Chapter 4-Carbs
At rest, the typical body stores of glycogen can provide energy for a maximum of about?
1 day
What is the composition of sucrose?
1 glucose, 1 fructose
What is the composition of lactose?
1 glucose, 1 galactose
What fraction of the body's total glycogen content is found in the liver?
1/3
What is the composition of maltose?
2 glucose
What percentage of the world's adult population shows good tolerance to lactose ingestion?
30
Which of the following is most consistent with hypoglycemia?
40
What is the minimum daily amount of dietary carb necessary to spare body protein from excessive breakdown?
50-100g
How many carbon atoms are found in most common dietary monosaccharides?
6
What is a normal range for blood glucose?
70-110
Which of the following values falls within the normal range of blood glucose?
75
Which of the following is a typical response of the body to changes in blood glucose?
BG levels that fall too low signal the release of glucagon
Which of the following series of events proceeds upon digestion/absorption of the meal until it is near time for lunch?
BG rises, pancreas release insulin, BG levels decline, releases glucagon, stimulates liver to break down glycogen and release glucose, BG rises
For most of the world's population, what is the effect of aging on the activity of lactase?
declines by 90-95%
What is the name of the short chains of glucose units that result from starch breakdown?
dextrins
Which of the following ingredients listed on food labels would be acceptable to the person who is highly intolerant to lactose in the diet?
dextrins
A person with a fasting blood glucose concentration of 129 would be classified as?
diabetic
Which contains the lowest amount of lactose per serving?
doughnut
When you are under physical stress, what hormone is released quickly to stimulate an increase in BG concentration?
epinephrine
What type of fiber is readily digested by colonic bacteria?
fermentable
What are cellulose, pectin, hemicellulose and lignin?
fibers
All of the following are sources of dietary carbs except?
fish
What is the sweetest-tasting simple carb in the diet?
fructose
Which of the following is known as fruit sugar or levulose?
fructose
Which of the following is NOT a rich source of dietary starch?
fruits
When blood glucose concentration falls, what pancreatic hormone is secreted to stimulate release of stored glucose?
glucagon
The process by which an amino acid is used to make glucose is termed?
gluconeogenesis
Which of the following is a component of all three dietary disaccharides?
glucose
Which of the following is known as blood sugar or dextrose?
glucose
Gluconeogenesis is a term that describes the synthesis of?
glucose from a noncarb substance
What term describes how quickly glucose is absorbed from a food after ingestion, how high blood glucose rises as a result, and how quickly it returns to normal?
glycemic response
Typical dietary sources of carbs include all of the following except?
glycogen
What is the name of the animal polysaccharide composed of glucose units?
glycogen
What is the primary storage form of carbs in the body?
glycogen
Person eating lots of white bread, white rice and ready-to-eat cereals would have a diet with a glycemic index of?
high
The chemical reaction by which starch is split into monosaccharides is termed?
hydrolysis
Which of the following is a feature of glycogen?
virtually absent from animal meats
Which of the following is a byproduct of the condensation of 2 molecules of glucose?
water
Which of the following statements describes the glycemic index of foods?
way of ranking foods according to potential to increase BG
What is the staple grain of Canada, US and Europe?
wheat
Milk that has been treated with a commercially available lactase preparation undergoes which of the following changes?
increase in sweetness
What is the name of the sweetener consisting of a mixture of glucose and fructose formed by chemical hydrolysis of sucrose?
invert sugar
A "functional fiber" is one that?
is extracted from plants and has a beneficial health effect
All of the following are properties of fiber except?
it elevates blood glucose levels
Characteristics of dietary physic acid include all of the following except?
it is classified as a fiber
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of glucose?
it is sweeter tasting than sucrose
Which of the following is a feature of lactose?
it is used as a filler in 1/5 prescription drugs
What is the principle carb of milk?
lactose
Which of the following sugars is NOT found in plants?
lactose
Water-soluble fibers include all of the following except?
lignins
In the time between meals, what organ releases glucose to help maintain normal BG levels?
liver
What is the first organ to receive carbs absorbed from the intestine?
liver
What is the primary organ that converts fructose to glucose following absorption?
liver
What glycemic index category would include yogurt and cheese?
low
What is the primary function of insulin?
lowers blood glucose levels
Which of the following is a feature of diabetes?
many people with type 2 are obese
Which of the following would least likely be connected with the development of lactose intolerance?
milk allergy
What is another name for lactose?
milk sugar
Why are hard cheeses lower in lactose than soft cheeses?
more lactose is removed during manufacturing
Enzymatic digestion of starches takes place in the small intestine and also in the?
mouth
Glycogen is stored mainly in which of the following tissues?
muscle and liver
In what organ is most of the body's glycogen found?
muscles
With few exceptions, all of the following characteristics are shared by water-soluble and water-insoluble fibers except?
neither has an appreciable effect on glucose absorption
The types of atoms found in a glucose molecule include all of the following except?
nitrogen
Which of the following is a feature of the condition hypoglycemia?
occurs rarely in otherwise healthy people
What is the first organ to respond to an increase in BG concentration?
pancreas
Which of the following are ample amounts of carbs almost always found?
plant foods
Person with a fasting blood glucose level of 101 would be classified as?
prediabetic
A person diagnosed with milk allergy would be sensitive to the milk's?
protein
Which of the following is a feature of resistant starch?
resists hydrolysis by digestive enzymes
Which of the following is a feature of diabetes?
should focus on total carb intake rather than type consumed
What component accounts for the usually sweet taste of fruits?
simple sugars
The enzymes that digest dietary sugars are produced by the?
small intestine
What is the primary absorption site for digestible carbs?
small intestine
Which of the following contains the least amount of fiber?
white rice
Which of the following is NOT a simple carb?
starch
The chief carb in beet sugar is?
sucrose
Jimmy gives himself shots in the thigh but craves candy. His parents said that he can only eat SF snacks. Which conditions does Jimmy most likely suffer from?
Type 1 Diabetes
What is the chief reason that many people with lactose intolerance can consume foods containing some lactose without suffering any symptoms?
a change occurs in the GI bacteria
If you were to exercise continuously, about how long would glycogen stores last?
a few hours
Which shows the highest prevalence of lactose intolerance?
african americans
Which of the following does NOT act on simple sugars?
amylase
Which of the following statements is NOT characteristic of fibers?
an example of a non polysaccharide fiber is hemicellulose
Which of the following plays a major role in the breakdown of certain types of dietary fiber in the large intestine?
bacteria
Which of the following is a characteristic of yogurt?
bacteria in yogurt produce lactase
In a person with type 2, which of the following would ordinarily promote the least favorable glycemic index?
baked potato
Which of the following are characteristic of the conditions diabetes and hypoglycemia?
both benefit from fiber-rich foods and consumption of smaller, more frequent meals
Which of the following fibers is insoluble?
cellulose
Which of the following is describes as a non starch polysaccharide?
cellulose
Which of the following is an example of the difference between the chemical bonds in starch and those in cellulose?
cellulose bonds are not hydrolyzed by human enzymes
Which of the following provides the least amount of lactose per serving?
cheddar cheese
Which of the following is a characteristic of dietary fibers?
classified according to solubility in water
What type of nutrient is starch?
complex carb
What is the reaction that links two monosaccharides together?
condensation
All of the following are symptoms of lactose intolerance except?
constipation
Which of the following is a common source of resistant starch?
unripe bananas
Which of the following is a feature of the pectins?
used to thicken jelly
Which of the following is a feature of kefir?
contains live bacterial organisms
What is the predominant grain product in much of South and Central America?
corn
Which of the following describes the compound phytic acid?
nonnutrient component of plant seeds
