Micro Exam 2 Full Set
How do humans become infection with helminths
Oral intake (contaminated food) or penetration of skin (Contaminated soil, water or infected animals)
Clonorchis sinesis
Oriental liver fluke
What are five other Candida species? Which one are resistance to which treatments?
Other species mainly in hospitalized and immunocompromised patients. Most common are -C. tropicalis, -C. parapsilosis, -C. glabrata, -C. krusei, -C. lusitaniae. Note: TQ!! -C. krusei consistently resistant to azoles. -C. glabrata usually resistant to azoles. -C. lusitaniae resistant to amphotericin.
Latent
Periods of no symptoms while the causative agent is inactive (shingles)
Lives in areas with large supply of water A. Protozoa B. Fungi C. Helminths D. Anthropods
Protozoa
This is a large diverse group of about 65,000 species
Protozoa
Unicellular, eukaryotic heterotrophs that are classified largely by how they move. A. Protozoa B. Fungi C. Helminths D. Anthropods
Protozoa
__________contain brown pigments called xanthopylls and a polysaccharide called laminarin +oil cell walls are composed of cellulose and alginic acid; also a thickening agent
Phaeophyta-brown algae
What is the Attachment Stage
Phage attaches by tail fibers to host cell
eukaryotic; unicellular organisms lack a cell wall. Most are chemoheterotrophes. name this organism
Protozoa
What two organisims join to make plankton?
Protozoa and Algae
What organisims use Flagella "swim"
Protozoa, Algae, and a few fungal and animal cells
4 types of Eukaryotic microorganisms
Protozoa, Fungi, Algae, Helminths
Buds that fail to detach and form a short chain of cells A. Pseudohypha B. Dermatophytes C. Stachybotrys
Pseudohypha
How does Protozoa move?
Pseudopods (also used to feed, flase foot, amoeboid motion(swim motion)), Flagella, Cilia
Superficial skin (keratinocytes)
Tissue location of Malassezia furfur
Cutaneous diseases: 1. Skin 2. Hair 3. Nails (mnemonic: 'tri' for the three locations of trichophyton)
Tissue location of Trichophyton
1. Subcutaneous or lymphocutaneous 2. Pulmonary
Tissue location of sporothrix
1. Skin 2. Nails
Tissue locations of Epidermophyton
1. Skin 2. Hair
Tissue locations of Microsporum
Selenium sulfide (does not prevent it from occurring again)
Treatment of tinea versicolor
Also known as flukes A. Cestodes B. Trematodes C. Nematoda D. Amebae
Trematodes
These helminths are leaf shaped with suckers A. Cestodes B. Trematodes C. Nematoda D. Amebae
Trematodes
What is Thrush?
Mucosal Candidiasis Thrush-Oral candidiasis, whitish plaques with red inflamed base. Indicative of defect of CMI (either from meds or disease) or neutrophils. Clue to progression of HIV or cancer.
What type of skin lesions can Paracoccidioides cause?
Mucosal lesions around mouth. On skin on the face. Also can cause genital paracoccidioides resembling Syphilis.
Portals of Entry
Mucous Membranes (GI Tract, Respiratory Tract, Genitourinary Tract, Conjunctiva) Skin, Parenteral
Are Helminths multicellular or unicellular?
Multicellular except in reproduction
What are molds?
Multicellular filamentous, "fluffy" mycelia (name of colonies) consisting of intertwined branching hyphae. Hyphae may be septate (with transverse walls) or nonseptate. Molds identified primarily by microscopic morphology.
What is the signature histological findings for Paracoccidioides?
Multiply budding yeast forms in Paracocci-"Mariner's wheel"
Septicemia
Multiplying of bacteria in the blood
Term used for all filaments of a mold. A. hyphae B. Conidium C. Mycelium D. Substrate
Mycelium
What is a plant that depends on symbiotic fungi A. Plasmagany B. Karyogamy C. Mycelium D. Mycorrhizae
Mycorrhizae
helps roots grow
Mycorrhizae
fungi are known to do what at the root of plants?
Mycorrhizae (help roots grow)
what are 2 Ameobozoas that cause brain disease?
Naegleria and Acanthamoeba
Eukaryotic Cell internal parts
Nucleus, Organells, Ribosomes, Cytoskeleton
Diphyllobothriasis
Numbness of fingers and toes
Lipids (medium to long chain fatty acids C12-C14)
Nutritional preference of Malassezia furfur
How are the different Tinea classified by body site?
1. Tinea capitis-Scalp and hair with patchy, scaling alopecia. 2. Tinea barbae-Beard region. 3. Tinea corporis-Body. 4. Tinea cruris-Groin--"Jock itch" 5. Tinea pedis-"Athlete's foot"--interdigital and/or moccasin distribution. 6. Tinea unguium/Onychomycosis - Nails.
Primary infection
Acute infection that cuases the inital illness
What is Acute pulmonary histoplasmosis?
Acute pulmonary histoplasmosis-with large inoculum, acute flu-like illness with fever, myalgias, cough. Hilar and mediastinal adenopathy, pulmonary infiltrates/nodules. Always goes to the LN. Usually resolves spontaneously.
What is the difference between the cell walls of bacteria and fungi?
Bacteria have peptidoglycan cell walls. Fungi have polysaccharides like chitin-glucans-mannans.
Bacteremia
Bacteria in the blood
Helminth
Chemoheterotroph, with tissues and organs, with a complex reproductive process, and acquires its food through absorption and ingestion.
An organism that uses organic molecules as a source of carbon and energy is called
Chemoheterotrophic
Fungi cell walls consist of what?
Chitin
Characteristic features of Algae
Chlorophy & other pigments
Name the Green Algae
Chlorophyta
plant-like store sugar starch as food 18S rRNA cholrophylls live in freshwater seasoning pepper /Codium
Chlorophyta (Green Algae)
Types of Algae
Chlorophyta, Bacillariophyta, Phaeophyta, Rhodophyta, Dinoflagellates, Oomycota
What is Chronic thoracic histoplasmosis?
Chronic thoracic histoplasmosis - may have progressive pulmonary fibrosis, pericarditis, mediastinitis. Dormant disease can reactivate. Can get so much fibrosis that get SVC syndrome. The problem is the host fibrotic response.
Name the Golden Yellow Algea
Chrysophyta
this Algae is most diverse in cell wall structure but uniform in use of the polysaccharide
Chrysophyta, the golden algae
Cryptosporidosis
Cider
Ciliophora
Ciliates, use cilia for feeding and movement, develop cysts, has defined mouth and feeding organelle, free-living, asexual and sexual reproduction
What do you see with cryptococcosis in AIDS?
Common opportunist in patients not on antiretroviral therapy. Often indolent-only fever and headache without stiff neck or altered neurologic function. Worse prognosis if CSF w/ minimal inflammatory response and high Ag titer. Therapy lifelong (or at least until immune reconstitution) because although initial therapy may resolve meningitis, recrudescent infection may occur from prostate reservoir.
Skin
Common tissue location for infection in all dermatophytes
1. Trichophyton: skin, hair, nails 2. Microsporum: skin, hair 3. Epidermophyton: skin, nails
Compare contrast tissue location for infection by all dermatophytes
1. Malassezia: superficial skin 2. Dermatophytes: cutaneous 3. Sporothrix: subcutaneous
Compare contrast tissue locations for Malassezia furfur, dermatophytes and sporothrix
Chitin, glucan and mannan
Components of fungal cell wall
Forms of Direct Damage
Disrupt cell function, produce waste, toxins
Opportunistic
Do not cause disease unless moved to another location in the body
ascomycetes also include plant pathogens such as what agents?
Dutch elm disease
Kill non-fungal cells
Purpose of using KOH in wet mount
Contagious
Easily spread between hosts
The infection occurs superficially in non-living tissue (which has no access to a blood supply)
Reason for lack of inflammation in Malassezia furfur
Are fungi prokaryotes or eukaryotes?
Eukaryotes.
all fungi are eukaryotic or prokaryotic?
Eukaryotic
Eukaryotic Cell Organells
Eukaryotic cells have specialized membrane-bound organells that carry out specific functions such as photosynthesis ( chlorplasts), ATP production (mitochondria), lipid and protein synthesis ( endopalsmic reticulm, golgi complex), cellular digestion (lysosomes) and lysosomes
What is Rhinocerebral mucormycosis?
Rhinocerebral mucormycosis-esp in poorly controlled diabetics. Like Aspergillosis. Severe destructive disease of nose, sinuses, orbits, brain. Headache, fever, pain, nasal drainage. Key diagnostic feature-black necrotic nasal or palatal mucosa. Need surgical removal. Other forms include cutaneous, GI, disseminated.
Name the Red Algae
Rhodophyta (red)
_________contains the pigment phycoerythrin, the storage molecule glycogen, and cell walls of agar or carrageenan
Rhodophyta-Red Algae
this algae is used as a thickening agent in microbiology media & foods like ice cream, toothpaste, syrups; salad dressing
Rhodophyta-Red Algae
What is the therapy for candidiasis?
Generally skin or mucosal disease can be treated topically or orally with azoles, with fluconazole the first choice. Invasive disease rx with fluconazole, echinocandins, or amphotericin B in one of its formulations. As previously mentioned, C. krusei and C. glabrata should be considered fluconazole resistant and C. lusitaniae amphotericin resistant.
branched, tubular filaments with crosswalls found in large fungi
Septate hyphae
Favus (trichophyton schonleinii
Serious form of tinea capitis
What type of reproduction does algae use
Sexual reproduction
How does sexual Fungal Replication work?
Sexual spores are formed through a process involving the fusing of 2 parental nuclei followed by meiosis (makes daughter cells)
Dermatophytes are A. Systemic Mycosis B. Subcutaneous Mycosis C. Cutaneous Mycosis D. Superficial Mycosis E. Oppertunistic Mycosis
Superficial Mycosis
Localized along hair shafts and epidermal cells A. Systemic Mycosis B. Subcutaneous Mycosis C. Cutaneous Mycosis D. Superficial Mycosis E. Oppertunistic Mycosis
Superficial Mycosis
What is the treatment and prevention for zygomycosis?
High mortality. Key to treatment is radical surgical excision. Improve underlying condition. Antifungal therapy is necessary, but adjunctive. Lipid formulations of amphotericin are best, but still mediocre. Posaconazole holds promise. Prevention: No available prevention. Low threshold for early diagnosis in high risk patients.
Describe the histology for Coccidioides.
Histology: Granulomas. Most cases asymptomatic but roughly 40% get pulmonary or extrapulmonary symptoms.
Describe Disseminated Histoplasmosis. What type of patients get it and what symptoms and signs do you see?
In patients with impaired CMI (e.g. AIDS, immunosuppressives) severe dissemination with multiorgan involvement and sepsis syndrome may occur. Yeasts seen in macrophages in spleen, liver, bone marrow, blood, skin, etc. Poor granuloma formation.
1. Plant handlers (gardners, florists) 2. Basketweavers
Occupations at risk of sporothrichosis
What serology can you do for Coccidioides?
Latex agglutination or tube precipitin IgM against coccidioidin generally found early after exposure but not specific. Complement fixation IgG high in disseminated disease. This is more specific. There is now a commercially available cocci antigen detection assay-role uncertain.
Cell Wall Components
M protein resists phagocytosis, Opa protein inhibits t cells, mycolic acid resists digestions
Vectors
Mechanical (on feet), Biological (reproduces in vector)
Protozoans require what kind of environments?
Moist
What do colonies of yeast look like on agar?
Moist mucoid or waxy colonies that resemble bacterial. Looks like poured hot wax on agar plate. Lab identification depends on physiologic characteristics, antigen detection, and some structural features seen on special stains.
What is Candida vulvovaginitis?
Mucosal Candidiasis Candida vulvovaginitis-Irritation, pruritus, "cottage cheese" discharge. May recur, persist. Does NOT require immune dysfunction. Common in women.
Parasitism
One benefits at the expense of another
Commensalism
One organism benefits, the other is unaffected
Trichomoniasis
Only exists in tropozoite form
What organisims use Cilia
Only protozoa and animals
What is the Penetration Stage
Opens cell wal, tail contracts to force tail core and DNA into cell
Candidiasis which causes yeast infection is a: A. Systemic Mycosis B. Subcutaneous Mycosis C. Cutaneous Mycosis D. Superficial Mycosis E. Oppertunistic Mycosis
Oppertunistic Mycosis
Due to a generally harmless fungus becoming pathogenic in a compromised host A. Systemic Mycosis B. Subcutaneous Mycosis C. Cutaneous Mycosis D. Superficial Mycosis E. Oppertunistic Mycosis
Oppertunistic Mycosis
Toxoplasmosis also known as Cat scratch disease is a: A. Systemic Mycosis B. Subcutaneous Mycosis C. Cutaneous Mycosis D. Superficial Mycosis E. Oppertunistic Mycosis
Oppertunistic Mycosis
Secondary Infection
Opportunistic infection after a primary infection
mycelium
whole root system of fungi
how do Chlamydospores form?
with a thickened cell wall INSIDE hyphae
hyphae
a root in fungi
Zygospores
a single-celled reproductive structure formed in sexual reproduction by some fungi; zygospores contain genetic information from two different mating types, - and +
Stalk
a slender or elongated structure that supports a plant or fungus or a plant part or plant organ
what is a pellicle?
a thin multilayered sheath that underlies the cell membrane.
What is the name of the motile, feeding stage that all protozoa have? A) a trophozoite B) a cyst
a trophozoite. The trophozoite feeds upon bacteria and small particulate nutrients
without crosswalls, (undivided) and coenocytic, (contain many nuclei, not separated by cell walls)
aseptate hyphae
reproduction of fungi is asexual or sexual?
asexual
How do Yeast reproduce?
asexual (budding)
reproduction of protozoans
asexual by mitosis and sexual conjugation
budding
asexual reproduction in which a part of the parent organism pinches off and forms a new organism
do fungi reproduce mostly; sexually or asexually?
asexually (without sex)
Multicellular algae typically reproduce in two ways, what are they?
asexually by fragmentation or sexually by an alternation of generations
Algal Bloom
associated with Dinoflag
where are Condiospores produced?
at tips or sides of hyphae, but not within a sac
what are the 4 benefits of Ascomycetes?
baking, brewing, research, and pharmaceuticals.
tightly woven hyphae that extend into multiple projections at ends
basidia
Mushrooms and other fruiting bodies of basidiomycetes are called this
basidiocarps
what are the ends called of basidia that produce sexually?
basidiospores
Clonorchis sinesis
biliary tract infection
buds coming off the parent cell are called?
blastoconidia
chitin
cell wall is made of
what do slime molds lack?
cell walls
Dikaryons
cells having 2 nuclei
what are the two types of slime molds ?
cellular and plasmodial
water molds have cell walls of ______
cellulose
basidiomycetes decompose what 2 things from dead plants?
cellulose and lignin
what are Fungi?
chemoheterotrophic eukaryotes with cell walls
Fungi are ________. A. lithotrophs B. photoautotrophs C. chemoautotrophs D. chemoheterotrophs E. photoheterotrophs
chemoheterotrophs
Which mode of nutrition do fungi possess? A) chemoheterotrophs B) photosynthesizers
chemoheterotrophs. Fungi require organic compounds for energy and carbon
what are the cell walls of fungi composed of?
chitin
what do cilaites of Alveolates have?
cilia and 2 nuclei
ciliphora
ciliates; move by cilia; have fuzzy shading in lab
Basidium
club-shaped, reproductive structure in which club fungi produce spores
Sorus
cluster of sporangia usually on underside of a fern frond
This permits the organism to survive when food, moisture or oxygen are lacking A. proglottids B. cytostome C. scolex D. cyst
cyst
many protozoa have a hardy resting stage called a _____, which is characterized by a thick capsule and a low metabolic rate.
cyst
Under certain adverse conditions, some protozoa produce a protective capsule. Is this a A) spore B) cyst
cyst. A cyst permits the organism to survive when food, moisture, or oxygen are lacking
Echinococcus granulosis
cysts in liver, lung, brain (neurocysticerosis)
Mouthlike opening, cilia take in food by waiving towards it. A. proglottids B. cytostome C. scolex D. oocyst
cytostome
haploid (1n, single nucleaus) sex cells
gametes/gametocytes
what color algae is Chrysophyta
golden, yellow green algae
Spirogyra
green algae, helical bottom dweller FILAMENTOUS
crustose are lichens that
grow appressed to their substrates
what is a harmful result in basidiomycetes decomposition?
hallucinatory chemicals or toxins.
Onchocerciasis
leopard skin
worms
parasites, animals, eukaryotic,multicellular, organism that can move
what happens after the basidiomycetes decompose cellulose and lignin?
nutrients are returned to the soil
Saprobes Haustoria Aerobic(with oxygen) facultative (survive in varitey of hostile conditions) anaerobic (no oxygen) Low Moisture acidic environements metabolize complex carbs these all represent nutrition of what?
nutrition of fungi
Where are conidium found A. within the substrate B. on top of the vegatative hyphae C. on top of the reproductive hyphae D. Within a fungus
on top of the reproductive hyphae
non-septate
one large tube in the mycelium
what is the nutrition of a slime mold?
phagocytic
Trypanosomiasis (African Sleeping Sickness)
tsetse fly
what do Water molds have in their mitochondria?
tubular cristae
Pandorina
type of Green algae, UNICELL
Algae have 3 different types of morphology. name them
unicellular colonial multicellular
yeast
unicellular, budding
protozoan
unicellular, parasite, eukaryote
Schistosoma haematobium
urinary bladder
An arthropod that transmits pathogenic microbes to a host is known as a/an .
vector
Insects that transmit diseases from one host to another are called __________. A. definitive hosts B. complete hosts C. vectors D. intermediate hosts
vectors
Flatworms
very thin, segmented body
how do zygosporangia develop?
via fusion of sexually compatible hyphae following meiosis
Diatoms, what in cell wall
What has Pectin & Silica in CW
Red Algae - what harvested
Carageenan, Agar come from what algae
water molds have spores with how many flagella?
2 flagella
Spores
-in a plant or fungus, an asexual reproductive cell that does not participate in fertilization -in prokaryotes, a dormant, relatively impervious cell that is resistant to destruction by heating.
How do you diagnose and treatment Pityriasis versicolor?
"Spaghetti and meatballs" appearance of budding yeast and hyphae on KOH. Growth markedly enhanced in presence of fat!!!! -M. furfur may cause invasive infections in patients receiving parenteral nutrition with lipid. -Also involved in pathogenesis of seborrheic dermatitis. Rx: topical pyrithione zinc, selenium sulfide, or azoles. Drying.
Basidiomycota
"club fungi" form basidiospores ex. mushrooms
Dueteromycota
"imperfect fungi" no sexual spores. budding ex. yeast infection, athletes foot; doesn't have hyphae
Ascomycota
"sack fungi" "fingers" form ascospores and sack structures. ex. mildews,lichens
Haploid
(genetics) an organism or cell having only one complete set of chromosomes (1N)
Diploid
(genetics) an organism or cell having two sets of chromosomes or twice the haploid number (2N)
Frond
-A leaf of a fern or cycad, usually consisting of multiple leaflets -A large, fanlike leaf of a palm tree. -A leaflike structure such as the thallus of a lichen or a seaweed.
What does Aspergillus hyphae look like in tissue?
-Acute angle branching hyphae. -Septate. -Narrow hyphae.
name the 2 types of Conidiospores
2 types a. Arthroconidia b. blastoconidia
What does zygomycete hyphae look like in tissue?
-RIght angle branching hyphae. -Nonseptate. -Broad and irregular hyphae.
What are the habitats of pathogenic fungi?
-Soil -Bird or bat feces -On vegetation -On the skin and mucous membranes of animals -Some have distinctive ecologic and geographical niches!!
What are the non-invasive forms of Aspergillus?
1. Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis and Allergic Fungal Sinusitis. 2. Aspergilloma.
Protozoas are defined by what 3 characteristics?
1. Eukaryotic 2. Unicellular 3. Lack a cell wall
What are the 2 major phyla of parasitic Helminths?
1. Flatworms 2. Roundworms (nematodes)
Mechanisms of Pathogenicity
1. Portal of Entry 2. Penetration of Host Defense 3. Damage to Host Cells 4. Portal of Exit
What are the three types of mycoses that you can have of the skin?
1. Superficial- confined to surface of stratum corneum. e.g.: Pityriasis versicolor 2. Cutaneous-involving keratinized tissue of skin, hair, nails. e.g.: Dermaophytoses (Tinea). 3. Subcutaneous-involving skin and subcutaneous tissues through inoculation. May disseminate. e.g.: Sporotrichosis, Mycetoma, Dematiaceous pigment fungi.
What are the two ways to get Renal candidiasis?
1. Will see multiple abscesses on kidneys related to hematogenous seeding from candidemia. 2. May also have ascending infection with thick white urine and fungus balls that may obstruct urinary tract.
One yeast can produce how many daughter cells by budding A. 4 B. 12 C. 24 D. 36
24
how many known species of molds and yeasts does the divsion Ascomycota contain?
32,000 known species
Giardia lamblia
4 nucleate cyst, 2 nucleate trophozoite
Fungi grow best at what pH A. 5 B. 9 C. 7 D. 3
5
Sporangia
A capsule in fungi and plants in which meiosis occurs and haploid spores develop.
Communicable Disease
A disease spread from one host to another
Zygote
A fertilized egg, produced by the union of a male and female gamete. A zygote goes on to develop into a multicellular organism by repeated cell division
Bryophytes
A group of nonvascular plants comprising of mosses, hornworts, and liverworts.
Archegonium
A multicellular, often flask-shaped, egg-producing organ occurring in mosses, ferns, and most gymnosperms. (female sex organ)
Thallus
A plant body that is not differentiated into stem and leaves and lacks true roots and a vascular system.
Gymnosperm
A plant, such as a cycad or conifer, whose seeds are not enclosed within an ovary.
Prothallium
A small, flat, delicate structure produced by a germinating spore and bearing sex organs. It is the gametophyte of ferns and some other plants.
Antheridium
A sperm-producing organ occurring in seedless plants, fungi, and algae. (male sex organ)
Rhizoids
A thread-like outgrowth or root hair on the underside of the thallus in some lower plants, esp. mosses and liverworts.
What will Invasive Pulmonary Aspergillosis look like on CT?
A triangular/wedge lesion in the chest. On 3D imaging will look like a cone/pyramid. It indicates vascular occlusion and pulmonary infarction from invasive disease.
What is the treatment for Aspergillosis?
ABPA (Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis) -Steroids (since this is an allergic phenomenon), possibly itraconazole. Aspergilloma-Surgery if symptomatic. Little role for antifungal therapy since drugs cannot reach as aspergilloma. Invasive Aspergillosis-High mortality. Try to decrease immunocompromise. Voriconazole!, amphotericin, echinocandins are options.
What are general of Zygomycetes?
Absidia, Mucor, Rhizomucor, Cuninghamella, Rhizopus species.
Epidemic Disease
Acquired by many hosts in a given area in a short time (Flu)
Describe fungal pathogenesis.
Aerial conidia break off, dispersed in environment. Spread generally from the environment to people or animals with limited person-to-person spread. May have colonization leading to invasive disease. Lungs and skin are prominent entry sites for many fungi.
What do we get from Brown Algae
Algin, thickener, comes from what algae
Fungal Nutrition
All fungi are heterotrophic, consumer, from organic materials. Most are saprobes but some can be parasites
What is Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis and Allergic Fungal Sinusitis?
Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis and Allergic Fungal Sinusitis- In individuals with underlying asthma or allergic rhinitis, colonization may lead to IgE Abs with allergic type 1 and 3 hypersensitivity responses and exacerbation of asthma or rhinitis with fluctuating pulmonary infiltrates and eosinophilia. May develop bronchiectasis. The key is that this is an allergic/immunogenic response to Aspergillus is a subset of patients.
Sexual Reproduction
Allows fungi to create genetic variants, most fungi reproduce sexually at some point, 2 different organisms (+,-) mate to make fertil hyphae, used in the classification of fungi (phylum)
B, Planospore
Also known as Zoospore?
Club fungi
Also known as: A. Algal fungi B. Club fungi C. imperfect fungi D. sac fungi
sac fungi
Also known as: A. Algal fungi B. Club fungi C. imperfect fungi D. sac fungi
Ascomycota
Also known as: A. Zygomycota B. Ascomycota C. Basidiomycota D. Deuteromycota
Basidiomycota
Also known as: A. Zygomycota B. Ascomycota C. Basidiomycota D. Deuteromycota
Antigenic Variation
Alters surface protiens
Are Protozoa always multicellular or unicellular?
Always Unicellular
What are drug examples of Polyenes?
Amphotericin, Nystatin.
Systemic
An Infection throughout the body (Measles)
What is a mycotic aneurysm?
An aneurysm caused by bacteria. Called mycotic aneurysm since the bacteria look like mushrooms.
What fat is predominately in animals? In fungi?
Animals = cholesterol. Fungi = ergosterol.
Maturation Stage
Assemble phages from replicated proteins
CHaracterized by segmented bodies, hard external skeletons, and jointed legs A. Protozoa B. Fungi C. Helminths D. Anthropods
Anthropods
Cause of west nile virus, lyme disease and the bubonic plague A. Protozoa B. Fungi C. Helminths D. Anthropods
Anthropods
What serology can you do for Histoplasmosis?
Antibody assays-CF and ID tests available with H and Y antigens. Cross reactions with other fungi. Rise in titer helpful. Serum/urine antigen detection-very helpful to diagnose disseminated disease!
1. Imidazoles (inhibit synthesis) 2. Polyenes (binds directly to ergoesterol)
Antifungals that target ergosterol
What is the diagnosis of cryptococcosis?
Antigen detection in CSF, serum, and/or urine—Latex beads are coated with specific antibody against polysaccharide antigen. The fluid is diluted to various titers. The highest titer at which agglutination occurs is reported. India Ink of CSF-not as sensitive. Culture (with detection of melanin on catecholamine-containing media).
Describe Aspergillus fumigatus. What is their key morphological feature?
Aspergillus fumigatus (most common human pathogen) and other species are ubiquitous saprophytic molds found in soil, vegetation. NOT dimorphic, just a mold. Aerial hyphae have chains of conidia that become airborne. Key morphologic feature in tissue: septate hyphae that branch at acute angles. Most cases are in compromised hosts.
Which spore forms within the conidium A. Arthrospore B. Aplanospore C. Conidiospore D. Planospores
Aplanospore
1. Dematiaceous (gray, olive colored) 2. Hyaline (clear)
Appearance of KOH mounted organisms
Bright pink
Appearance of PAS mounted organisms
Blue-white to black
Appearance of calcofluor stained organisms
Black
Appearance of silver stained organism
Types of Protozoa
Archaezoa, Amoebozoa, Apicomplexa, Ciliates
___________are formed by the fragmentation of septate hyphae into single, slightly thickened cells
Arthroconidia
Describe Coccidioides pathogenesis.
Arthroconidia inhaled into lungs, transform into spherules filled with endospores (the yeast or parasitic form). Spherules rupture, release endospores -> more spherules.
What are the reproductive forms for Coccidioides immitis?
Arthroconidia spread through air, with higher incidence of infection after heavier rains and during dust storms. Epidemic after Northridge quake.
Contains the spores Blastospore, conidiospores, arthrospores, and ascospores. A. Zygomycota B. Ascomycota C. Basidiomycota D. Deuteromycota
Ascomycota
Sac fungi: A. Zygomycota B. Ascomycota C. Basidiomycota D. Deuteromycota
Ascomycota
Unicellular yeasts A. Zygomycota B. Ascomycota C. Basidiomycota D. Deuteromycota
Ascomycota
All of these are asexual spores EXCEPT: A. Conidiospore B. Chlamydospore C. Blastospore D. Ascospores
Ascospores
Ascomycetes sexual spores
Ascospores; Sexual Spores created inside an ascus, when +,- hyphae mate, 2 sex organs fuse and form dikaryons, cells enlarge to form ascus
How does Asexual Fungal Replication work?
Asexual spores are the result of the mitotic division of a parent cell
How do Molds reproduce?
Asexual-Mitosis(budding(breaking off hyphye) or form asexual spores). The primary way is spore generation/sexual-Miosis (spores)
What is Aspergilloma?
Aspergilloma-preexisting cavities (e.g. from tuberculosis) may be colonized by Aspergillus with fungus ball formation, sometimes with hemoptysis.
What is the treatment and prevention for histoplasmosis?
Asymptomatic or mild pulmonary disease in immunocompetent-no specific treatment More severe pulmonary disease-itraconazole Disseminated disease--initial ampho followed by itraconazole. Lifelong in AIDS patients. Mediastinal, pericardial involvement may require surgery, stents, etc. Prevention: Avoidance of exposure to bird/bat droppings. Appropriate respiratory precautions.
What are the Stages of the Lytic Cycle
Attachment, Penetration, Biosythesis, Maturation, Release
What are the steps of Animal Virus Multiplication
Attachment, Penetration, Uncoating, Biosynthesis, Maturation, Release
CRyptococcus neoformans: A. Zygomycota B. Ascomycota C. Basidiomycota D. Deuteromycota
Basidiomycota
Club fungi: A. Zygomycota B. Ascomycota C. Basidiomycota D. Deuteromycota
Basidiomycota
Mushrooms, rust, smut A. Zygomycota B. Ascomycota C. Basidiomycota D. Deuteromycota
Basidiomycota
Spores: Basidiospore and Chlamydospore A. Zygomycota B. Ascomycota C. Basidiomycota D. Deuteromycota
Basidiomycota
Basidiomycetes Sexual Spores
Basidiospore, Haploid sexual spores formed on a basidium, through meiosis the basidium forms 4 haploid nuclei, which develop into basidospores
Make sure you know the learning objectives.
Be able to explain the notion of an opportunistic pathogen. Understand the clinical presentations of aspergillosis related to host factors with implications for diagnosis and treatment. Understand the risk factors and clinical presentations of mucor/zygomycete infections. Recognize the key diagnostic stages of aspergillus and mucor. Understand presentations of pneumocystis.
How do you diagnose Coccidioides?
Best is histologic identification of endospore-filled spherules in tissue. Cultures done at room temperature to grow mycelial form with characteristic arthroconidia. LAB HAZARD! Poor yield of cultures at 37C for parasitic yeast form.
What is blastomycosis? What does it look like at various stages/forms?
Blastomyces dermatitidis: Dimorphic fungus-mold with thin hyphae and ovoid conidia (infectious form) at 25C, thick walled budding yeast with broad attachment to single bud in tissue at 37C. Reservoir not clear but soil likely with cases somewhat clustering around river banks.
What is cutaneous blastomycosis?
Blastomycosis that forms in the skin. Disfiguring.
All of the following are sexual spores EXCEPT: A. Ascospores B. Blastospore C. Zygospores D. Basidiospore
Blastospore
Mutalism
Both organisms benefit
How does mold reproduce? What is the reproductive structure?
Both sexual, asexual. Most medically-important fungi reproduce asexually (called imperfect fungi). Reproductive structures: Conidia= Spores. Develop from aerial hyphae. Reproduction occurs by conidia separating from the hyphae and dispersing in the environment.
Release Stage
Breaks cell wall open to release Virus killing the host bacteria
What type of buds do you see with blastomycosis?
Broad based bud.
Carb storage material, what algae type
Brown algae, what type of storage material
what algae types brown in color
Brown, Diatom, Dinoflag
Multicellular algae types
Brown, Red, Green have what in common
Algae that has Cellulose Cell Walls
Brown, Red, Green, Dinoflagelletes what in common
What are the parts of a Viron
Capsid which is made of Capsomere and a Nucleic Acid, some with an envelope, and spikes which act as receptors
How do you diagnose and treat Sporothrix schenckii?
Budding yeast forms may be found in tissue, along with asteroid bodies (yeasts are cigar shaped and surrounded by eosinophilic immune complexes), but diagnosis generally depends on cultures with dimorphic growth at 25 (mold) and 35 (yeast). Rx -Oral itraconazole. -IV amphotericin if severe
Forms of Penetration or Evasion of Host Defense
Capsules, Cell Wall components, Enzymes, Antigenic Variation, Invasins, Intracellular Growth
Parts of Complex Virus
Capsid-containing DNA or RNA, Sheath-Acts as a syringe, Baseplate-pin holds it in place on bacteria, Tails-receptors to bind to bacteria
Describe Candida albicans.
Candida albicans—most common, important in all clinical settings. Known for yeasts and pseudohyphae, but actually dimorphic with germ tubes, hyphae, and chlamydospore formation at 37C. Note: C. albicans unlike other dimorphic fungi with mold growing at 37C.
Oncovirus
Capable of turning normal cells into cancer cells
Trichinella spiralis
CPK levels up
Are Algae multicellular or unicellular?
Can be unicellular or multicellular
Are Fungi multicellular or unicellular?
Can be unicellular or multicellular
How can histoplasmosis affect the eye or the skin?
Can get ocular histoplasmosis in which have damage to retina. Can get skin lesions with disseminated histoplasmosis that looks like basal cell carcinoma.
Where is candida albicans normally found? How do you get infected by it?
Candida albicans commensal of human mouth, GI tract, vagina. Limited role of sexual transmission. Infection usually endogenous related to: -Trauma & maceration of skin -Diabetes -Antibiotic use -Malignancy -Malnutrition -Immunosuppressive meds or illnesses -Indwelling catheters
Yeast infections are caused by A) Candida albicans B) Stachybotrys
Candida albicans. Candida albicans yeast infections may occur in the mouth as thrush or as vulvovaginal candidiasis in females.
What are drug examples of echinocandins?
Caspofungin, Micafungin, Anidulofungin.
Toxoplasmosis
Cat litter
Etiology
Cause of Disease
Premature infants giving IV lipid supplements
Cause of disseminated Malassezia furfur
Individuals working in the sun who perspire a lot (creates a warm wet environment for the organism)
Cause of tinea versicolor
Eukaryotic Cell Boundrys
Cell wall and Cytoplasmic matrix
Describe host response and risk factors associated with fungal pathogenesis.
Cell-mediated immunity/granulomatous inflammation reacting to cell wall components. -Patients with impaired CMI at heightened risk for severe disease! Neutrophils also important, especially for Candida and Aspergillus, with overwhelming infection in profoundly neutropenic patients (Such as those on chemotherapy). Prolonged antibiotic exposure (selecting for fungi since antibiotics don't affect fungi) and indwelling catheters important for nosocomial fungal infection.
Also known as a tapeworm A. Cestodes B. Trematodes C. Nematoda D. Amebae
Cestodes
2 Types of Flatworms
Cestodes (tapeworms, long, ribbon-like) and Trematodes (Flukes, flat, ovoid bodies)
Types of Helminth
Cestodes, Tapeworms, Nematodes, Heartworm
Localized lesion at site of injury
Clinical signs of cutaneous sprothrichosis
Permanent hair loss
Clinical signs of favus
Lesion found along distribution of lymphatics with most distal lesion being the site of injury
Clinical signs of lymphocutaneous sprothrichosis
1. Red ring shape 2. Itching
Clinical signs of ringworm
Either hypo- or hyperpigmentation of the skin (more commonly hypopigmentation)
Clinical signs of tinea versicolor
Enyzmes
Coagulase, Kinases, Hyaluronidase, Collagenase, IgA Protease Destroys IgA antibodies
Describe Coccidioides immitis.
Coccidioides immitis: Dimorphic fungus living as mold (saprophyte) in soil in semiarid regions of southwestern US, Central America, South America. Greatest in Arizona and Central Valley. Cases outside endemic area due to travel or shipping of materials from endemic area.
Infection
Colonization of the body by pathogens
Basidiomycetes Asexual Spores
Conidia
Describe the pathogenesis of histoplasmosis.
Conidia inhaled, develop into yeast cells, engulfed by alveolar macrophages. INTRACELLULAR, resistant to lysosomal killing. Replication by budding in macrophages, with dissemination though R-E system. In endemic areas up to 90% have positive skin test indicating exposure. Of these, >95% asymptomatic, controlled by CMI but with later evidence of calcified granulomas especially in lungs/ spleen. Will see this on CT imaging.
Describe the pathogenesis of Aspergillus.
Conidia inhaled. In normal hosts, destroyed by alveolar macrophages, neutrophils. In hosts with impaired CMI or especially neutropenia, conidia germinate to produce hyphae with tendency to invade BLOOD vessels or preexisting LUNG cavities.
Describe the pathogenesis of Paracoccidioides.
Conidia presumably inhaled. Typically dormant pulmonary infection with granulomas for extended period of time. Clinical disease, like TB, from reactivation either in lungs or with dissemination to skin, mucosa, nodes, spleen, liver, adrenals. Histology is mixture of caseating granulomas and microabscesses.
Exospores formed on the outside of the conidium A. Arthrospore B. Chlamydospore C. Conidiospore D. Planospores
Conidiospore
What produces asexual spores A. Vegatative hyphae B. Reproductive hyphea C. Conidium D. Mycelium
Conidium
Endemic Disease
Constantly present in a population ( a cold)
What is the mechanism of action of 5-Flucytosine?
Converted by fungal cytosine deaminase into 5-fluorouracil; inhibits DNA synthesis. (Animal cells lack cytosine deaminase.)
Three Types of Lichens
Crustose, Fruticose, Foliose
What is cryptococcosis? What are the two species and where do you find each?
Cryptococci are yeasts with a thick polysaccharide capsule: 1. Cryptococcus neoformans-found especially in pigeon droppings. Main pathogen in temperate areas. Meningitis in immunocompromised. 2. Cryptococcus gattii-assoc w/ eucalyptus trees in tropics but ongoing outbreak in Pacific Northwest. May be somewhat more pathogenic for intact hosts. Pro Tip: Cryptococcus neoformans is the main one.
1. Sabouraud + antibiotics 2. Blood agar + antibiotics
Culture media used for fungi
One can acquire this by contact with infected hairs and epidermal cells such as shower floors or hairs. A. Systemic Mycosis B. Subcutaneous Mycosis C. Cutaneous Mycosis D. Superficial Mycosis E. Oppertunistic Mycosis
Cutaneous Mycosis
Lichens composed of fungi living in partnership with 2 types of photosynthetic microbes, called
Cyanobacteria and green algae
Protozoans vs bacteria vs helmanths vs fungi
Cyst-endospore-endospore-spore trophozoite-vegatitative cell-helmenths
What is the pathogenesis of Pneumocystis? What are the symptoms associated with Pneumocystis pneumonia? When do you see extrapulmonary symptoms?
Cysts inhaled. In susceptible patients (e.g. HIV infected patients with CD4 count <250) disease is predominantly pulmonary, with alveolar filling with plasma cells and edema. See spongy material in alveoli. Pneumocystis pneumonia-acute-to-subacute fever, dry cough, dyspnea. Exam with diffuse crackles. Chest X-ray with bilateral diffuse infiltrates (but may be normal or occasionally nodular/cavitary in AIDS). Hypoxemia with increased A-a gradient. Extrapulmonary pneumocystis involving various body sites seen almost exclusively in AIDS patients receiving aerosolized pentamidine prophylaxis. Could have Splenic Pneumocystosis!
the division of a cell's cytoplasm is called
Cytokinesis
How can Viruses be Identified
Cytopathic Effects, Serological Tests, Nucleic Acids
Pathogeneis
Development of Disease
what are 3 ways humans use Fungi?
Food, beverages, and pharmacauticals
Allergic response to dermatophytic fungal antigen
Definition of ID reaction
Reproductive portion of fungi
Definition of conidia
Internal walls that separate one hypha from another
Definition of cross walls
Organism requiring organic carbon (e.g. all fungi)
Definition of heterotrophic
Single filamentous cells of fungi
Definition of hyphae
Organism surviving on dead or decaying matter
Definition of saprophytic organism
Little inflammation
Degree of inflammation involved with Microsporum audouinii
Highly inflammatory
Degree of inflammation involved with Microsporum canis
What are the molds of Dermatophytoses? What adaptations do these molds have?
Dermatophytes—molds: Trichophyton, Microsporum, and Epidermophyton species. Keratinases, elastases. Adapted to particular hosts. Animal dermatophytes may cause more severe disease in humans.
99% of fungal diseases. A. Zygomycota B. Ascomycota C. Basidiomycota D. Deuteromycota
Deuteromycota
Candida albicans: A. Zygomycota B. Ascomycota C. Basidiomycota D. Deuteromycota
Deuteromycota
Imperfect fungi: A. Zygomycota B. Ascomycota C. Basidiomycota D. Deuteromycota
Deuteromycota
ONLY asexual spores: A. Zygomycota B. Ascomycota C. Basidiomycota D. Deuteromycota
Deuteromycota
1. KOH mount (because it is cutaneous) 2. Fluorescence (UV) on lesions
Diagnosis of Malassezia furfur
KOH only (Wood lamp will not reveal organism)
Diagnosis of epidermophyton
1. KOH mount 2. Wood lamp
Diagnosis of microsporum
Cigar-shaped yeast in tissue
Diagnosis of sporothrichosis
KOH only (Wood lamp will not reveal organism)
Diagnosis of trichophyton
silica cell walls (frustules) major component of phytoplankton; major source of world's oxygen.
Diatoms
what algae has OIL as storage material
Diatoms - what kind storage material
what algae floats until it dies (overlapping top & bottom)
Diatoms do what until they die
Algae that has Pectin & Silica in CW
Diatoms have what in CW
How does Algae aquire food
Diffusion across membrane is what function for algae
What are endemic fungi? Give examples.
Dimorphic Fungi with environmental mold forms, disease-producing yeast forms. Think GEOGRAPHY!! Cause disease in normal hosts but worse in patients with altered CMI. Examples: Coccidioides immitis, Histoplasma capsulatum, Blastomyces dermatitidis, Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. Pro Tip: These are all dimorphic fungi!
What algae has starch as storage material
Dinoflag- has what kind of storage material
Transmission of Disease
Direct (respiratory, stds), Indirect, Droplet (airbourne droplets)
Pulmonary sporotrichosis (alcoholic-rose-garden-sleeper disease)
Disease cause by sporothrix in alcoholics
Chronic Disease
Disease develops slowly (TB, Hep B, Mono)
What is a Persistant Infection
Disease processes occurs over a long period of time, generally fatal
Sporadic
Disease that occurs occasionally in a population. I.e. Typhoid Fever
1. Acute pulmonary 2. Chronic pulmonary 3. Disseminated infections
Diseases caused by all deep fungal infections
Skin infections (ringworm, tinea)
Diseases caused by dermatophytes
How do you diagnose and treat dermatophytes?
Dx with scrapings, KOH to verify fungal infection (vs. eczema). Some fluoresce skin or hair under UV light. Characteristic macroconidia distinguish species on cultures. Rx with topical azoles or terbinafine. -Oral rx if inadequate response or for onychomycosis.
What are the two layers of cytoplasm in Protozoa?
Ectoplasm:Clear, outer layer used for locomotion, feeding, and protection. Endoplasm:Granular inner layer, houses nucleus, mitochondria and vacuoles
what ameobozoa causes fatal dystentry?
Entamoeba
The ONLY pathogenic amoeba found in the human intestines A. Entamoeba histolytica B. Taenia saginata C. Trichinella spiralis D. Enterobius vermicularis
Entamoeba histolytica
Which parasitic helminth lives near the anus of infected children? A) Enterobius vernicularis B) Trichinella spiralis
Enterobius vernicularis
True or False All fungi produce both asexual spores and sexual spores
False
True or False Nematodes are always intestinal parasites
False
True/False Fungal spores are the same as bacterial spores
False
True/False All flatworms and roundworms are parasitic
False, not all are parasitic
Asexual spores formed by joint
Features of arthroconidia
Buds forming off of yeast (snowman appearance)
Features of blastoconidia
1. Asexual spores forming off most distal hyphae 2. Airborne
Features of conidia
Hyphal and yeast forms
Features of dimorphic yeast
1. Lack of cross walls 2. Varying hyphae width 3. Broad angle branching
Features of nonseptate hyphae
Hyphae separated by constrictions (rather than cross walls)
Features of pseudohyphae
1. Cross walls 2. Width is regular
Features of septate hyphae
Spores found inside fungal spherules (ball in a ball appearance)
Features of spherules and endospores
Zygote
Fertilized egg
Brown Algae
Filamentous (grow end to end), seaweed like kelp
Describe pulmonary Coccidioides. What is it like and what symptoms are associated with it? What do you see on the skin? On CXR?
Flu-like illness with fever, cough, arthralgias known as Valley Fever. -Notice this triad of fever, cough, and arthralgias. May have associated erythema nodosum as sign of vigorous CMI response. Seen on the lower extremities. CXR findings include infiltrates, adenopathy, pleural effusions, nodules, cavitation. Patients with localized pulmonary cocci typically have LOW complement fixation antibody titers.
What do you see histologically with Pneumocystis pneumonia?
Foamy alveolar exudate in Pneumocystis pneumonia.
Yeast (mnemonic: yeast in the beast) except for candida, which occurs as pseudohyphae
Form of dimorphic yeast seen in humans
Hyphae (mnemonic: mold in the cold) except for candida, which occurs as yeast
Form of dimorphic yeast seen in the environment
Sporangiospores
Formed in a saclike head (sporangium), which is attached to a stalk (sporangiophore)
Prevalence
Fraction of a population having a specific disease at a given time
Incidence of Disease
Fraction of a population that contracts a disease during a specific time
Conida
Free spores, pinch off the tip of a fertile hypha or by segmentation of a vegetative hypha
Diphyllobothriasis
Freshwater fish Trout, pike, perch
Arthroconidia
Fungal morphology
Blastoconidia
Fungal morphology
Conidia
Fungal morphology
Dimorphic
Fungal morphology
Nonseptate hyphae
Fungal morphology
Pseudohyphae
Fungal morphology
Septate hyphae
Fungal morphology
Spherules and endospores
Fungal morphology
Yeast
Fungal morphology
Have enzymes to break down almost anything
Fungi
Responsible for food spoilage and disease in plants and humans. A. Protozoa B. Helminths C. Fungi D. Arthropods
Fungi
These are chemoheterotrophs A. Protozoa B. Fungi C. Helminths D. Anthropods
Fungi
They have a cell wall and cell membrane that contain sterols A. Protozoa B. Fungi C. Helminths D. Anthropods
Fungi
This has 100000 know species
Fungi
What is the size difference between yeast and bacteria?
Fungi are 4-15x bigger than bacteria.
these are all chracteristics of what? Chemoheterotrophic Chitin/ Cell wall Lack Chlorophyll (no photosynthesis)
Fungi-characteristics
Every naturally occurring organic material on earth can be attacked by a ...
Fungus
How do you diagnose Pneumocystosis?
Giemsa, toluidine blue, methenamine silver, calcofluor white or direct fluorescent monoclonal antibody stains of induced sputum, bronchoalveolar lavage, transbronchial biopsy, or open lung biopsy specimens. Larger organism burden in AIDS patients--induced sputum and lavage more sensitive. In organ transplant patients, commonly need biopsy.
What is the gram characteristic of fungi?
Gram positive.
Volvox
Green algae, forms colony that swims in unison, flagella & eyespot COLONY FORMING
Unicellular algae types
Greens, Diatoms, Dinoflag have what in common
High/Low Fungi and grow in _____ sugar or salt concentrations
HIGH
How do you diagnose Zygomycosis?
Hallmark of diagnosis is detection of broad nonseptate hyphae in biopsy material from affected areas.
Are most fungi, many algae, and some protozoa haploid or diploid?
Haploid
Sarcodina
Has pseudopodia, is an amoebae, asexual reproduction only, single nucleus (most), free living (can get in body but not paracitic)
Zygomycetes sexual spores
Has sexual spores = zygospores; Hyphae form +,- strains fuse to create a zygote, wall disrupted when conditions are favorable, spore germinates into a mycelium
Mastigophora
Has single nucleus, flagellated (most), sexual reproduction(mytosis, has male and female for genetic diversity), form cysts, free living (or parasites)
a structure of a parasitic plant or fungus that penetrates host tissues to obtain food and water
Haustoria
Ascomycetes Asexual spores
Have different types of conidia
Multicellular animals and many are parasitic. A. Arthropods B. Protozoa C. Helminths
Helminths
Produce a large number of eggs. A. Protozoa B. Fungi C. Helminths D. Anthropods
Helminths
What is histoplasmosis capsulatum?
Histoplasma capsulatum: Dimorphic fungus with mold form found in soil, BIRD (Starlings)/BAT droppings worldwide. Most cases in Midwest river valleys. Along Ohio and Mississippi river. Indiana, Kentucky. Infectious microconidia spread through the air. Other animals may be infected. -Hazard for spelunkers (exposure to bat guano).
Plaques
Holes in cell layer caused by viral destruction of host cells
Ancylostoma duodena, Necator americanus
Hookworm disease
from other living organisms via modified hyphea called haustoria
How do other fungi get nutrients?
Lichens
Hybrid of algae and fungus. Provides an attachment point by fungus, algae feeds off the fungus.
Septate hypha
Hypha that are composed of individual cells seperated from one another by cell walls
Microscopic fungi have what two morphologies?
Hyphae and Yeast, some are dimorphic (can take either form but not at same time)
Herd Immunity
Immunity in most of a population (generally due to vaccines)
Where geographically do you find blastomycosis?
In North America, geography similar to histoplasmosis but extends into Southern Canada. Symptomatic disease less frequent than histoplasmosis.
What is invasive Aspergillosis?
In severely immunocompromised, conidia germinate in lungs with hyphal pneumonia with lung necrosis, invasion of blood vessels. May have dissemination to BRAIN, GI tract, liver, kidney, sinuses/orbits, etc.
Vehicle Transmission
Inanimate resevoir (food, water, air)
Five Stages of Disease
Incubation Period (no signs or symptoms), Prodromal Period (mild signs or symptoms), Period of Illness (most severe), Period of Decline (vulnerable to secondary), Period of Convalescence ( can last for years)
Describe the pathogenesis of blastomycosis.
Inhalation of conidia. Primary pulmonary disease may present with fever, cough, myalgias. May lead to chronic pneumonia. Host response both neutrophils, granulomas. Dissemination more common in immunocompromised. Key sites: skin, bone, genitalia, CNS.
What is the mechanism of action of Echinocandins?
Inhibit fungal Beta glucan synthesis, disrupting cell wall integrity. (Animals have no cell walls.)
What is the mechanism of action of Griseofulvin?
Inhibit fungal growth by binding to microtubules, disrupting mitotic spindles. (Animal microtubules less sensitive.)
Characteristics of Viruses
Intracellular parasites, contain DNA or RNA, No ribosomes, No ATP, some have spikes, some are enveloped, contain a protein coat
What CT finding is classic for invasive Aspergillosis?
Invasive aspergillosis with "air crescent" and halo sign on CT. Looks like crescent shaped dark region. Have necrosis around it.
Describe Pityriasis versicolor.
It in the superficial skin. Also known as Tinea versicolor. Chronic nonpruritic hyper- and hypopigmented macules on the trunk in areas of sweating. Minimal scaling. Caused by a lipophilic yeast, Malassezia furfur. Normal flora of skin and scalp.
Fungi Imperfecti
Lacks a sexual reproduction phase, Usually conidia
Endotoxin
Lipid compostition, Gram negative, large LD, from cell wall
1. Blastomyces 2. Coccidiodes 3. Histoplasma
List of deep fungal infections
1. Trichophyton 2. Microsporum 3. Epidermophyton
List of genera in dermatophytes
1. Blastomyces 2. Histoplasma 3. Coccidiodes 4. Sporothrix (mnemonic: body heat changes shape)
List of main dimorphic fungi
Probiotics
Live microbes applied to or ingested into the body for a beneficial effect
what do Amoebozoas have? what do they lack?
Lobe shaped pseudopodia NO shells
What is the treatment for Coccidioides?
Low risk patients with mild localized pulmonary disease may not need treatment. High risk patients with pulmonary disease or all patients with disseminated disease (defined clinically or by high CF titer) treated, usually with fluconazole.
What are dimorphic fungi?
MOLDS at ambient temperatures (e.g. 25C), forming reproductive spore structures. Spores aerosolized and infectious. Inhaled by host, grow as YEASTS at body temperature. Identification based on stains of tissues showing yeast forms, serologic tests to detect antigens or antibodies, and cultures at 25C growing mold forms. LAB HAZARD since will have mold which is the infectious form.
Fungi are divided in to what two categories
Macroscopic and Microscopic
Microsocpic fungi are unicellular or multicellular
Majority are unicellular but some are multicellular
Your roommate tells you that the maple syrup has bacterial growth. Without looking, you suspect the growth is actually a fungus. Why? A. Fungi can metabolize wood. B. Bacteria do not grow on sugar. C. Maple syrup has a high osmotic pressure. D. Fungi are usually aerobes.
Maple syrup has a high osmotic pressure
Protozoa Phyla
Mastigophora, Sarcodina, Ciliophora, Apicomplexa
______ is nuclear division of diploid cells that results in four haploid daughter nuclei. sexual reproduction
Meiosis
How do you treat meningitis due to Coccidioides?
Meningitis treated with intrathecal (in the subarachnoid space) amphotericin (some cases of cure) or lifelong high dose fluconazole, often following induction with IV amphotericin. AIDS patients need lifelong therapy probably even after immune reconstitution.
Steps of Koch's Postulate
Microrganism isolated, grown on a culture, inject into a healthy organism, Isolated again from newly infected organism, grown in pure culture, identified
What do you use to microscopically diagnose fungi?
Microscopic examination of scrapings or tissues. Fungi are Gram positive! More selective stains include: -KOH: breaks down host cells, easier to see fungi. -India Ink - for CSF cryptococcus. -Calcofluor - fluorescent dye. -Methenamine silver - silver taken up by fungi.
Eukaryoitc Cell Cytoskeleton
Microtubules and microfilaments
What is the treatment for blastomycosis? What is prevention?
Mild or localized disease treated with itraconazole. Severe disease treated with amphotericin. No specific means of prevention.
What is the treatment and prevention for Paracoccidioides?
Mild-moderate disease treated with itraconazole. Interestingly, trimethoprim-sulfa has activity, but tendency to relapse. Severe disease treated with amphotericin. No known means of prevention.
Curved septate hyphae and yeast (mnemonic: spaghetti and meatballs)
Morphology of Malassezia furfur
Dimorphic fungi
Morphology of all deep fungal infections
Septate hyphae with arthroconidia
Morphology of all dermatophytes
Dimorphic (hyphae with rossettes in environment, cigar-shaped yeast in tissue)
Morphology of sporothrix
Where Algae found
Most aquatic, some terrestial (moist soil)
Resolution (most never see a doctor)
Most common outcome of deep fungal infection
What are Protozoas Habitat?
Mostly found in water. Require moisture, fresh and marine water, soil, plants and animals Can (not likely) linve in extreme temps or pH
What is systemic candidiasis? How do you get it? Where do you see symptoms?
Mucocutaneous barriers breached in patients with surgery, burns, lines, antibiotics, immunosuppression, neutropenia, cancer (esp. hematologic) Candidemia may have wide dissemination. Chronic disseminated candidiasis, involves the liver and spleen after episodes of neutropenia. Often fatal condition. Any blood culture growing Candida must be treated as "real" rather than a contaminant.
How do you diagnose candidiasis?
Mucosal & cutaneous candidiasis diagnosed clinically and with KOH of scrapings. Invasive disease requires blood cultures and/or stains/cultures of tissues & fluids. Species identified by morphology of pseudohyphae on Corn Meal Agar (at room temperature) and selectivity of carbon source assimilation. !!!!Germ Tube Test- Candida albicans uniquely forms germ tubes, precursors of hyphae, when grown in serum at 37C.
What is Candida esophagitis?
Mucosal Candidiasis Candida esophagitis-Plaques & ulcers in patients with AIDS, cancer, immunosuppression. Organisms descend from mouth. Commonly thrush is a clue. Presents with dysphagia or odynophagia (pain with swallowing). Dx by endoscopy.
Ptyriasis (tinea versicoor)
Name of disease caused by Malassezia furfur
Tinea pedis (athlete's foot)
Name of disease involving fungal infection of the foot
Tinea cruris (jock's itch)
Name of disease involving fungal infection of the groin
Tinea unguium (onychomycosis)
Name of disease involving fungal infection of the nails
Tinea corporis
Name of disease involving ringworm of the body skin
Tinea barbae
Name of disease involving ringworm of the lower face
Tinea capitis
Name of disease involving ringworm of the scap
Visceral Larval Migrans
NeMac, TH2 differentiation
Also known as roundworm A. Cestodes B. Trematodes C. Nematoda D. Amebae
Nematoda
Cylindrical and tapered with complete digestive systems A. Cestodes B. Trematodes C. Nematoda D. Amebae
Nematoda
Enterobius Vermicularis A. Cestodes B. Trematodes C. Nematoda D. Amebae
Nematoda
Eukaryotic Cell Nucleus consist of
Nuclear Envelope, Nucleolus, Chromosomes
Subclinical Disease
No noticeable signs or symptoms (Hep A)
What symptoms do you see with AIDS patients with cryptococcosis?
Nodular, central umbilicated skin lesions in AIDS patients with cryptococcosis.
Describe disseminated Coccidioides.
Overall, <1% spread to skin, bones, meninges (granulomatous basilar meningitis) or other body sites. -The KEY is that are worried about meningitis. May be soon after exposure or late (reactivation similar to TB style). -Risk factors include altered CMI (e.g. AIDS, organ transplant) and pregnancy (altered immune function and trophic effects of E2, progesterone for cocci). Patients with dissemination typically have HIGH CF antibody titers.
What is the shape of budding yeast?
Ovoid shape.
what are the 4 classes of Protozoa?
Parabasala Alveolates Amoebozoa Euglenozoa
Describe Paracoccidioides brasiliensis.
Paracoccidioides brasiliensis-Dimorphic fungus with characteristic yeast form with large multiply budding cells with narrow attachments in tissue and 36C rich medium culture. Found in Central and South America. Probable soil source but not clear. Men>>Women (?Exposure). Worst problem in Brazil—death rate up to 1.5/1000.
what is a well known pond water ciliate?
Paramecium
Local Infection
Pathogens are limited to a small area of the body (abscess)
Trichomoniasis
Pear shaped, barbed tail
How does Algae aquire energy
Photoautotroph, uses sunlight for photosynth and CO2
What are the two types of Animal virus Attachment, Pentration, and Uncoating
Pinocytosis, Fusion
Dinoflag
Plankton, free floating, grooves for motility, some harmful to humans
Describe Pneumocystosis.
Pneumocystis jiroveci--Previously thought to be a protozoan; molecular studies indicate actually fungus. P. jiroveci now identified as the human pathogen with the more familiar P. carinii found only in rats. **Trophozoites and Cysts with thick walls and multiple nuclei. Little known until AIDS era--leading opportunistic infection in AIDS. Also seen in organ transplantation, lymphomas, other altered CMI.
Capsules
Prevent phagocytosis
How do you prevent getting Coccidioides?
Prevention: Avoidance of dusty environments in endemic areas in high-risk individuals.
What is the prevention for Aspergillosis?
Prevention: Role for prophylactic antifungal therapy in neutropenic patients. HEPA air filters in bone marrow transplant units.
Proteinaceous Infectious Particle
Prion
Chytridomycetes
Prmitive fungi (chytrids) Single cells or clusters, Don't form hyphae or yeast-like cells, Produce flagellated spores (zoospores)
Ecological Importance of Algae
Produces 50-80% of earth's oxygen, use CO2 to form carbs (lg molecules), food source for marine animals
Biosynthesis Stage
Production of phage DNA and proteins
How do you prevent and treat cryptococcosis?
Prophylactic antifungals rarely used (rx effective, avoid causing R Candida) Meningitis generally treated initially with amphotericin and 5FC, converted to fluconazole when CSF antigen titer drops substantially. Pulmonary disease may be treatable with fluconazole from the beginning. AIDS patients need long term treatment.
Cell wall
Protective barrier in all fungi
Exotoxin
Protein composition, Gram positive, from inside the cell, small LD
What is chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis?
Recurrent, severe mucosal/cutaneous candidiasis often w/ disfiguring lesions, starting in early childhood. Due to defects of CMI. May be associated with autoimmune endocrinopathies
Which algae produces Calcium Carbonate - helps form coral reefs
Red algae produces what natural substance and what does it do ?
Glucose polymer storage material, what algae
Red, Green have what type of storage material
Purpose of Fungal spores
Replication, Survival, Producing genetic variation, and Dissemination
Also known as aerial hyphae A. Vegatative hyphae B. Reproductive hyphea C. Conidium D. Mycelium
Reproductive hyphea
Stalk like filaments that stick up over the substrate A. Vegatative hyphae B. Reproductive hyphea C. Conidium D. Mycelium
Reproductive hyphea
What is the life cycle of molds?
Reproductive structure (spore) germinates. An elongated germ tube forms. Growth by apical extension, leading to formation of hyphae -> mycelia. Vegetative hyphae ~ roots. Aerial hyphae with reproductive structures.
All distinguish parasitic helminths EXCEPT A. They lack a digestive system B. They have a reduced nervous system C. They lack the means of motion D. Reproductive system is simple
Reproductive system is simple
Portals of Exit
Respiratory Tract, GI, Genirourinary, Skin, Blood
Leishmaniasis
Rodent, dog, human reservoir Sandfly transmitter
Part of skin flora
Route of transmission for Malassezia furfur
Traumatic implantation
Route of transmission for sporothrix
protozoan asexual reproduction within red blood & liver cells
Schizogony
What is the mechanism of action of polyenes?
Selectively bind to ergosterol in fungal cell membrane -> osmotic cell death. (Much less binding to cholesterol.)
What is the mechanism of action of Azoles?
Selectively block ergosterol synthesis by inhibiting demethylation of lanosterol. (Fungal P450 enzyme much more sensitive than animal.)
What is the mechanism of action of Terbinafine?
Selectively blocks ergosterol synthesis by inhibiting squalene epoxidase (not found in animals).
How are Helminths Classified?
Shape, Size, Degree of development organs, and Presence of hooks/suckers/or other special structures (determined by microscopic dissection of the adult,larvae,and eggs)
How Damage is Done to Host Cell
Siderophores, Direct, Toxins, Lysogenic Conversion, Cytopathic Effects
Describe cutaneous Candidiasis.
Similar to dermatophytes, but particular tendency to involve water-exposed or intertriginous areas esp. in obese patients, diabetics. Unique to cutaneous candidiasis and not seen in dermatophytes: Often painful, red, inflamed with vesicles/pustules. May have finger>toe nail involvement, often with coexistent paronychia, esp in dishwashers, etc.
Morphology of Algae
Single or multi-celled Eukaryotes (colonies/filamentous)
What immunologic and molecular diagnostics do we use for fungi?
Skin tests have limited role for verifying exposure to some fungi. Problematic if impaired CMI and cannot distinguish old from recent exposure. A positive skin test may be a good prognostic sign. -Don't use much anymore. Antibody serologies available for many fungi, of varying utility. Antibodies are not against the fungi, they are just a marker of immunity. No actual immune function. Antigen detection available and very helpful for Cryptococcus and Histo, now Cocci. Antigen better to use than Ab. Galactomannan (in cell wall) assays for Aspergillus and beta glucan (in cell wall) assays for other fungi hold promise. DNA probe, PCR technologies relatively undeveloped for fungal infection.
How do you diagnose Aspergillosis?
Smears of sputum, bronchoscopy specimens, lung biopsies showing characteristic hyphae (septate, acute angle hyphae). Cultures on fungal media at ROOM temperature; characteristic hyphae. Antibody tests helpful for Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis, not for invasive disease. Antigen detection of cell wall galactomannan shows promise for early diagnosis of invasive disease.
Trichinella spiralis
Smoking/salting don't kill
What is another name for Paracoccidioidomycosis?
South American Blastomycosis.
Microsporum canis (will infect skin and hair)
Species of fungus transmitted from animals such as cats or dogs
Microsporum audoinii
Species of fungus transmitted from humans
Fungi; 3 types of asexual spores formation
Sporangiospores Chlamydospores Conidiospores a. Arthroconidia b. blastoconidia
2 types of Asexual spores
Sporangiospores and Conida
What is the pathogenesis of zygomycete?
Sporangiospores inhaled, organisms settle in nose or lungs. May be inoculated into skin. Generally no clinical disease without predisposing defects to immune system. Sporangiospores germinate, hyphae invade VESSELS causing tissue necrosis and dissemination.
Sexual spores form by doing all of the following EXCEPT: A. Two hyphae grow together and fuse B. Spores formed by fusion of male and female strains C. Spores formed by partitioning of hypha or forming special structures.
Spores formed by partitioning of hypha or forming special structures.
What is Sporothrix schenckii? Describe the symptoms when you get infected.
Sporothrix schenckii—Dimorphic fungus (Mold in environment, Yeast in tissue). Found on vegetation, esp. rose bushes and sphagnum moss. Will see with gardeners. Conidia inoculated into skin of upper extremity by trauma (esp. gardening). Ulcer develops into granulomatous nodule. -Classic lymphocutaneous spread with thickening of draining lymphatics & chain of subcutaneous nodules!!! Key finding on physical exam. May disseminate. May have primary pulmonary disease from inhalation. Some protective immunity- more limited disease in patients with multiple exposures. Budding yeasts may be found in tissue, along with asteroid bodies (yeasts are cigar shaped and surrounded by eosinophilic immune complexes).
Green Algae - two common types
Spyrogyra, Volvox types of what
India ink stain (but its only 50% sensitive, meaning it has false negatives, meaning it may tell you nothing is there when there actually is; use latex agglutination assay for most sensitivity)
Stain used for cryptococcus neorformans
Silver stain
Stain used for pneumocystis
Calcofluor or KOH
Stain used for skin scrapings
How do you diagnose blastomycosis? What serology is associated with it?
Stains of sputum, pus, urine, tissue-characteristic yeast forms, rarely hyphal forms. Culture-Mold at 30C (warmer than usual), conversion to yeast on rich medium at 37C. No good skin test. Serology-Some role for CF, ID, EIA antibody detection. Problems with cross reactivity with other fungi.
How do you diagnose Histoplasmosis?
Stains of tissue showing yeast cells in macrophages. This is class for Histoplasmosis. Will see in peripheral WBC. Culture of sputum, urine, skin lesions, blood, bone marrow. At 25C for mold, at 37C for yeast. Hyphae have macroconidia and microconidia. Like cocci, LAB HAZARD. Skin test used only for epidemiology, not individual diagnosis. May lead to false positive antibody tests.
In what ethnicities do we see more Coccidioides?
Striking racial/ethnic differences in rate of dissemination. Filipinos>African Americans>Native Americans >Hispanics >Asians>Caucasians.
Aseptate hypha
String of non separated hyphae
Pathology
Study of Disease
Mycology
Study of Fungi
A puncture wound allows spores or mycelial fragments to implant directly into the tissue beneath the skin A. Systemic Mycosis B. Subcutaneous Mycosis C. Cutaneous Mycosis D. Superficial Mycosis E. Oppertunistic Mycosis
Subcutaneous Mycosis
Sporothrix schenckii, which occurs in gardeners and farmers is a: A. Systemic Mycosis B. Subcutaneous Mycosis C. Cutaneous Mycosis D. Superficial Mycosis E. Oppertunistic Mycosis
Subcutaneous Mycosis
What is Chromomycosis and Phaeohyphomycosis?
Subcutaneous mycoses. Caused by pigmented soil molds (dematiaceous - pigmented mold) inoculated into skin. May have warty granulomatous lesions, cysts, or disseminated disease (especially in immunocompromised).
What is Mycetoma?
Subcutaneous mycoses. Mycetoma or Madura Foot-chronic draining sinuses with colored granules. Generally tropical, acquired by barefoot exposure to soil/vegetation.
What is the substance that a fungus grow on A. Conidium B. Mycelium C. Substrate D. Filamentous
Substrate
Subacute
Symptoms between Acute and Chronic
Acute Disease
Symptoms develop rapidly (Flu)
Dermatophytid
Synonym of ID reaction
Focal
Systemic Infection that began as a local (teeth, tonsils, sinuses)
Coccidioidomycosis, which occurs in the dessert and SW USA, cause respiratory infection and is a: A. Systemic Mycosis B. Subcutaneous Mycosis C. Cutaneous Mycosis D. Superficial Mycosis E. Oppertunistic Mycosis
Systemic Mycosis
Fungal infections deep within the body A. Systemic Mycosis B. Subcutaneous Mycosis C. Cutaneous Mycosis D. Superficial Mycosis E. Oppertunistic Mycosis
Systemic Mycosis
Fiddehead
The coiled young fronds of any varoius ferns
Mitosis
The process in cell division by which the nucleus divides, typically consisting of four stages, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase, and normally resulting in two new nuclei, each of which contains a complete copy of the parental chromosomes.
Meiosis
The process of cell division in sexually reproducing organisms that reduces the number of chromosomes in reproductive cells from diploid to haploid, leading to the production of gametes in animals and spores in plants.
Sporophyte
The spore-producing phase in the life cycle of a plant that exhibits alternation of generations.
Describe Dermatophytoses.
These are in the cutaneous layer. Also called "ringworm" or tinea (from Latin for worm) because of round lesions. -Rare among fungi, may have person-to-person and zoonotic spread.
What are Sporotrichosis?
These are subcutaneous mycoses.
Affects the feet A. Tinea capitis B. Tinea corporis C. Tinea cruris D. Tinea pedis E. Tinea unguium
Tinea pedis
What do Protozoa eat?
They are Heterotrophs, they eat bacteria, decaying organic matter, and other protozoa (Tissues of host)
Which of these answers is true for the trematodes? A. They live exclusively in the host's intestinal tract. B. They may have more than one intermediate host. C. They have long, flat, segmented bodies. D. They often lack reproductive systems. E. They are classified in the Phylum Nematoda
They may have more than one intermediate host
Cyst
Thick capsule, low metabolic rate, dormant resting stage (are endospore-like) (can be dispersed by wind)
Mildew
This is a diagram of A. Sacccharomyces cerevisiae B. Rhizopus nigricans C. Mildew D. Penicillium
Penicillium
This is a diagram of A. Sacccharomyces cerevisiae B. Rhizopus nigricans C. Mildew D. Penicillium
Rhizopus nigricans
This is a diagram of A. Sacccharomyces cerevisiae B. Rhizopus nigricans C. Mildew D. Penicillium
Sacccharomyces cerevisiae
This is a diagram of A. Sacccharomyces cerevisiae B. Rhizopus nigricans C. Mildew D. Penicillium
Smut fungi
This is a diagram of A. Smut fungi B. Rhizopus nigricans C. Mildew D. Penicillium
Arthrospore
This is a diagram of: A. Arthrospore B. Chlamydospore C. Conidiospore D. Planospores
Chlamydospore
This is a diagram of: A. Arthrospore B. Chlamydospore C. Conidiospore D. Planospores
Which Tinea is especially problematic in diabetic patients?
Tinea pedis a key risk factor for invasive bacterial infections in diabetics via disruption of normal skin barriers.
Affects the nails A. Tinea capitis B. Tinea corporis C. Tinea cruris D. Tinea pedis E. Tinea unguium
Tinea unguium
What is Thoracic mucormycosis?
Thoracic mucormycosis-similar to invasive pulmonary aspergillosis with pneumonia, pulmonary infarction, etc. Seen less in diabetics than in immunosuppressed. Other forms include cutaneous, GI, disseminated.
How can a plant get a virus
Through a wound (usually from an insect)
Affects the scalp A. Tinea capitis B. Tinea corporis C. Tinea cruris D. Tinea pedis E. Tinea unguium
Tinea capitis
Affects the torso A. Tinea capitis B. Tinea corporis C. Tinea cruris D. Tinea pedis E. Tinea unguium
Tinea corporis
Affects the groin A. Tinea capitis B. Tinea corporis C. Tinea cruris D. Tinea pedis E. Tinea unguium
Tinea cruris
Sepsis
Toxic inflammatory condition from the spread of microbes
1. Itraconazole 2. Amphotericin B
Treatment of alcoholic-rose-garden-sleeper disease
1. Itraconazole 2. Potassium iodide in milk
Treatment of cutaneous or lymphocutaneous sporothrichosis
1. Oral imidazoles 2. Griseofulvin
Treatment of painful dermatophytes
1. Topical imidazoles 2. Tolnaftate
Treatment of painless dermatophytes
what is a well-known opportunistic pathogenic parabasalid causes severe inflammation of the human vagina?
Trichomonas
What is the treatment and prevention of Pneumocystis?
Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole is first line therapy, with adjunctive steroid therapy for patients with significant hypoxemia or elevated A-a gradient. Alternatives include pentamidine, atovaquone, trimethoprim-dapsone, clindamycin, primaquine, trimetrexate. Prevention-Prophylaxis with SMX/TMP for organ transplant patients and for HIV infected patients with declining CD4 counts. Antiretroviral therapy leading to immune reconstitution is best prevention in patients with HIV infection.
Protozoa Life Cycle
Trophozoite, Cyst, Encystment
True or False Members of a fungal phylum are characterized by a specific type of sexual spore
True
True or False Most plants benefit from symbiotic fungal partners
True
True or False The phylum Platyhelminthes contains the cestodes and trematodes
True
True/False Many Helminths are free livingin the soil and water.
True
euglenoids contain choroplasts that contain light absorbing pigments T or F?
True
1. Saprophytic 2. Parasitic
Two forms of fungi (in terms of food source)
Asexual spores form by doing all of the following EXCEPT: A. Two hyphae grow together and fuse B. One mold or fungus will divide an area C. Spores formed by partitioning of hypha or forming special structures. D. Spores are formed by budding
Two hyphae grow together and fuse
Zoospores
flagellated spores in chytrids
Saprophytic (it is not parasitic because superficial skin is not living tissue)
Type of heterotroph that infects the superficial skin
1. Dermatophytes
Types of fungi with arthroconidia morphology
1. Sporothrix
Types of fungi with conidia morphology
1. Sporothrix
Types of fungi with nonseptate hyphae morphology
1. Candida
Types of fungi with pseudohyphae morphology
1. Malassezia furfur (most of it) 2. Dermatophytes
Types of fungi with septate hyphae morphology
1. Coccidiodes
Types of fungi with spherules in endospores morphology
1. Sporothrix 2. Candida
Types of fungi with yeast morphology
What are the histological characteristics of Mucormycosis (properly Zygomycosis)?
Ubiquitous saprophytes in soil, plants. Common bread molds! Characterized by sporangia, sporangiospores! = TQ. In tissue, broad, nonseptate hyphae with right-angle branching.
Make sure you know the learning objectives.
Understand fungal structure and physiology including differences between fungi and animals. Understand mechanisms of action of antifungal agents. Understand fungal pathogenesis and host-organism interactions. Understand diagnostic tests available for fungal infections.
Make sure you know the learning objectives.
Understand the difference between superficial, cutaneous, and subcutaneous fungal infections and recognize typical clinical appearances. Understand the different presentations of candidal infections and the impact of host factors with implications for dx and rx. Understand the presentations of cryptococcal infection and the impact of host factors with implications for dx and rx.
Make sure you know the learning objectives.
Understand the geographical, epidemiologic, and host factors related to infection with the major endemic fungi Recognize the key diagnostic stages of the organisms Describe the lifecycle of dimorphic fungi Begin to understand considerations in treatment.
Protozoa
Unicellular chemoheterotroph which absorbs its foods and reproduces assexually or sexually
What are yeasts?
Unicellular fungi, reproduce by budding. May form pseudohyphae which are elongated buds.
Algae
Unicellular photoautotroph which recieves nutrients by diffusion
Ergosterol
Unique component of fungal membranes
Siderophores
Uses hosts Iron (Fe)
Uses for Fungi
Vaccines, Bread, Wine, Kills Termites, Cellulase (clothing, juice)
What does Coccidioidomycosis cause?
Valley Fever. Mnemonic: Vally girls like cock.
Arthropods that carry pathogenic microorganisms A. Vector B. Cestodes C. Nematoda D. Amebae
Vector
Filaments that look like roots A. Vegatative hyphae B. Reproductive hyphea C. Conidium D. Mycelium
Vegatative hyphae
Lysogenic Cycle
Viral DNA forms a prophage within the bacterias DNA remaining latent until it enters the lytic cycle
Infectious Plant RNA
Viroid
What are the virulence factors of Candida albicans?
Virulence factors: Adherence, proteases, phospholipases, yeast/hyphal transformation.
What is Candida Endophthalmitis?
WHen have cloudy vitreous humor due to candida infection in the eye.
this crop pathogen devastated the potato crop in Ireland during the mid-19th century, causing a famine that killed over 1 million people. What was this?
Water Mold called Phytophthora infestans
Giardia lamblia
Well contamination Hiker drinking bad water
Hyphae
Where is this spore forming A. conidium B. Hyphae C. Bud
C
Which one is Conidiospore?
C, Conidiospore
Which one is Penicillium?
B, Chlamydospore
Which one is Smut Fungi?
B
Which one is a Chlamydospore?
A, Blastospore
Which one is a Sacccharomyces cerevisiae?
A
Which one is a arthrospore?
A, Arthrospore
Which one is mildew?
A, Blastospore
Which one is yeast buds?
What is a Latent Infection
Will remain in host for a long period of time (comes and goes)
Pandemic Disease
Worldwide epidemic (AIDS)
What agar do you use to grow fungi?
YEASTS generally grow well on blood agar. MOLDS recovered better using media that inhibit bacterial growth such as Sabouraud's dextrose agar!!! -Dimorphic fungi grow as molds at 25C and yeasts at 37C. Rhizopus/zygomycete species from tissues grow poorly. Molds with aerial conidia processed under a hood to protect laboratory workers.
Are Algae are Eukaryotes? Photosynthetic?
YES. Algea are eukaryotic and photosynthetic organisms
How do you diagnose Paracoccidioidomycosis?
Yeast forms in fluids or tissues Culture with appropriate conversion to yeast form at 36C, rich medium Rising titer of comp fix or immunodiffusion antibody (helpful, correlate with severity of disease) Skin testing for epidemiology, not diagnosis
What are the clinical aspects of cryptococcosis? How do you get it? Where can it spread to? What are the symptoms?
Yeasts inhaled. Pulmonary infection usually asymptomatic but may have pneumonia or lung nodules. Dissemination to brain leading to meningoencephalitis with fever, headache, neurologic deficits, elevated CSF protein, decreased glucose, positive India Ink, positive cryptococcal antigen. May also go to skin, prostate. Most patients have altered CMI, esp. AIDS or transplantation. AIDS patients lack neurologic symptoms because have low threshold. Only see fever and headache.
Describe Cryptococcus neoformans. How do you ID it? What are the virulence factors?
Yeasts with narrow-based buds. Wide polysaccharide capsule allows identification with India Ink or latex agglutination detection of capsular antigen. Virulence factors include: -the capsule (antiphagocytic), -phenol oxidase enzyme (which scavenges catecholamines and produces melanin which protects against oxidant stress), -phospholipases.
Are all Helminths Eukaryotic?
Yes
Can Candida cause endocarditis?
Yes! Will see vegetations on valves, esp. mitral valve.
Are all Helminths Multicellular?
Yes, They are a multicellular animal with organs and organ systems (to some degree)
Algal fungi: A. Zygomycota B. Ascomycota C. Basidiomycota D. Deuteromycota
Zygomycota
Branched nonseptate hyphae: A. Zygomycota B. Ascomycota C. Basidiomycota D. Deuteromycota
Zygomycota
Bread molds and water molds: A. Zygomycota B. Ascomycota C. Basidiomycota D. Deuteromycota
Zygomycota
Contain the spores zoospores, aplanospores, oospores and zygospores. A. Zygomycota B. Ascomycota C. Basidiomycota D. Deuteromycota
Zygomycota
name the 4 classes of Fungi
Zygomycota Ascomycota Basidiomycota Deuteromycetes
Diplod
a cell containing two sets of chromosomes
Ciguatera is caused by A) a tick bite B) a dinoflagellate neurotoxin
a dinoflagellate neurotoxin
Which type of organism is a nematode? A) fungus B) a helminth.
a helminth
Gamete
a mature sexual reproductive cell having a single set of unpaired chromosomes
Sporangiophore
a plant or fungal structure that bears a sporangium or spores
Which type of organism is Toxoplasma gondii? A) a protozoan parasite B) a helminth
a protozoan parasite. Toxoplasma gondii is a protozoan parasite that can infect cats as well as humans
What other test (in addition to a CSF study) will be positive in this patient with AIDS, fever, and headache? a) Serum cryptococcal antigen b) Blood culture growing Streptococcus pneumoniae c) CSF culture with a mold growing best w/ olive oil d) Microscopy of skin scrapings showing dermatophyte
a) Serum cryptococcal antigen
A patient with diabetic ketoacidosis has necrosis of the palate and nasal mucosa. What is likely pathogen? a. Rhizopus species b. Aspergillus fumigatus c. Blastomyces dermatitidis d. Candida albicans
a. Rhizopus species Image shows ribbon hyphae with right angles. Big point is the necrosis of the palate and nasal mucosa.
The asci that occurs in the fruiting bodies are called
acsocarps
trophozoite
active live stage where microbe is moving around in you
the sac in ascomycetes in which the sexual spores are formed.
asci
Most fungi are aerobic or anerobic?
aerobic
a haploid thallus alternates with a diploid thallus what is this called?
alternation of generations
Leshmaniasis
amastigote
sarcodina
amoebas; move by psuedopods
Fungi that produce only asexual spores are called
anamorphic
Filariasis
anopheles/culex mosquitos
Phyllids
another name for Bryophytes
alveolates called ______ are all pathogens of animals
apicomplexans
sporozoa
apicomplexans; move only during one stage by cilia or flagela; produce spores
Eukaryotic Cell External
appendages-flaggella, cilia(prokaryotes do not have) Glycocalyx-capsules, slimes
Chytrids
aquatic and produce flagellated spores; they were the first fungi
Fungal spores ________. A. are as resistant to extreme environmental conditions as bacterial endospores are B. require moisture for survival C. are considered "reproductive" spores D. are released from the "parent" only after the parent dies E. include only sexual spores
are considered "reproductive" spores
how do euglenoids store food?
as a polysaccharide called paramylon
Why is amphotericin (relatively) safe to use in humans? a) Animals have no cell walls b) Less binding to cholesterol than ergosterol c) Animals lack cytosine deaminase d) Enzymes of cholesterol synthesis less inhibited than those of ergosterol synthesis
b) Less binding to cholesterol than ergosterol.
Lung biopsy of leukemic patient with persistent fever, neutropenia, lung cavity. What is most likely pathogen? a. Mycobacterium tuberculosis b. Aspergillus fumigatus c. Mucor species d. Candida albicans e. Pseudomonas aeruginosa
b. Aspergillus fumigatus Image associated with questions shows acute angle septate hyphae.
what do Cellular slime molds composed of myamoebae phagocytize?
bacteria and yeasts
Unicellular Algae reproduce sexually or asexually?
both
asexual reproduction in fungi
budding and asexual spores w/ diploid
How do fungi reproduce?
budding via asexual spores
chrysophytes of Golden Algae contain more orange-colored _______ than chlorophyll, which accounts for their golden coloring
carotene
what do alveolates have?
cavities called alveoli
What is special about Agar
comes from red algae, bacteria cannot metabolize it
what does the name of the group apicomplexans refer to?
complex (group) of special organelles that infect at the apex
Paragonimiasis
crab, crayfish
Name the most likely pathogen that forms nodules along lymph drainage tracts in arms: a) Cryptococcus neoformans b) Candida albicans c) Malassezia furfur d) Sporothrix schenckii e) Trychophyton rubrum
d) Sporothrix schenckii
Which statement about dimorphic fungi is incorrect? a) Molds at ambient temperature b) Yeasts at body temperature c) Molds are contagious form d) Yeasts are contagious form e) None of the above
d) Yeasts are contagious form. This is incorrect. The molds are contagious.
Lung biopsy from a resident of Fresno with fever and pulmonary infiltrates. What is the likely pathogen? a. Histoplasma capsulatum b. Candida albicans c. Sporothrix schenckii d. Coccidioides immitis e. Cryptococcus gattii
d. Coccidioides immitis. In Fresno would expect Vally Fever. The image associated with this question is of a spherules filled with endospores.
A renal transplant patient from Kentucky with overwhelming sepsis. What is the most likely organism in the WBC? a. Blastomyces dermatidis b. Paracoccidioides brasiliensis c. Coccidioides immitis d. Histoplasma capsulatum
d. Histoplasma capsulatum.
what do fungi decompose and recycle?
dead organisms; recycle nutrients
Water molds ______ dead animals and return _______ to the environment
decompose nutrients
Loasis
deer fly
Photic zone
depth with sufficient sunlight for photosynthesis
Fungi that infect only the epidermis, hair, and nails are A) dermatophytes B) yeasts
dermatophytes. Dermatophytes secrete keratinase, which digests keratin found in hair, nails, and skin
fungi having no known sexual stage are called
deuteromycetes
2 haploid nuclei, forming new spores (referring to sexual reproduction in fungus)
dikaryon
two forms of growth
dimorphic
fungi that can grow as a mold or a yeast are called
dimorphic fungi-(meaning two)
Red tide" is caused by a proliferation of __________. A. red algae B. diatoms C. green algae D. dinoflagellates
dinoflagellates
unicellular algae; make up most freshwater and marine plankton responsible for red tides; bioluminescent
dinoflagellates
what do Amoebozoas cause?
disease in brains of humans and animals that swim in water containing them
mastigophora
flagellates; protozoa that moves by flagella; won't see in lab they are smallest
platyhelminthes
flatworms (tapelike)
You are an epidemiologist studying an emerging disease reported over the past 3 years in Wisconsin, Minnesota, and Michigan. You have noticed a seasonal pattern of disease, with new cases appearing in late April through September and peaking in July. No new cases appear during late fall or the winter months. This pattern is suggestive of ________. A. disease caused by a pathogenic algae B. disease caused by a parasitic protozoa C. disease caused by a temperature-sensitive bacterium D. disease transmission by an arthropod vector such as a mosquito or tick E. disease caused by a temperature-sensitive virus
disease transmission by an arthropod vector such as a mosquito or tick
septate
divided into intividual cells of the mycelium
what domain
domain Eukarya
Which of these is a neurotoxin produced by diatoms? A) domoic acid B) carrageenan
domoic acid. Domoic acid causes memory loss and diarrhea when ingested
saprobes
eat dead organisms
heterotropic
eat other organisms
Lichens are organisms that are important how?
economically and environmentally
Roundworms (nematodes)
elongated, cylindrical, unsegmented body
what is a group of euglenozoa called?
euglenoids
True or False Algin is a neurotoxin produced by some dinoflagellates
false
yeasts get energy from
fermentation
Trematodes are also known as .
flukes
trematoda
flukes; type of flatworm
leaflike lichens that grow free from the substrate
foliose
Ascomycetes include most of the fungi that spoil what?
food
Which of the following is not involved in the production of sexual spores in fungi? A. nuclear fusion B. nuclear migration C. fragmentation D. contact between two fungi E. meiosis
fragmentation
mushrooms small visible extensions are called what?
fruiting bodies
cillica cell wall of a Diatom is called
frustules
lichen shape that is erect or hanging cylinder-like
fruticose
what are the 3 shapes of lichen?
fruticose crustose foliose
30% of Fungi produce mycoses. What is mycoses?
fungal diseases of plants animals and humans
A new soil microorganism has been described. On some growth media, it forms colonies of unicellular organisms; but under certain conditions it forms long, multicellular filaments and spores. The cells have nuclei, and their cell walls are composed of chitin. To which of the following groups does this new organism belong? A. bacteria B. fungi C. archaea D. algae E. protozoa
fungi
Basidiomycota are also known as
fungi, mushrooms
appendage of a parasitic fungus that penetrates host's tissue to withdraw nutrients
haustoria
Haploid
having a single set of chromosomes
anchor seaweed bodies to rocks
holdfasts
Rhizomes
horizontal stems that grow underground, produced by many plants.
reproduce asexually only, by binary fission or schizogony; few are sexual
how do protozoa reproduce?
Reservoirs of Infection
human, animal, non living
branching, threadlike LONG FILAMENTS tubes that make up the bodies of multicellular fungi
hyphae
long, branched tubular filaments that make up body (thallus) of molds or fleshy fungi
hyphae
Noncommunicable Disease
i.e. Tetnus, not transmitted from one host to another
how do Sporangiospores form?
inside a sac called a sporangium
In the life cycle of Toxoplasma gondii, humans can serve as the __________. A. intermediate host B. reservoir C. definitive host D. both the definitive host and the intermediate host
intermediate host
what kingdom
kingdom Protista (also Protozoa)
Locomotor Appendages
locate nutrients migrate to positive stimuli get away from negative stimuli common in protozoa, algae, some fungal/animal cells requires use of energy
Paragonimiasis
lung fluke
Which is transmitted by the Anopheles mosquito? A) malaria B) West Nile virus
malaria
Which of the following diseases is NOT transmitted to humans by an arachnid vector? A. Lyme disease B. Rocky Mountain spotted fever C. babesiosis D. malaria
malaria
mycellium
mass of hyphae
intermediate host
microbe only grows or increases in size
The following stages occur during the life cycle of a helminth. Which hatches from the egg? A. metacercaria B. miracidium C. cercaria D. redia
miracidium
what do Parabasala lack?
mitochondria
A nucleus that has replicated its DNA divides via a process called , _______
mitosis
Zygomycetes Asexual Spores
mostly sporangiospores; some conidia
Apicomplexa
motility is absent except during sexual reproduction, Asexual and sexual reproduction based on species, parasitic must be inside
Zygomycota
non-septate hyphae, form zygospores. ex. common bread mold
mold/mildew
multicellular
mushrooms
multicellular
Plasmodial slime molds are composed of _________ ______ of _______
multinucleate filaments of cytoplasm.
In fungi, what is a mass of hyphae called?
mycelium
The filaments of molds and fleshy fungi are referred to as .
mycelium
hyphae of a mold that intertwines into a tangled mass
mycelium
what is study of fungi?
mycology
fungal diseases are called
mycoses
What is another name for a fungal disease?
mycosis
Cellular slime molds are composed of what?
myxamoebae (amobea like structures)
Phaeophyta (brown)
name the brown algae
what are lichens used for ?
nitrogen, food for animals/ humans, dyes, clothing, perfume, medicine and to monitor air quality
A reproductive structure in which new cells are produced asexually. A. proglottids B. cytostome C. scolex D. oocyst
oocyst
Saprobes
organisms that obtain food from decaying organic matter
Most fungi are resistant to A. Low moisture B. High salt concentrations C. osmotic pressure D. sugars
osmotic pressure
Algae are aquatic and live in what zone?
photic zone (fresh & salt water)
the characteristics of euglenoids are __________,_________ and _________
photoautotrophic, unicellular, chloroplasts
Algae, like plants use _________
photosenthesis
study of algae is called
phycology
The study of algae is called ________
phycology.
Protozoans are critical members of this free-living drifting organism, that forms the basis of the aquatic food chain; name this protozoan organism
plankton
What is the gas-filled bladder that helps algae float in the water called?
pneumatocyst
buoyes that are gas-filled bulbs of seaweeds/algae
pneumocysts
Trichinella spiralis, Taenia solium
pork
What is algae role in environment
produce organic molecules, provide 50-80% earth Oxygen, start of food chain, build coral reefs,
The body of the tapeworm is called A. proglottids B. cytostome C. scolex D. oocyst
proglottids
Taxonomists continue to revise and refine the classification of ______ based on 18S rRNA nucleotide sequencing and features made visible by electron microscopy.
protozoa
Which of the following eukaryotic microorganisms are always unicellular? A. algae B. lichens C. fungi D. protozoa
protozoa
chemoheterotrophic: obtaining nutrients by phagocytizing bacteria, decaying organic matter, other protozoa, or the tissues of a host; a few protozoa absorb nutrients from the surrounding water.
protozoa nutrition
Entamoeba histolytica belongs to which group? A) helminths B) protozoa
protozoa. This protozoan is the cause of amoebic dysentery
study of protozoa is called
protozoology
Trypanosomiasis (Chagas Disease)
reduvlid bug
what is zygosporangia ?
rough-walled sexual structures of the fungi zygomyocota
Yeast
round, oval shape (similar to bacteria, but bigger), form buds which forms separate cells
nematoda
roundworms
Ascomycota include what?
sac fungi, molds & yeasts
Ascus
saclike structure in which ascospores are formed through sexual reproduction of ascomycetes
Organism that obtain food from dead organisms, all fungi are this
saprobes
Organisms that obtain food from decaying organic matter
saprobes
Zygomycota are mostly________
saprobes
The head of a tapeworm is called the A. proglottids B. cytostome C. scolex D. oocyst
scolex
what do Euglenoids have that helps maintain shape?
semi-rigid, proteinaceous, helical (spiral) shaped pellicle
crosswalls of molds
septa
Onchocerciasis
simulian black fly
What do Parabasalas have?
single nucleus and a parabasal body (golgi-like)
the thalli (bodies) of yeasts are ________, ________ and are composed of a ________ ________
small, globular, single cell
bits of lichen dispersed by small animals, wind or rain
soredia
Sporangium
spore capsule in which haploid spores are produced by meiosis
cyst
spore or seedlike dormant stage, usually found in digestive tract
What reproductive structure do fungi form?
spores
how does the fungus of a lichen reproduce?
spores that capture algae
the stem-like portion of seaweed algae
stipe
Fungi important research tools for what?
study of metabolism, growth, and development
Schistosomiasis
swimmer's itch
Which of the following is a fungal infection that spreads throughout the body? A. cutaneous mycosis B. athlete's foot C. superficial mycosis D. systemic mycosis
systemic mycosis
cestoda
tapeworms; type of flatworm
body of a mold or fleshy fungus
thallus
what is the vegetative (non-reproductive) body of a fungus called?
thallus
Hyphae
the branching, threadlike tubes that make up the bodies of Multicellular fungi
Which type of host is an organism that harbors the adult, sexually mature form of a parasite? A) the definitive host B) the intermediate host.
the definitive host. The definitive host harbors the sexually mature form of a parasite and the intermediate host is the host in which the parasite undergoes asexual reproduction
Gametophyte
the gamete-producing individual or phase in the life cycle of a plant having alternation of generations
Which of the following best describes a definitive host? A. the host in which an organism spends most of its life B. the host in which the organisms undergoes sexual reproduction C. the host in which the eggs hatch D. the host in which the organism undergoes asexual reproduction
the host in which the organisms undergoes sexual reproduction
Trophozoite
the motile feeding stage of a protozoa
You observe large (> 10 μm) oval cells in a sputum sample from a patient. Your culture of the sample reveals fuzzy filamentous colonies. You conclude that ________. A. the patient has a protozoan infection B. the patient has an infection with unusual algae C. the patient has an infection caused by a dimorphic fungus D. the patient has a yeast infection E. you contaminated the sample
the patient has an infection caused by a dimorphic fungus
Dissemination
the property of being diffused or dispersed
Capsule
the spore-producing organ of mosses and liverworts
All of these answers are true of yeasts except ________. A. some reproduce by budding B. they are capable of facultative anaerobic growth C. they produce colonies that are similar to bacterial colonies. D. some are used to produce ethanol in wine and beer making E. they always cause disease
they always cause disease
All of the following answers are true of the fungi except ________. A. they can grow in high concentrations of sugars and salts B. they are capable of metabolizing complex carbohydrates found in newspaper and wood C. diseases caused by fungi are called mycoses D. identification of fungi usually involves examination of spore types E. they are strict aerobes
they are strict aerobes
What is special about Carageenan
thickener, moisture-preserver
A cercaria is a larva of a __________. A. nematode B. protozoan C. cestode D. trematode
trematode
All free-living aquatic and pathogenic protozoa exist as a motile feeding stage called a ______________
trophozoite
motile feeding stage of a protozoan
trophozoite
True or False Trichinellosis can be transmitted by eating contaminated pork
true
Dracunculiasis
water fleas/copepods
final host
where the host reproduces
What determines where algae live
where wavelengths can be absorbed (determined by chlor & access pigments) is determinate for what
Trichuris trichura
whipworm disease
Unicellular, nonfilamentous fungi are known as ________. A. yeasts B. fleshy fungi C. molds D. mushrooms E. algae
yeasts
do fungi have cell walls?
yes
Fungi in the division Zygomycota are coencentric molds, what are these molds called?
zygomycetes
what is the distinctive feature of a zygomycetes?
zygosporangia
fertilized egg, diploid (2 sets of chromo's) cell formed from a gamete
zygote
