Chapter 3 (positioning) B

Exposure for an AP projection of the of abdomen should be taken on ______ (inspiration or expiration)

Expiration

Which decubitus position of the abdomen best demonstrates intraperitoneal Air in the abdomen

Left lateral decubitus

Why should a patient be placed in the decubitus position for a minimum of five minutes before exposure

to allow intraabdominal air to rise or abnormal fluids to accumulate

Which projection best demonstrates a possible aortic aneurysm in the prevertebral region of the abdomen

Lateral

Which decubitus position best demonstrates possible aneurysms, calcifications of the aorta, or umbilical hernias

Dorsal decubitus

To ensure the diaphragm is included on an erect abdomen projection, the central ray should be at the level of ____, which places the top of the 35 x 43 cm (14 x 17 in) IR as the level of the _____

2 in above iliac crest, axilla

What is the recommended overlap when using two crosswise images for an AP projection of a supine abdomen of a broad hypersthenic-type patient

3-5 cm or 1-2 inches

Which One of the following technical considerations would be most ideal for an AP abdomen of an average-size adult

70-80 kV, grid, 40 SID

List the projections commonly performed for an acute abdominal series or three-way abdomen of them series

AP supine, AP erect or lateral decubitus abdomen, PA chest erect

Gonadal shielding for females involves placing the top of the shield at or slightly above the level of the ____, with the bottom at the ____

ASIS, symphysis pubis

Terms: Bowel obstruction caused by a lack of intestinal peristalsis

Adynamic ileus

Radiographic appearance term: General abdominal haziness

Ascites

Terms: abnormal accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity

Ascites

Voluntary motion can best be prevented by ____ to the patient

Careful breathing instructions

With the use of iodinated contrast media, ____ is able to distinguish between a simple cyst or tumor of the liver

Computed tomography

Radiographic appearance term: distended loops of air filled small intestine

Crohn's disease

Terms: chronic inflammation of the intestinal wall that may result in bowel obstruction

Crohn's disease

True or false: because the liver margin is visible in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen, it is not necessary to place a right or left anatomic side marker on the cassette before exposure

False

True or false: for an adult abdomen, a collimation margin must be visible on all four sides of the radiograph

False

True or false: it is always acceptable during KUB imaging practice to indicate the side of the body with a digital marker

False

Gonadal shielding for____ may be impossible for studies of the lower abdominopelvic region

Females

Which type of body habitus may require to crosswise images to be taken if the entire abdomen is to be included

Hyperstenic

The central ray is centered at the level of the _____ for a supine AP projection of the abdomen

Iliac crest

Rotation can be determined on a KUB radiograph by the loss of symmetric appearance of

Iliac wings, obturator foramina, ischial spines, outer rib margins

Why may the PA projection of a KUB generally be less desirable than the AP projection

Increased OID of kidneys on PA

Radiographic appearance term: Air filled "coiled spring" appearance

Intussusception

Terms: telescoping of a secretion of bowel into another loop of bowel

Intussusception

Gonadal shielding should NOT be used during abdomen radiography if:

It obscures essential anatomy

What scale of contrast is recommended for visualization of the abdominal structures on an of abdominal x-ray

Long

Which projection of the three-way acute abdominal series best demonstrates free air under the diaphragm

PA chest

Which projections requires a kV setting of 110 to 125

PA, erect chest for free air under diaphragm

Which abdominal structures is not visible on a properly exposed KUB

Pancreas

What are the two causes of voluntary motion

Patient breathing and movement

What is the primary cause for involuntary motion in the abdomen?

Peristaltic action of bowels

Radiographic appearance term: thin crest shaped radiolucency underneath diaphragm

Pneumoperitoneum

Terms: free air or gas in the peritoneal cavity

Pneumoperitoneum

Which of the following technical considerations is essential when performing abdomen studies on the young pediatric patient

Short exposure time, high speed image receptor, reduced kV and mAs

What is the best mechanism to control involuntary motion

Shortest exposure time

Why is it recommended to take abdominal radiographs at the end of patient expiration

To increase room for expansion of the abdominal organs within the abdominal cavity

True or false: A radiolucent pad should be placed underneath geriatric patients for added comfort

True

True or false: A tall asthenic patient may require two 35 x 43 cm (14 x 17 in) Image receptor's placed lengthwise if the entire abdomen is to be included

True

Which positioning routine should be used for an acute abdominal series if the patient is too ill to stand

Two way abdomen, AP supine abdomen and left lateral decubitus

Radiographic appearance term: deep airfield mucosal protrusions of colon wall

Ulcerative colitis

Terms: inflammatory condition of the colon

Ulcerative colitis

The preferred imaging modality for examining the gallbladder quickly is

Ultrasound

_____ is being used to evaluate patients with acute appendicitis

Ultrasound

Radiographic appearance term: large amount of air trapped in sigmoid colon with a tapered narrowing at the site of obstruction

Volvulus

Terms: A twisting of a loop of bowel creating an obstruction

Volvulus