Chapter 4

Which latitude shown on the diagram above experiences 24 hours of daylight on December 21?

E — Antarctic Circle

El Niño and La Niña are natural phenomena associated with changing water temperatures in the Pacific Ocean. The occurrence of these events can result in changes in global weather and ocean circulation patterns.

Fewer hurricanes forming in the Central Atlantic basin

The intraplate location where hot-spot volcanism is occurring

Hawaii

Which of the following properties is most likely associated with soils that contain more sand-sized particles than soils that contain more clay-sized particles?

High permeability

The most abundant gas in Earth's atmosphere is

Nitrogen

Most volcanism in the world is associated with

Plate boundaries

Which soil composition would be the best choice for lining a landfill?

Point W (most clay)

A farm is experiencing extensive crop loss due to high rains causing overly saturated soils. Which of the following approaches would best help the farmer alleviate the problem?

Amending the soil with sand to increase the permeability of the soil

Which of the following is the correct order of soil particles in order of increasing size?

Clay—silt—sand

(Number of Active Volcanoes, Number of earthquakes at least 5.0 magnitude) Country A - 0, 0 Country B - 4, 0 Country C 0, 18 Country D 16, 41 Based on the data in the table, which of the countries is most likely located at a subduction zone between an oceanic tectonic plate and a continental tectonic plate?

Country D

This area is most susceptible to erosion, leading to increased suspended solids and increased turbidity downstream.

agricultural fields

Which of the following is a biome found at and as seen in the diagram?

Deserts

The location where new crust is being created at a divergent plate boundary

In between North America and Europe/Asia

Which of the following correctly characterizes one of Earth's atmospheric layers?

Layer D is the thermosphere, where auroras are found

Based on the graph, which of the following can be concluded about the latitudes of the two locations?

Location 1 is close to the equator, and Location 2 is in the Northern Hemisphere.

The location where one tectonic plate is being forced beneath another, creating a volcanic arc.

Near Japan, E

Based on the data in the table above, which of the following samples would be the most prone to becoming waterlogged?

Sample D — 20% silt, 25% sand, 45% clay (most clay)

Based on the soil texture triangle, which of the following would describe soil that was 25% clay, 25% silt, and 50% sand?

Sandy clay loam

Corn is a crop that grows best in soil that drains well. Which of the following soils is best suited to grow corn?

Sandy loam because it has large amounts of sand and less than clay.

During an El Niño-Southern Oscillation event, which of the following best describes conditions in the eastern part of the tropical Pacific Ocean (e.g., near Peru and Ecuador)?

Sea Surface Temp — High, Rainfall — High

Which of the following best describes why understanding a watershed and its boundaries is important in designing housing developments along a river?

Surface water and stormwater runoff will drain downstream within the watershed boundaries, so it is important to understand the flow of water through the watershed.

Which of the following correctly describes the season and length of day at the Tropic of Cancer at the time of year shown in the diagram?

The Northern Hemisphere is tilted away from the Sun so it is winter at the Tropic of Cancer and daylight is less than twelve hours per day.

Which of the following areas receives the most intense solar radiation at the time of year shown in the diagram, and why?

The Tropic of Capricorn, because this latitude is nearly horizontal to incoming solar radiation.

Hoover Dam is the largest dam in the United States, built on the Colorado River to supply hydroelectric power and flood control. Which of the following best describes a downstream environmental effect of Hoover Dam on the Colorado River watershed?

The damming of the Colorado River led to a change in stream flow, preventing river water and sediments from reaching the delta area.

Which of the following should be included in a watershed map to best determine the non-point source of a pollutant, such as fertilizer, found in a river?

The land use upstream of the river and water quality indicators in streams that run downstream into the river

Based on the diagram, which of the following identifies a characteristic of the atmosphere between the stratopause and the tropopause?

The ozone layer is in the stratosphere.

Which of the following best explains why City B regularly receives less precipitation than City A?

The rain shadow effect causes City B to be drier because the mountain blocks precipitation from reaching the city.

Which of the following causes the air to rise high into the atmosphere in the areas labeled A, B, and C on the diagram?

The rotation of Earth shifting the direction of the air upward

Which of the following best explains why the lower portion of the troposphere is warmer than the upper portion?

The surface of Earth absorbs sunlight, heating the lower portion of the troposphere more than the upper part.

In the desert regions of the southwestern United States, daily high and low temperatures will frequently fluctuate by or more. Which statement below best explains the large variation in temperature?

There are no bordering oceans or large bodies of water to provide a stabilizing humidity to the air.

El Niño, a periodic warming of ocean surface waters, occurs in which of the following regions?

Tropical East Pacific

In which of the following atmospheric layers does most weather occur?

Troposphere

This layer of Earth's atmosphere has the highest density of any atmospheric layer and contains most of the water vapor in the atmosphere.

Troposphere

Brown pelicans are fish-eating birds. As a result of an El Niño event, the population of brown pelicans in southern California declines. Which of the following best explains the relationship between the El Niño event and the population decline?

Warmer ocean temperatures can cause fish to move to colder water farther from pelican nest sites.

Which of the following is the most likely effect of a strong El Niño event on the weather patterns in the United States?

Wetter weather and cooler than average temperatures in the southeastern states and warmer temperatures in the Pacific Northwest

Which soil horizon has very little organic matter and accumulates soluble metals and nutrients that are transported from other soil layers?

c. middle

The primary cause of Earth's seasons is the

constant tilt of Earth's rotational axis with respect to the plane of its orbit around the Sun

The low anchovy catch in 1998 was most likely the result of

reduced ocean upwelling along the coast

Reasons that human populations historically have settled in floodplains include which of the following? The soil in floodplains is usually fertile. The terrain in floodplains tend to be flat. Floodplains are close to rivers for transportation.

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