Chapter 4: Differences in CultureAssignment

inherited social status

A caste system is a type of social structure that divides people on the basis of _____.

social strata

A class system is characterized by the fact that a person can move from one ______ to another.

religion

A system of shared beliefs and rituals based on sacred thought is the definition of _____.

culture

A system of values and norms that are shared among a group of people and that when taken together constitute a design for living is called

group

A(n) ______ consists of at least two individuals who have a shared sense of identity and interact in structured ways.

individualistic

According to Hofstede, if the ties between people are loose, it is most likely a sign of a(n) ______ society.

masculine

According to Hofstede, in a _____ culture, sex roles are sharply differentiated.

high

According to Hofstede, societies with strict codes of behavior, rules, and laws score ______ on the uncertainty avoidance index.

social strata

All societies are divided on a hierarchical basis into social categories called _____.

ethnocentrism

Belinda sneered when she was told that cattle were allowed to roam the streets in certain countries. She said, "We would never allow that in America." Belinda's response demonstrates which concept?

1. support for the caste system. 2. advocacy of extreme ascetic behavior.

Buddhism has all the same basic beliefs as Hinduism except for _____. (Check the two that apply.)

consciousness

Class ______ is an awareness of one's social or economic rank in society.

loyalty to others

Confucianism values harmonious relationships, which are based on moral and ethical conduct and ______.

country B

Country A has a free market economy and group-oriented social structure. Country B has all of the same traits, but also possesses an advanced education system. Which country would be the better investment site?

dynamic

Culture can best be described as a ______ phenomenon.

Hofstede

Culture that is defined as a system of values and norms that are shared among a group of people and that when taken together constitute a design for living stems from the work of which expert?

culture

Fifty years ago, it was not widely accepted that a woman could hold a senior management position. Of course, today this is a common reality. This demonstrates how ______ can change over time.

Nirvana

Hindus believe that an individual can achieve a state of complete spiritual perfection known as _____ by practicing material and physical self-denial.

culture

Hofstede studied how ______ relates to values in the workplace.

usually not possible

In a caste system, change in position is _____ during one's lifetime.

mobility

In a given society, the extent to which people can move up and down the class system is known as social __________.

power distance

In the ______ dimension by Hofstede, it is recognized that people are not equal in physical and intellectual capabilities.

monotheistic

Islam is a ______ religion, believing in one true God.

class consciousness

Mallory grew up in a rural community and she knows that even though she has a master's degree in finance, she will always be considered a "country bumpkin" in her society. Her thoughts reflect the idea of _____.

the influence of Western thought.

One reason for the rise of Islamic fundamentalism is the response to social pressures in traditional Islamic societies brought on by

individualism versus collectivism.

The Hofstede dimension that is focused on the degree to which people in a society are integrated into groups is

masculinity versus femininity.

The Hofstede dimension that looks at the relationship between gender and work roles is

violence

The Western media relates Islamic fundamentalists with ______, rather than with deeply held religious values.

social structure

The _____ of a society refers to how it is organized in terms of its values, norms, and societal relationships.

class; caste

The ______ system is a less rigid form of social stratification than the _____ system.

structure

The basic social organization of a society is known as social _____.

interest

The economic principles of Islam prohibit a bank from paying or receiving _____.

time

The long-term versus short-term orientation identified by Hofstede captures people's attitudes toward _____.

social mobility.

The movement of the members of a particular society in terms of their social status from one group to another is an example of

Hinduism.

The religion where followers believe in reincarnation and karma is

Buddhism

The religion where followers try to achieve nirvana or spiritual enlightenment is _____.

Africa

The vast majority of Christians live in Europe and the Americas. However, Christianity is rapidly growing in which part of the world?

non-strict

There is a _____ one-to-one relationship between a society and a nation-state.

The connection suggests which countries might produce the most viable competitors and this connection can affect the choice of countries to do business in and locate production facilities in

There is a connection between culture and competitive advantage. What are two reasons why this connection is important?

cross-cultural literacy.

There is a need for every business in the international marketplace to understand the prevailing culture in the countries that they are doing business in. This is known as

True

True or False: While religion can influence the values and norms of society, the values and norms of society can also impact religion.

False

True or false: According to the Koran, the receipt of interest within the banking system is considered suitable for businesses but not individuals.

True

True or false: Cultures can embrace several nations.

True

True or false: Education provides a competitive economic advantage through the creation of a pool of skilled and educated workers.

False

True or false: Folkways are atypical morally significant actions in everyday life.

True

True or false: Spoken language not only allows people to communicate with each other, but structures the way people perceive the world.

cross-cultural

Understanding how cultural differences across and within nations affect the way business is practiced is known as ______ literacy.

nonverbal

Unspoken language is another way to describe ______ communication.

1. Social stratification carries over to the next generation. 2. Social stratification is a trait of society. 3. Social stratification is generally universal. 4. Social stratification involves beliefs as well as inequality,

What are the four principles of social stratification?

High moral standards High ethical conduct Loyalty to others

What are three characteristics of Confucianism?

Political philosophy Economic philosophy Social structure

What are three of the determinants of culture?

Individualism vs collectivism Power distance Masculinity vs femininity

What are three of the dimensions Hofstede identified and studied? (Check all that apply.)

Language

What directs the attention of a society to specific features of the world and structures how people perceive them?

Confucianism

What ethical system emphasizes taking the right actions to attain salvation?

social media

What has made a major contribution to society's emphasis on extended social groups?

5-8 feet

What is considered appropriate personal space when conducting business in the United States?

Obedience to authority Being on time Respect for others

What is part of the "hidden curriculum" of schools? (Check all that apply.)

uncertainty avoidance

What is the Hofstede dimension that measures a society's tolerance for ambiguity?

Islam

What major world religion is based on the teachings of the Prophet Muhammad?

free enterprise

When discussing Islam, the Koran actually promotes _____.

folkway

When the new neighbors moved in, Naghma told her family it would be appropriate for them to make a batch of cookies and take them over to the neighbors and introduce themselves. This social convention is an example of a(n) _____.

Roman Catholic

Which major Christian organization accounts for more than half of its members?

long-term versus short-term orientation

Which of Hofstede's dimensions reflects the ability of citizens to accept delayed gratification for their material, social, and emotional needs? Multiple choice question.

1. Cannot earn profit through exploitation of others 2. Hold property as trustees, rather than as owners (per Western definition of ownership)

Which two phrases reflect the economic implications of Islam?

Ethnocentrism

______ is judging another's culture solely by the values and standards of one's own culture.

Power distance

______ is the Hofstede dimension that describes the extent to which individuals do not have the same levels of physical and intellectual capability.

Religion

______ is/are something that one believes in and follows with some measure of devotion.