Chapter 41

Approximately how often is the blood filtered by the human kidney?

60 times a day (once every 24 minutes)

What percentage of water is reabsorbed by the proximal convoluted tubule by the time the filtrate leaves?

75%

What hormone increases blood pressure by directly stimulating the distal convoluted tubule and collecting ducts to take up more water and salts?

Aldosterone

Nitrogenous wastes are produced through the breakdown of:

Proteins

In multicellular animals with pressurized circulatory systems, the correct order of processes in waste elimination is:

filtration, reabsorption, secretion

What is the path taken by excretory fluid through the mammalian kidney?

glomerulus, capsule, renal tubules, collecting ducts, ureter, bladder

Which part of the nephron acts as a countercurrent multiplier?

loop of Henle

Unicellular and simple multicellular organisms isolate and eliminate waste materials by:

moving the wastes into a contractile vacuole and eliminating them through exocytosis.

What process occurs within Bowman's capsule?

Bowman's Capsule

The membranous sac enclosing the glomerulus of a mammalian kidney is:

Bowman's capsule

What is the function of the vasa recta?

It maintains the concentration gradient established by the loop of Henle.

What structures make up a nephron?

The glomerulus, Boweman's capsule, renal tubules and collecting ducts

Blood enters the glomerulus by an _____ and leaves by an _____.

afferent arteriole; efferent arteriole

Which of the following correctly describes the path of excretory fluids through a mammalian nephron?

glomerulus, Bowman's space, proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule, collecting duct

Osmoregulation is:

the control of osmotic pressure through regulation of water and solute levels.

The primary function of the loop of Henle is:

to generate a concentration gradient between the inner medulla and outer cortex.