Chapter 4 reading quiz

a) How many of the 17 earthquakes listed occurred at subduction zones? b) How many of the 17 earthquakes listed occurred at a Pacific Plate boundary? c) How many of the 17 earthquakes listed occurred in the 21st century?

15 8 6

Compare the 1906 and 1989 earthquakes that hit near San Francisco. Drag the statements below onto the side for which the statement is correct. 1906 1989 ___ Fault movement did not offset the ground surface ___ duration of shaking was much longer ___ earthquake rupture occurred at depth ___ significant vertical movement along fault surface at depth ___ many of the deaths were caused by fires

1906 1906 1906 1989 1989

Which of the following is not a divergent margin? East African Rift Mid-Atlantic Ridge Aleutian Island Arc East Pacific Rise Juan de Fuca Ridge

Aleutian Island Arc

Which of the following correctly states the order in which a continental area is transformed into an ocean basin as a spreading center forms? Centering, doming, rifting, and finally spreading Doming, centering, spreading, and finally rifting Spreading, rifting, doming, and finally centering Rifting, doming, spreading, and finally centering

Centering, doming, rifting, and finally spreading

Three basic classes of collisions include all but which of the following? Oceanic plate versus oceanic plate Oceanic plate versus continent-bearing plate Continental plate versus continental plate Continental plate versus mantle plate

Continental plate versus mantle plate

Match the plate boundaries and the earthquake types. Convergent Boundary Continent to Continent Divergent Boundary Subduction Zone Earthquakes Triple Junction Transform Fault Earthquakes ___ Type of boundary in which 2 ocean plates collide ___ Type of boundary in which 2 continental plates collide ___ Type of boundary in which 2 plates pull apart ___ Earthquakes that are found where one plate dives beneath another ___ Formed by 3 young spreading centers ___ Formed by the horizontal movement of 2 plates past each other

Convergent Boundary Subduction Zone Earthquakes Divergent Boundary Subduction Zone Earthquakes Triple Junction Transform Fault Earthquakes

__________ are the down-dropped areas in the middle of spreading-center domes that are being pulled apart. Rift valleys Horsts Junctions Gap holes Escape basins

Rift valleys

Label the following figure with the type of fault zone and expected size of earthquake. Subduction Zone Plate Movement Spreading Center Transform Fault

Subduction Zone Transform Fault, Spreading Center, Transform Fault Plate Movement

The largest earthquakes along western North America are due to subduction beneath the continent. They include __________. the magnitude 9.2 Alaska earthquake in 1964 which was due to subduction of the Pacific Plate the magnitude 8.1 Mexico City event in 1985 which was caused by subduction of the Cocos Plate the plates subducting beneath Oregon and Washington which generated a magnitude 9 earthquake on 26 January 1700 All of these choices are correct.

The plates subducting beneath Oregon and Washington which generated a magnitude 9 earthquake on 26 January 1700

In the 1989 Loma Prieta quake, the Marina District building collapses were extensive, and numerous destructive fires broke out, due to all but which one of the following? Amplified shaking Deformation and liquefaction of artificial-fill foundations Soft first-story construction that led to building collapses Widespread looting and arson

Widespread looting and arson

Determine the order in which material amplifies seismic waves from the most to least. sand and gravel bedrock soft mud

bedrock sand and gravel soft mud

When a number of earthquakes along in the same general area over the course of a few months or years, the event is referred to as a(n) __________ . earthquake cluster seismic batch faulting episode gap buster tectonic bundling

earthquake cluster

True or false? Spreading ridges produce the largest number of great earthquakes.

false

Constraining bends in large strike-slip faults commonly "lock up"; thus, movements there tend to be __________. infrequent and large frequent and small infrequent and small tensional and mostly vertical Infrequent and large and frequent and small are correct.

infrequent and large

The Pacific Plate subducts along _________ edges and creates enormous earthquakes, such as the 1923 Tokyo seism. its southern and eastern its northern and eastern its southern and western its northern and western

its northern and western

In San Francisco's Marina district in 1989, some fill underwent permanent deformation and settling, and some formed slurries as underground water and loose sediment flowed like a fluid in a process known as __________. slumping creep liquefaction plasticity avulsion

liquefaction

Most earthquakes are explainable using __________. Maxwell's equations the seismic-gap method plate-tectonics theory the law of superposition the law of lateral seisms

plate-tectonics theory

The seismic-gap method of earthquake forecasting works by identifying __________. segments along a fault that not moved for the longest amount of time where along a fault the largest amount of horizontal displacement has occurred where along a fault the largest amount of vertical displacement has occurred triple junctions and predicting where rift valleys will form in pull-apart gaps where hypocenters and epicenters are separated by the smallest vertical distance

segments along a fault that not moved for the longest amount of time

The __________ segment of the San Andreas fault is the only one not to have a long rupture in historic time. In prehistory, it has ruptured every 250 years on average, but the last big movement was in 1690. southern middle northern "creeping"

southern

Sort the following mountain ranges into whether they are formed by continent-continent collisions or are formed at subduction zones. subduction zones continent-continent collision ___ Cascade mountains ___ Andes mountains ___ Himalaya mountains ___ Caucasus mountains

subduction zones continent-continent collision continent-continent collision subduction zones

The ongoing collision between Asia and the subcontinent of India is resulting in __________. the closure of a triple junction the formation of a spreading center great earthquakes over a gigantic area subduction-related volcanism deep-focus earthquakes along the transform fault system

subduction-related volcanism

A triple junction is the point where __________. nine or more faults terminate three seismic gaps exist along the same fault latitude, longitude, and elevation data indicate where a hypocenter is located three tectonic plates touch an earthquake cluster is centered

three tectonic plates touch

True or false? Earthquakes at subduction zones result from different types of fault movements, depending on whether they occur in shallow versus deeper realms.

true

True or false? Most of the subduction-zone earthquakes of today occur around the rim of the Pacific Ocean or the northeastern Indian Ocean.

true

True or false? The compressional movements at subduction zones and continent-continent collisions generate the largest tectonic earthquakes and they affect the widest areas.

true

The greatest earthquakes in the world occur _____________. where plates collide with each other where plates separate from one another where plates slide past each other in the interiors of individual plates

where plates collide with each other