Chapter 31 Societies at Crossroads

in 1851, Hong Xiuquan proclaimed his own dynasty, the Taiping Tianguo, which meant

"heavenly kingdom of great peace"

for most of the last fifty years of the Qing Dynasty, China was ruled by

Cixi

What was the name of the sultan who, in 1826, had mutinous janissaries slaughtered and thus opened the door for further reform within the Ottoman Empire?

Mahmud II

Lin Zexu was

in charge of stopping the opium trade in China

the 1905 Bloody Sunday massacre eventually

led to the establishment of the Duma in Russia

which of the following accounts for the beginning of the social reform movement in Russia in the nineteenth century?

military defeats

In the early 19th Century, the Ottoman sultan Selim III

was locked up by the Janissaries because they considered his reforms a threat

the working conditions of the growing Russian industrial class in St. Petersburg and Moscow

were terrible and left the workers receptive to revolutionary propoganda

as part of the Russian reforms, during the reign of Alexander II the government created zemstvos

which were elected district assemblies

the Russian serfs were emancipated by

Alexander II

japan was forcibly opened to foreign trade in 1853 by the

Americans

the self strengthening movement was an attempt to blend indigenous cultural traditions with western technology in

China

the leader of the taiping rebellion was

Hong Xiuquan

which of the following was NOT one of the principles of the Taiping rebellion?

Hong Xuiquan's belief that he was the reincarnation of the Buddha

Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao were the leaders of the

Hundred days reforms

which of the following was NOT one of the leading principles by the Young Turks?

Islam as the guiding principle in public life

which one of the following leaders played a major role in the Meiji restoration?

Ito Hirobumi

who wrote, "as months accumulate and years pass by..."

Lin Zexu

which of the following was NOT a rebellion that threatened China in the nineteenth century?

Mongol

the opium was ended with the signing of the treaty of

Nanjing

the capitulations were unfair trading agreements between the western Europeans and the

Ottomans

a defeat in the Crimean War stopped expansion by the

Russians

the event that best displayed Japan's rise to the level of a world power was their victory in the

Russo-Japanese war

the prime mover behind Russian industrialization was

Sergei Witte

which of the following Young Turk proposals caused the most dissension in the empire?

Turkish as the official language of the empire

Which of the following is NOT a reform proposed in the Tanzimat era?

a democracy as the governmental model for the empire

the centerpiece of Sergei Witte's Russian Industrial policy was

a massive program of railway construction

Tsar Alexander II was assassinated in 1881 by

an agent of the land and freedom party

after the assassination of Alexander II, his successor Nicholas II

championed oppression and political control

the decisive factor in the Russo-Japanese War was the

destruction of the majority of the Russian Navy in battle with the Japanese

by the end of the nineteenth century, the only thing keeping china from being completely divided up into spheres of influence by foreigners was

distrust among the foreign powers

the most significant territorial loss for the ottomans was

egypt

the Young Ottomans were

fiercely opposed to the Tanzimat reforms

the emancipation of the russian serfs

resulted in little if any increase in agricultural production

Sultan Abdul Hamid II

ruled despotically but also followed Tanzimat principles

Muhammad Ali was

the Egyptian leader who overthrew Ottoman control

in 1900, foreign embassies in china we besieged by

the Society of Righteous and Harmonious fists

the decisive point in the opium was was

the british threat to the grand canal

the key to social reform in Russia was

the emancipation of the serfs

the stipulation "in order to obtain..." is from what document?

the proclamation of the Young Turks

the Meiji reformers actively copied the western europeans and americans because

they understood the danger of those two groups and wanted to find a ways to avoid commercial and/or imperial domination by either one

Which of the following statements is NOT true about the capitulations?

they were imposed on the europeans by the Ottomans

which of the following was NOT one of the foundations of the Meiji restoration?

turning Japan into a constitutional republic