Chapter 3

prion

A _____ is an infectious agent composed only of proteins

opportunistic

A weakened patient, such as one with a weakened immune system, is an ideal target for an _____ pathogen

true

Contaminated inanimate objects are called fomites, and these can also transmit infection

true

Antibiotic resistance arises when bacteria adapt to antibiotics.

bacterial

Antibiotic resistance plays an important role in the increased incidence of _____ infections

walls and memberanes

Antifungal drugs target fungal _____.

true

Handwashing prevents foodborne illnesses as well as those transmitted by respiratory droplets

true

Health care workers who have antibodies to HBV either from preexposure vaccination or prior infection are not at risk for contracting Hepatitis B

true

Healthcare facilities are a major reservoir for opportunistic pathogens that can cause nosocomial infections

true

If a disease occurs in unusually large numbers over a specific area, it is said to be epidemic.

cillia

One classification of protozoa move by means of numerous hairlike projections called _____.

carriers

People who harbor an infectious agent but do not have signs or symptoms are known as _____.

AIDS

Pneumocystis jirovecii causes an opportunistic form of pneumonia, one of the diagnostic indicator diseases for _____

true

Prion diseases usually progress rapidly and are currently untreatable and fatal.

true

Protozoa are single-celled eukaryotic microorganisms

true

Punctures, injections, bites, and surgery that allow microorganisms to be deposited directly into the tissue below the skin is known as the parenteral route of infection

true

The average risk of HIV infection after needlestick exposure or cut exposure to HIV-infected blood is 0.3%.

cervical

The human papillomavirus is linked to _____ cancer

urinary tract infections

The most common type of nosocomial infections are _____.

false

The number of existing cases of a disease is known as its incidence

nosocomial

The principle routes of transmission of _____ infections are contact with healthcare staff, contact with contaminated instruments, and through the hospital's ventilation system

true

The source of an infectious agent is known as a reservoir

Pathogen

The word _____ is derived from Greek words that mean "to cause suffering."

true

There are certain antibiotics that may be used to treat protozoal infections

endemic

Tracking the _____ of a disease is tracking the number of new cases of a disease in a population.

true

Transmission by direct contact also occurs when infectious agents are expelled in droplets produced by sneezing or coughing

false

Treatment for systemic fungual infections entail risky side effects

false

Vertical transmission of infectious diseases can occur either directly or indirectly.

false

Viral infections can be treated with a variety of antibiotics

capsids

Viruses are infectious particles with a core of genetic material wrapped in a _____.

true

Viruses are not considered living organisms because they do not independently grow, metabolize, or reproduce.

standard precautions

Where bloodborne pathogens are likely to be encountered, a workplace must adopt the practice of _____.

respiratory

_____ etiquette controls the spread of influenza, cold, tuberculosis, and other pulmonary disease

measels

_____ is a highly contagious disease caused by the rubeola virus

mumps

_____ is caused by the paramyxovirus

quarantine

_____ is the separation of persons who may or may not be infected from healthy people until the period of infectious risk is passed

viruses

_____ must carry out their life processes by entering cells and directing the cell's energy, materials, and organelles

isolation

_____ of infected persons in hospitals, such as a person with influenza remains home in bed, can be an effective way to control infectious diseases

disinfection

_____ of potentially infectious materials, like surfaces in patient's rooms and linens, is necessary to prevent transmission

horizontal

_____ transmission describes transmission of an infectious disease from a reservoir to a susceptible human

indirect transmission

_____ transmission of an infectious disease occurs when a pathogen can withstand the environment outside of its host for a long period of time before infecting another individual

direct horizontal

_____ transmission of an infectious disease occurs when an individual is infected by contact with the reservoir

true

The OSHA bloodborne Pathogens Standard is aimed at protecting healthcare workers from exposure to and infection by bloodborne pathogens

true

Bacteria are microscopic, single-celled organisms

true

Bacteria that are comma-shaped are called vibrios

cocci

Bacteria that have spherical (round) shapes are called _____.

direct

Diseases that are transmitted primarily by _____ contact include ringworm, HIV/AIDS, the common cold, and influenza.

true

Food and beverages can transmit infectious disease, such as through the fecal-oral route.

mycoses

Fungal infections are known as _____.

true

Fungi can be single-celled or multi-celled organisms

contagious or communicable

Infectious diseases transmitted directly by human contact are said to be _____.

indirect

Intravenous drug users who share needles can transmit infectious diseases like hepatitis B, hepatitis C, and HIV via _____ contact.

true

Normal flora microorganisms may become harmful and become opportunistic pathogens

vaccinations

Of all methods, _____ may be the most effective way to protect personal and public health from infectious diseases, such as the elimination of smallpox.

virus

Rubella (German measles) is caused by the rubella _____.

true

Some antiviral drugs act as nucleic acid analogues, substances that mimic DNA or RNA bases

endospores

Some species of bacteria produce _____ that permit these bacteria to survive drying, lack of nutrients, and harsh conditions such as extreme heat

lyse

Some viruses cause infected cells to _____, or rupture, as when HIV infects and reproduces within T cells