Chapter 4 Plate Tectonics and Earthquakes
The occurrence of a number of earthquakes in the same region over a relatively short amount of time.
An earthquake cluster is
Slip rate
It is determined by measuring vertical and horizontal movement along active faults and the length of time needed to accumulate enough stress to trigger a rupture or slip along a fault.
The average rate of tectonic motion over a given time period
The average slip rate indicates
The Earthquakes are related to the forceful movement of magma beneath the crust.
Why do the common earthquakes of the Salton Trough tend to occur in swarms?
Southern California and Northern Mexico
Transform or slide-past
A place where the Earth ruptured and two sides move past each other in earthquake-generating events.
A fault is
Rifting
Gravity pulls an uplifted area apart.
Western and northern Pacific Ocean
Convergent or push-together
Southeastern Pacific Ocean
Divergent or pull-apart
after a larger earthquake (mainshock) succeeds them
Foreshocks can only be labeled as such
Doming
Mantle heating causes melting, and that results in the surface of the Earth extending upward.
Spreading
New seafloor is formed.
Slide-past motion with transform faults
On the western side of the Arabian plate, what is causing the earthquakes?
1. centering 2. Doming 3. Rifting 4. Spreading
Order the stages involved in forming an ocean basin.
Seismic gaps
Short, inactive segments along active faults are called
Spreading centers
Small earthquakes too weak to knock over buildings or cause fatalities are most likely to be found at
Centering
The lithosphere moves over an especially hot region of the mantle.
Cause tens of billions of dollars of damage and possibly cause thousands of deaths
The next major movement along the Hayward fault is projected to
A long rupture within the San Andreas fault zone deep underground that lasted only 7 seconds.
What caused the 1989 "World Series" earthquake?
Overlaps in the north-south trending transform fault
What caused the pull-apart basins in the Red Sea fault zone that filled with water to create the Dead Sea and the Sea of Galilee?
Overlaps in the north-south trending transform fault.
What caused the pull-apart basins in the Red Sea fault zone that filled with water to create the Dead Sea and the Sea of Galilee?
It means movement has occurred along a fault.
What does the word slip refer to when used to describe earthquakes?
A left-lateral transform fault related to the boundary between the Caribbean plate and the North American Plate.
What is the Enriquillo-Plantain Garden fault in Haiti?
A subduction zone
What is the cause of the Earthquake Harvard in Pacific Northwest of the United States?
Subduction of an oceanic plate
What is the cause of the powerful earthquakes and the resulting large tsunamis that occur in the area of Indonesia?
They will likely follow the pattern that has developed since 1939 and continue to move to the west toward Istanbul.
What is the projection for earthquakes along the North Antolian fault zone in Turkey?
The rocks locate there are warmer, which prevents them from building up a lot of stored stress.
What is the reason divergent boundaries have fewer earthquakes than other boundaries?
Two parallel, east-west trending transform faults pass through Haiti where it sits at the northern edge of the Caribbean plate.
What is the tectonic setting of Haiti?
Pull-apart basins are growing in the overlaps of the Dead Sea transform fault zone.
What is the tectonic setting of the Dead Sea fault zone?
Around the rim of the Pacific Ocean and in the northeast Indian Ocean
Where do most of the subduction-zone earthquakes of today occur?
At the bend in the subduction plate; in the overriding plate; in the upper portion of the down-going plate
Where do shallow earthquakes occur in subduction zones?
In the upper portion of the down-going plate; at the bend in the subduction plate; in the overriding plate
Where do shallow earthquakes occur in subduction zones?
Earthquakes can occur in swarms as magma migrates underground; small and moderate-size earthquakes dominate.
Which of the following accurately characterize spreading center earthquakes?
The Enriquillo-Plantain Garden fault in Haiti. The San Andreas fault in California. The Alpine fault of New Zealand.
Which of the following are transform plate boundary faults?
It is one of the most Earthquake-active areas in the United States.
Which of the following statements accurately characters the earthquake activity in the Salton Trough?
The western side
Which side of the Arabian Plate has a slide-past motion with its neighboring plate that is causing deadly earthquakes?
Subduction zones
Which type of tectonic setting listed below has the largest number of strong earthquakes?