Chapter 3
prion
A _____ is an infectious agent composed only of proteins
opportunistic
A weakened patient, such as one with a weakened immune system, is an ideal target for an _____ pathogen
true
Contaminated inanimate objects are called fomites, and these can also transmit infection
true
Antibiotic resistance arises when bacteria adapt to antibiotics.
bacterial
Antibiotic resistance plays an important role in the increased incidence of _____ infections
walls and memberanes
Antifungal drugs target fungal _____.
true
Handwashing prevents foodborne illnesses as well as those transmitted by respiratory droplets
true
Health care workers who have antibodies to HBV either from preexposure vaccination or prior infection are not at risk for contracting Hepatitis B
true
Healthcare facilities are a major reservoir for opportunistic pathogens that can cause nosocomial infections
true
If a disease occurs in unusually large numbers over a specific area, it is said to be epidemic.
cillia
One classification of protozoa move by means of numerous hairlike projections called _____.
carriers
People who harbor an infectious agent but do not have signs or symptoms are known as _____.
AIDS
Pneumocystis jirovecii causes an opportunistic form of pneumonia, one of the diagnostic indicator diseases for _____
true
Prion diseases usually progress rapidly and are currently untreatable and fatal.
true
Protozoa are single-celled eukaryotic microorganisms
true
Punctures, injections, bites, and surgery that allow microorganisms to be deposited directly into the tissue below the skin is known as the parenteral route of infection
true
The average risk of HIV infection after needlestick exposure or cut exposure to HIV-infected blood is 0.3%.
cervical
The human papillomavirus is linked to _____ cancer
urinary tract infections
The most common type of nosocomial infections are _____.
false
The number of existing cases of a disease is known as its incidence
nosocomial
The principle routes of transmission of _____ infections are contact with healthcare staff, contact with contaminated instruments, and through the hospital's ventilation system
true
The source of an infectious agent is known as a reservoir
Pathogen
The word _____ is derived from Greek words that mean "to cause suffering."
true
There are certain antibiotics that may be used to treat protozoal infections
endemic
Tracking the _____ of a disease is tracking the number of new cases of a disease in a population.
true
Transmission by direct contact also occurs when infectious agents are expelled in droplets produced by sneezing or coughing
false
Treatment for systemic fungual infections entail risky side effects
false
Vertical transmission of infectious diseases can occur either directly or indirectly.
false
Viral infections can be treated with a variety of antibiotics
capsids
Viruses are infectious particles with a core of genetic material wrapped in a _____.
true
Viruses are not considered living organisms because they do not independently grow, metabolize, or reproduce.
standard precautions
Where bloodborne pathogens are likely to be encountered, a workplace must adopt the practice of _____.
respiratory
_____ etiquette controls the spread of influenza, cold, tuberculosis, and other pulmonary disease
measels
_____ is a highly contagious disease caused by the rubeola virus
mumps
_____ is caused by the paramyxovirus
quarantine
_____ is the separation of persons who may or may not be infected from healthy people until the period of infectious risk is passed
viruses
_____ must carry out their life processes by entering cells and directing the cell's energy, materials, and organelles
isolation
_____ of infected persons in hospitals, such as a person with influenza remains home in bed, can be an effective way to control infectious diseases
disinfection
_____ of potentially infectious materials, like surfaces in patient's rooms and linens, is necessary to prevent transmission
horizontal
_____ transmission describes transmission of an infectious disease from a reservoir to a susceptible human
indirect transmission
_____ transmission of an infectious disease occurs when a pathogen can withstand the environment outside of its host for a long period of time before infecting another individual
direct horizontal
_____ transmission of an infectious disease occurs when an individual is infected by contact with the reservoir
true
The OSHA bloodborne Pathogens Standard is aimed at protecting healthcare workers from exposure to and infection by bloodborne pathogens
true
Bacteria are microscopic, single-celled organisms
true
Bacteria that are comma-shaped are called vibrios
cocci
Bacteria that have spherical (round) shapes are called _____.
direct
Diseases that are transmitted primarily by _____ contact include ringworm, HIV/AIDS, the common cold, and influenza.
true
Food and beverages can transmit infectious disease, such as through the fecal-oral route.
mycoses
Fungal infections are known as _____.
true
Fungi can be single-celled or multi-celled organisms
contagious or communicable
Infectious diseases transmitted directly by human contact are said to be _____.
indirect
Intravenous drug users who share needles can transmit infectious diseases like hepatitis B, hepatitis C, and HIV via _____ contact.
true
Normal flora microorganisms may become harmful and become opportunistic pathogens
vaccinations
Of all methods, _____ may be the most effective way to protect personal and public health from infectious diseases, such as the elimination of smallpox.
virus
Rubella (German measles) is caused by the rubella _____.
true
Some antiviral drugs act as nucleic acid analogues, substances that mimic DNA or RNA bases
endospores
Some species of bacteria produce _____ that permit these bacteria to survive drying, lack of nutrients, and harsh conditions such as extreme heat
lyse
Some viruses cause infected cells to _____, or rupture, as when HIV infects and reproduces within T cells