, also known as cheekbones, articulate with the frontal bone that makes up the forehead

carpals

8, bones that form the wrist. these bones form a narrow bony passage known as the carpal tunnel

Diplopia

Double vision perception of two images of a single object

LASIK

Laser-assisted in Situ Keratomileusis

RICE

Rest, Ice, Compression, and Elevation

Middle ear

Transmits sound across the space between inner and outer ear

anorectal

anus and rectum as a single unit

Incus

anvil

mycosis

any abnormal condition or disease caused by a fungus

malocclusion

any deviation from the normal positioning of the upper teeth against the lower teeth

otorrhea

any discharge from the ear

stomatomycosis

any disease of the mouth due to a fungus

lymphadenopathy

any disease process affecting a lymph node or nodes

nephropathy

any disease the kidney

Ametropia

any error of refraction in which images do not focus properly on the retina

pneumoconiosis

any fibrosis of the lung tissues caused by dust in the lungs after prolonged environmental or occupational contact

gonadotropin

any hormone that stimulates the gonads

traumatic brain injury

blow to the head or a penetrating head injury that damages the brain

cyanosis

bluish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes caused by a lack of adequate oxygen in the blood

corpus

body of the uterus middle portion

humerus

bone of the upper arm

osteophytes

bone spurs

manubrium

bony structure that forms the upper portion of the sternum

dental arches

bony structures of the oral cavity hold the teeth firmly in position to facilitate chewing and speaking

vertebra

bony units in the spinal column

norepinephrine

both a hormone and a neurohormone released as a hormone by the adrenal medulla and as a neurohormone by the sympathetic nervous system

Hodgkin's lymphoma

cancer of the immune system distinguished by the presence of large, cancerous lymphocytes known as reed-sternberg cells

leukemia

cancer of the white blood-forming cells in the bone marrow

testicular cancer

cancer that begins in the testicles

breast cancer

carcinoma that develops from the cells of the breast and can spread to adjacent lymph nodes and other body sites

immunoglobulin D (IgD)

class of antibodies found only on the surface of B cells

immunoglobulin E (IgE)

class of antibodies produced in the lungs, skin, and mucous membranes

immunoglobulin A (IgA)

class of antibodies produced predominately against ingested antigens

immunoglobulin M (IgM)

class of antibodies that are found in circulating body fluids

retinoids

class of chemical compounds derived from vitamin A that are used in skin care and treatment because of their effect on epithelial cell growth

cancer

class of diseases characterized by the uncontrolled division of cells and the ability of these cells to invade other tissues, either by invasion through direct growth into adjacent tissue or by spreading into distant sites by metastasizing

barbiturates

class of drugs whose major action is a calming or depressed effect on the central nervous system

blood types

classified according to the presence or absence of certain antigens

lens

clear, flexible, curved structure that focuses images on the retina

macula

clearly defined light-sensitive area in the center of the retina that is responsible for sharp central vision

abscess

closed pocket containing pus that is caused by a bacterial infection

epidermoid cyst

closed sac that is found just under the skin

fibrinogen and prothrombin

clotting proteins found in plasma important role in clot formation to control bleeding

glomerulus

cluster of capillaries surrounded by a cup-shaped membrane called the Bowman's capsule and a renal tubule

carbuncle

cluster of connected furuncles

premenstrual dysphoric disorder

condition associated with severe emotional and physical problems that are closely linked to the menstrual cycle

polycystic ovary syndrome

condition caused by a hormonal imbalance in which the ovaries are enlarged by the presence of many cysts formed by incompletely developed follicles

dysfunctional uterine bleeding

condition characterized by abnormal bleeding, often due to an imbalance in hormone level changes

bipolar disorder

condition characterized by cycles of severe mood changes shifting between highs

cerebral palsy

condition characterized by poor muscle control, spasticity, speech defects, and other neurologic deficiencies due to damage that affects the cerebrum

galactorrhea

condition in which an excess of prolactin causes the breasts to produce milk spontaneously, not due to childbirth

factitious disorder

condition in which an individual acts as if he or she has a physical or mental illness when he or she is not really sick

hydrocephalus

condition in which excess cerebrospinal fluid accumulates in the ventricles of the brain

dehydration

condition in which fluid loss exceeds fluid intake and disrupts the body's normal electrolyte balance

endometriosis

condition in which patches of endometrial tissue escape the uterus and become attached to other structures in the pelvic cavity

angina

condition in which severe episodes of chest pain occur due to an inadequate blood flow to the myocardium

prediabetes

condition in which the blood glucose level is higher than normal, but not high enough to be classified as type 2 diabetes

Astigmatism

condition in which the eye does not focus properly because of uneven curvatures of the cornea

respiratory failture

condition in which the level of oxygen in blood becomes dangerously low or the level of carbon dioxide becomes dangerously high

premature ejaculation

condition in which the male reaches climax too soon, usually before or shortly after penetration of the female

gastroparesis

condition in which the muscles in the stomach slow down and work poorly or not at all, preventing the stomach from emptying normally

premature menopause

condition in which the ovaries cease functioning before age 40 years due to disease, a hormonal disorder, or surgical removal

epispadias

congenital abnormality of the urethral opening

hypospadias

congenital abnormality of the urethral opening

anorchism

congenital absence of one or both testicles

spina bifida

congenital defect that occurs during early pregnancy when the spinal canal fails to close completely around the spinal cord to protect it

cretinism

congenital form of hypothyroidism

encephalocele

congenital herniation of brain tissue through a gap in the skull

meningocele

congenital herniation of the meninges through a defect in the skull or spinal column

heart block

congenital or acquired arrhythmia caused by the electrical signal moving through the heart being partially or completely blocked from reaching the ventricles

cerebral hemispheres

connected at the lower midpoint by the corpus callosum

semicircular canals

connected to the cochlea by the vestibule, contain the liquid endolymph and sensitive hair cells. The bending of these hair cells in response to the movements of the head sets up impulses in nerve fibers to help maintain equilibrium. Equilibrium is the state of balance.

fibrous joints

consisting of inflexible layers of dense connective tissue, hold the bones tightly together also known as sutures

skull

consists of 8 bones that form the cranium, 14 bones that form the face, and 6 bones in the middle ear

occupational therapy

consists of activities to promote recovery and rehabilitation to assist patients in performing the activities of daily living

endocardium

consists of epithelial tissue, is the inner lining of the heart

ventricular fibrillation

consists of rapid, irregular, and useless contractions of the ventricles

tarsal

each ankle is made up of seven short of these bones these bones are similar to the bones of the wrist, however they are much larger in size

cerebral lobes

each cerebral hemisphere is subdivided to create pairs of these each one named for the bone of the cranium that covers it

otalgia

earache, pain in the ear

gingivitis

earliest stage of periodontal disease and the inflammation affects only the gums

Cerumen

earwax, secreted by verminous glands that line the auditory canal

eupnea

easy or normal breathing

bulimia nervosa

eating disorder characterized by frequent episodes of binge eating followed by compensatory behaviors such as self-induced vomiting, excessive exercising, or the misuse of laxatives, diuretics, or other medications

Ossification

fragile membrane turning into bone

nocturia

frequent and excessive urination during the night

fimbriae

fringed, finger-like extensions of the infundibulum

embryo

from implantation through the 8th week of pregnancy, the developing baby is known as this

fetus

from the 9th week of pregnancy to the time of birth, the baby in utero is known as this

hemolytic

function of destroying worn-out erythrocytes and releasing their hemoglobin for reuse

ophthalmoscopy

funduscopy, use of an ophthalmoscope to visually examine the fundus of the eye

otomycosis

fungal infection of the external auditory canal

onychomycosis

fungal infection of the nail

tinea

fungal infection that can grow on the skin, hair, or nails

tinea pedis

fungal infection that develops between the toes

renal pelvis

funnel-shaped area inside each kidney that is surrounded by the renal cortex and medulla

infundibulum

funnel-shaped opening into the fallopian tube near the ovary

Malleus

hammer

uvula

hangs from the free edge of the soft palate

vermiform appendix

hangs from the lower portion of the cecum

vermiform appendix

hangs from the lower portion of the cecum, which is the first part of the large intestine

gallstone

hard deposit formed in the gallbladder and bile ducts due to the concretion of bile components

osteosarcoma

hard-tissue sarcoma that usually involves the upper shaft of the long bones, pelvis, or knee

atherosclerosis

hardening and narrowing of the arteries caused by a buildup of cholesterol plaque on the interior walls of the arteries

ganglion cyst

harmless, fluid-filled swelling that occurs most commonly on the outer surface of the wrist

autism

have significant developmental delays, including speech and language

topical steroids

hydrocortisone and other more potent variations are used in the treatment of various skin disorders and diseases

diuresis

increased output of urine

melanocyte-stimulating hormone

increases the production of melanin in melanocytes, thereby causing darkening of skin pigmentation

extension

increasing the angle between two bones or the straightening out of a limb

peak flow meter

inexpensive handheld device used to let patients with asthma measure air flowing out of the lungs, revealing any narrowing of the airways in advance of an asthma attack

trichomoniasis

infection caused by the parasite trichomonas vaginalis

sexually transmitted diseases

infections caused by either bacteria or a virus that affects both males and females

Dental caries

infectious disease caused by bacteria that destroy the enamel and dentin of the tooth

tuberculossi

infectious disease caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis usually attacks the lungs

pediculosis

infestation with lice

pubic symphysis

joint located between the pubic bones in the anterior of the pelvis cartilaginous joint that unites the left and right pubic bones

ankles

joints that connect the lower leg and foot and make the necessary movements possible

unguis

keratin plate that protects the dorsal surface of the last bone of each finger and toe

epiglottis

lid-like structure located at the base of the tongue, swings downward and closes off the laryngopharynx so that food does not enter the trachea and the lungs

thyroid gland

lies on either side of the larynx

prostate gland

lies under the bladder and surrounds the end of the urethra in the region where the vas deferens enters the urethra

cystic fibrosis

life-threatening genetic disorder in which the lungs and pancreas are clogged with large quantities of abnormally thick mucus

HELLP syndrome

life-threatening pregnancy complication characterized by hemolysis (breakdown of red blood cells), elevated liver enzymes, and low platelet count

ethmoid bone

light, spongy bone located at the roof and side of the nose

BiPAP machine

like a CPAP machine but can be set at a higher pressure for inhaling and a lower pressure for exhaling

synovial membrane

lines the capsule and secretes synovial fluid

mucous membranes

lines the nose also line the digestive, reproductive, and urinary systems as well as other parts of the respiratory system

peritoneal dialysis

lining of the peritoneal cavity acts as a filter to remove waste from the blood

oral cavity

lips, hard and soft palates, salivary glands, tongue, teeth, and periodontium

amniotic fluid

liquid that protects the fetus and makes possible its floating movements

cruciate ligaments

make possible the movements of the knee

appendicular skeleton

makes body movement possible and also protects the organs of digestion, excretion, and reproduction

posterior segment

makes up the remaining two-thirds of the eyeball, Lined with retina and filled with vitreous humor

coitus

male ejaculates approximately 100 million sperm into the female's vagina

sperm

male gametes

penis

male sex organ that transports the sperm into the female vagina

vasectomy

male sterilization procedure in which a small portion of the vas deferens is surgically removed

koilonychia

malformation of the nails in which the outer surface is concave or scooped out like the bowl of a spoon

craniostenosis

malformation of the skull due to the premature closure of the cranial sutures

skin cancer

malignant growth on the skin which can have many causes, including repeated severe sunburns or long-term exposure to the sun

carcinoma in situ

malignant tumor in its original position that has not yet disturbed or invaded the surrounding tissues

basal cell carcinoma

malignant tumor of the basal cell layer of the epidermis

sarcoma

malignant tumor that arises from connective tissues, including hard, soft, and liquid connective tissues

carcinoma

malignant tumor that occurs in epithelial tissue

anxiety disorders

mental conditions characterized by excessive, irrational dread of everyday situations or fear that is out of proportion to the real danger in a situation

dissociative identity disorder

mental illness characterized by the presence of two or more distinct personalities, each with its own characteristics, which appear to exist within the same individual

Nyctalopia

night blindness, condition in which an individual with normal daytime vision has difficulty seeing at night

first-degree burn

no blisters; superficial damage to the epidermis

comedo

noninfected lesion formed by the buildup of sebum and keratin in a hair follicle often associated with acne vulgaris

bioimpedance spectroscopy

noninvasive method of diagnosing lymphedema

abdominal ultrasound

noninvasive test used to visualize internal organs by using very high-frequency sound waves

CPAP machine

noninvasive ventilation device used in the treatment of sleep apnea

benign

not life threatening, although this type of tumor can cause damage as it grows and places pressure on adjacent structures

molecular breast imaging (MBI)

nuclear medicine technique using gamma radiation to detect potential tumors in particularly dense breast tissue

body mass index

number that shows body weight adjusted for height

acquired immunity

obtained by having had a contagious disease

myocardial infection

occlusion of one or more coronary arteries caused by plaque buildup

hemorrhoids

occur when a cluster of veins, muscles, and tissues slip near or through the anal opening

antibiotic-resistant bacteria

occur when antibiotics fail to kill all of bacteria they target

hyperparathyroidism

overproduction of the parathyroid hormone, causes the condition known as hypercalcemia

hyperthyroidism

overproduction of thyroid hormones

allergy

overreaction by the body to a particular antigen

iliotibial band syndrome

overuse injury caused by the band rubbing against bone

stress fracture

overuse injury, a small crack in the bone that often develops from chronic, excessive impact

hemoglobin

oxygen-carrying blood protein pigment of the erythrocytes

dysmenorrhea

pain caused by uterine cramps during a menstrual period

dyspareunia

pain during sexual intercourse

cystalgia

pain in the bladder

mastalgia

pain in the breast

cephalagia

pain in the head

intermittent claudication

pain in the leg muscles that occurs during exercise and is relieved by rest

dyspepsia

pain or discomfort in digestion

shin splint

painful condition caused by the tibialis anterior muscle tearing away from the tibia

pulse

rhythmic pressure against the walls of an artery caused by the contraction of the heart

pyloric sphincter

ring-like muscle at the base of the stomach that controls the flow of partially digested food from the stomach to the duodenum of the small intestine

ileocecal sphincter

ring-like muscle that controls the flow from the ileum of the small intestine into the cecum of the large intestine

sphincter

ring-like muscle that tightly constricts the opening of a passageway

bacilli

rod-shaped, spore-forming bacteria

cervical cancer

slow-growing squamous cell cancer

dementia

slowly progressive decline in mental abilities, including memory, thinking, and judgement, that is often accompanied by personality changes

rickettsia

small bacterium that lives in lice, fleas, ticks, and mites

vesicle

small blister, less than 0.5 cm in diameter, containing watery fluid

wheal

small bump that itches

papillae

small bumps, contain taste buds, which are the sensory receptors for the sense of taste

anal fissure

small crack-like sore in the skin of the anus that can cause severe pain during a bowel movement

cilia

small hairs, make up the eyebrows and eyelashes

diverticulum

small pouch, or sac, found in the lining or wall of a tubular organ such as the colon

optic disk

small region in the eye where the nerve endings of the retina enter the optic nerve called the blind spot

myringotomy

small surgical incision in the eardrum to relieve pressure from excess pus or fluid or to create an opening for the placement of ear tubes

pustule

small, circumscribed lesion containing pus

nevus

small, dark skin growth that develops from melanocytes in the skin

skin tags

small, flesh-colored or light-brown polyps that hang from the body by fine stalks

verrucae

small, hard skin lesions caused by the human papillomavirus

papule

small, raised red lesion that is less than 0.5 cm in diameter and does not contain pus

radius

smaller and shorter bone in the forearm runs up the thumb side

fibula

smaller of the two bones of the lower leg

arterioles

smaller, thinner branches of arteries that deliver blood to the capillaries

bronchioles

smallest branches of the bronchi

venules

smallest veins that join to form the larger veins

cerebrovascular accident

stroke damage to the brain that occurs when the blood flow to the brain is disrupted because a blood vessel is either blocked or has ruptured

tongue

strong, flexible, and muscular important for chewing, speaking, and swallowing

congenital heart defects

structural abnormalities caused by the failure of the heart to develop normally before birth

xiphoid process

structure made of cartilage that forms the lower portion of the sternum

adnexa of the eyes

structures outside the eyeball

ergonomics

study of the human factors that affect the design and operation of tools and the work environment

oncology

study of the prevention, causes, and treatment of tumors and cancer

hordeolum

stye, pus-filled and often painful lesion on the eyelid resulting from an acute infection in a sebaceous gland

adipose tissues

subcutaneous layer is made up of loose connective tissue and this

bactericide

substance that causes the death of bacteria

immunosuppressant

substance that prevents or reduces the body's normal immune response

allergen

substance that produces an allergic reaction in an individual

prosthesis

substitute for a diseased or missing body part

sudden infant death syndrome

sudden and unexplainable death of an apparently healthy sleeping infant between the ages of 2 months and 6 months

embolism

sudden blockage of a blood vessel by an embolus

pulmonary embolism

sudden blockage of a pulmonary artery by foreign matter or by an embolus that has formed in the leg or pelvic region

acute renal failure

sudden onset and is characterized by uremia

respiratory system

supplies the blood with oxygen for transpiration to the cells in all parts of the body

innervation

supply of nerves to a specific body part

coronary arteries

supply oxygen-rich blood to the myocardium

pectoral girdle

supports that arms and hands, formed by the shoulders

nephropyosis

suppuration of the kidney

Wedge resection

surgery in which a small wedge-shaped piece of cancerous lung tissue is removed, along with a margin of healthy tissue around the cancer

anastomosis

surgical connection between two hollow, or tubular, structures

tympanoplasty

surgical correction of a damaged middle ear, either to cure chronic inflammation or to restore function

tracheostomy

surgical creation of a stoma into the trachea to insert a temporary or permanent tube to facilitate breathing

colostomy

surgical creation of an artificial excretory opening between the colon and the body surface

ileostomy

surgical creation of an artificial excretory opening between the ileum, at the end of the small intestine, and the outside of the abdominal wall

osteotomy

surgical cutting of a bone

neurotomy

surgical division or dissection of a nerve

carpal tunnel release

surgical enlargement of the carpal tunnel or cutting of the carpal ligament to relieve the pressure on tendons and nerves

panic attack

unexpected, sudden experience of fear in the absence of danger, accompanied by physical symptoms such as heart palpitations, shortness of breath, chest tightness, dizziness, sweating, nausea, feelings of unreality, choking sensations, or a combination of these

diopter

unit of measurement of a lens's refractive power

halitosis

unpleasant odor coming from the mouth that can be caused by dental diseases or respiratory or gastric disorders

stupor

unresponsive state from which a person can be aroused only briefly despite vigorous, repeated attempts

hypomenorrhea

unusually small amount of menstrual flow during a shortened regular menstrual period

gastroesophageal reflux disease

upward flow of acid from the stomach into the esophagus

nausea

urge to vomit

nocturnal enuresis

urinary incontinence during sleep

neurogenic bladder

urinary problem caused by interference with the normal nerve pathways associated with urination

transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation

uses a device that delivers electrical impulses through the skin, which causes changes in muscles

transcranial magnetic stimulation

uses brief, powerful electromagnetic pulses to alter electrical pathways in the brain

allogenic bone marrow transplant

uses healthy bone marrow cells from a compatible donor, often a sibling

therapeutic ultrasound

uses high-frequency sound waves to treat muscle injuries by generating heat deep within muscle tissue

breast MRI

uses magnets and radio waves, and the insertion of a contrast medium via IV, to get more detailed information for those already diagnosed with cancer or to look for signs of cancer in patients at high risk

radioactive iodine uptake test

uses radioactive iodine administered orally to measure thyroid function

digestive system

uses the acids and enzymes produced by the stomach to destroy invaders that are swallowed or consumed with food

urinary tract infection (UTI)

usually begins in the bladder, can affect all parts of the urinary system

rhinophyma

usually occurs in older men characterized by hyperplasia of the tissues of the nose and is associated with advanced rosacea

stress fractures