Chapter 31 Special Senses

amblyopia

+ambly- dull +opia- sight =dull vision

auditory

+audit- hearing +ory- function = hearing

conjunctivitis

+conjuctiv- conjuctiva +itis- inflammation = inflammation of conjuctiva

ectropion

+ec- out +trop- turn +ion- process =rolling outward of a body part

entropion

+en- in +trop- turn +ion- process =rolling inward of a body part

endolymph

+endo- inside +lymph- lymph =Fluid in inner ear

glaucoma

+glauc- lens opacity +oma- mass =Increased pressure with defects in field of vision

ophthalmologist

+ophthalmo- eye +logist- one who studies =Eye specialist

optician

+opt- vision +ician- expert =vision expert

optometrist

+opto- vision +metrist- skilled in measurement =One who practices optometry

otosclerosis

+oto- ear +scler- hard +osis- condition =Formation of new bone in the ear

perilymph

+peri- around +lymph- lymph =Fluid contained within the osseus labyrinth

semicircular

+semi- half +circul- circle +ar- pertaining to =Forming a half circle

sensorineural

+sensori-sensory +neur- nerve +al- pertaining to =Relating to sense perception mediated by nerves

tympanic

+tympan- tymapnic membrane +ic- pertaining to =Pertaining to tympanic membrane

Which of the following are types of photoreceptors in the retina?

-Cones -Rods

The outer layer of the eye is composed of the

-cornea. -sclera

The function of the vitreous humor is to

-help maintain the eye's shape. -keep the retina flat.

Common signs and symptoms of dry eye syndrome include

-itching. -redness. -burning.

The visual accessory organs that assist and protect the eyeball include the

-lacrimal apparatus. -eyebrows. -conjunctiva. -orbits.

The special senses are

-smell -taste -vision -hearing -equilibrium

Signs and symptoms of retinal detachment include

-wavy vision. -sudden loss of vision. -light flashes.

1. Ectropion 2. Nystagmus 3. Astigmatism 4. Entropion

1. Eversion of the lower eyelid 2. Rapid, involuntary eye movements 3. Abnormally shaped lens or unevenly curved cornea 4. Inversion of the lower eyelid

1. Labyrinth 2. Auricle 3. Vestribule 4. Tympanic membrane 5. Ossicles

1. Inner ear 2. Outside part of the ear, made of cartilage and covered with skin 3. Area in the inner ear between the semicircular canals and the cochlea 4. Fibrous partition separating the outer ear from the middle ear 5. Three tiny bones in the middle ear cavity

Starting with the first step on top, list the order in which tears travel, starting from the site of production to their secretion into the nose.

1. Lacrimal gland 2. Surface of the eye 3. Canaliculi 4. Lacrimal sac 5. Nasolacrimal duct

Rank the order in which odors are processed from the nose to the brain.

1. Olfactory receptors 2. Olfactory nerve 3. Olfactory bulb 4. Olfactory tract 5. Cerebrum

1. Organ of Corti 2. Choroid 3. Eustachian tube 4. External auditory canal 5. Oval window

1. Organ of hearing located in the cochlea of the inner ear 2. Middle layer of the eye, which contains the iris, the ciliary body, and most of the eye's blood vessels 3. Opening in the middle ear, leading to the back of the throat, that helps equalize air pressure on both sides of the eardrum 4. Structure that carries sound waves to the tympanic membrane 5. Beginning of the inner ear

Each eyeball has _____ extrinsic eye muscles attached to it that move the eyeball superiorly, inferiorly, laterally, or medially.

6

The changing of the lens shape is called

Accommodation

______ receptors respond to changes in chemical concentrations.

Chemoreceptors

______ are mucous membranes that line the inner surfaces of the eyelids and cover the anterior surface of the eyeball.

Conjunctivas

______ is a condition caused by decreased oil production in the tears.

Dry eye syndrome

Which of the following is the other name for the corneal-scleral junction?

Limbus

Which of the following marks the beginning of the inner ear?

Oval window

______ occurs when the neural tunic separates from the vascular tunic.

Retinal detachment

______ are light-sensing nerve cells in the eye, at the posterior of the retina, that function in dim light but do not provide sharp images or detect color.

Rods

Which of the following structures is involved with equilibrium?

Semicircular canals

______ is a process in which a chemical can stimulate receptors only for a limited amount of time until the receptors eventually no longer respond to the chemical.

Sensory adaptation

What is located on each taste bud that is responsible for transmitting taste sensations to the cranial nerves in the brain?

Sensory nerves

Which of the special senses utilize chemoreceptors?

Smell and taste

The ability of the lens to change shape, allowing the eye to focus images of objects that are near or far away, is called

accommodation.

The causes of ectropion are

aging.

Tears act as a lubricant and a(n) _______ to protect the eyes from microorganisms.

antimicrobial

The fluid in the anterior eye chamber is

aqueous humor

The anterior chamber of the eye is filled with a watery fluid called

aqueous humor.

The condition in which the cornea has an abnormal shape and causes blurred images during near or distant vision is

astigmatism.

A sign or symptom of astigmatism is

blurred vision.

The process by which sound waves bypass the external and middle ear is known as

bone conduction

Clouding and hardening of the lens, which often occur with aging, lead to visual changes in a condition known as

cataracts

Olfactory receptors are

chemoreceptors.

Taste buds are made of taste cells and supporting cells. The taste cells are classified as

chemoreceptors.

The eye receives most of its nourishment from the blood vessels within the

choroid

A wedge-shaped thickening in the middle layer of the eyeball that contains the muscles that control the shape of the lens is the

ciliary body.

The mucous membranes that line each eye are known as

conjunctivas

The ______ protects the eye from foreign objects, dust, and debris and keeps the eye from drying out.

eyelid

When there is an accumulation of aqueous humor, a person develops a visual condition known as

glaucoma

The amino acid that produces the umami taste sensation is

glutamate.

Which part of the brain processes information about taste?

gustatory cortex

The sensory receptors of the special senses are located

in the head.

The ______, located on the lateral edge of each eyeball, produces tears.

lacrimal gland

The enzyme present in tears that aids in destroying bacteria is

lysozyme.

The conjunctivas produce _______, which keep the surface of the eyeballs moist.

mucus

The muscle of the eyelid responsible for blinking and squinting is the

orbicularis oculi.

The medical term for the eye socket is

orbit.

Taste buds are found on the

papillae

Another name for the auricle of the ear is the

pinna

In bright light the _______ becomes constricted, and in dim light it becomes dilated.

pupil

The chemoreceptors of gustatory cells are activated by chemicals that must be dissolved in

saliva.

Umami produces a ______ taste.

savory

The ______ is the tough, outermost layer, or "white," of the eye, through which light cannot pass. It covers all except the front of the eye.

sclera

The extrinsic eye muscles are composed of ________ muscle.

skeletal

The posterior chamber of the eye is filled with a thick, jellylike fluid called

vitreous humor.

The round shape of the eyeball is maintained by the gel-like

vitreous humor.