Chapter 4/5

A dog retrieves the newspaper every day because in the past it received a food reward for this behavior. The dog's behavior is an example of which of the following?

An operant response

Which of the following operant conditioning concepts is an example of positive punishment?

As a reward for LaKeisha getting good grades, her parents take her out to dinner at her favorite restaurant.

Which of the following best reflects contemporary interpretations of classical conditioning?

They take into account cognitive processes like expectancy.

In high school, it did not seem to make a difference how much Clive studied Spanish; he always earned poor grades. Now that Clive is in college, he is required to take Spanish again. According to the concept of learned helplessness, which of the following statements can be most expected from Clive as he starts the new Spanish class?

"Why study? There isn't anything I can do to improve my Spanish skills."

Which of the following is the best example of shaping?

A teacher rewards a student for sitting quietly for ten minutes on Monday, fifteen minutes on Tuesday, twenty minutes on Wednesday, and thirty minutes on Thursday.

Which of the following is a learned response?

A behavior strengthened by secondary reinforcement

Of the following, which is essential for operant conditioning to occur?

A behavioral consequence

Which of the following responses was most likely acquired through classical conditioning?

A child's fear of dogs after the child has been bitten by a dog

When the fire alarm sounded in the middle of the night, Ada woke up and made her way from her bedroom, down the stairs, and out the front door in the dark. Ada's ability to navigate her way through the dark house is an example of using

A cognitive map

Which of the following is an example of discrimination learning?

A dog trained to salivate to a particular tone does not salivate to any other tone.

Which of the following would a social learning theorist be most likely to propose as a cause for a fear of flying?

A person observed someone else's fear of flying.

The idea that the explanation for prejudice lies in children's modeling of their parents' prejudicial beliefs, emotions, and behaviors is most closely aligned with the theories of which of the following?

Albert bandura

Andi's best friend always screamed when she was in high places, and now Andi also screams when she is in high places. Which of the following theorists would say that Andi screams because she saw her friend scream?

Albert bandura

Being able to perform a complex action after watching another person perform it is an example of which of the following types of learning?

social

Maria was never afraid of spiders until a spider bit her when she was eight. Today, even the sight of a plastic spider upsets her. Which of the following learning processes best explains Maria's fear of spiders?

Classical conditioning

Responses extinguish fastest when they are learned through which type of reinforcement schedule?

Continuous

Which dog is demonstrating stimulus discrimination in the following scenarios?

Cookie cowers when she hears the pop of fireworks, but not when she hears the pop of lightning.

Diego's new puppy Agatha has developed the annoying habit of begging for food when people are eating. Using operant conditioning, which of the following would be the most effective technique for Diego to use to get Agatha to stop begging for food?

Diego should consistently ignore Agatha when she begs.

The operant conditioning concept of negative reinforcement is illustrated in which of the following scenarios?

Ervin always buckles his seat belt to stop the beeping sound his car makes when the seat belt is unbuckled.

When a conditioned stimulus is presented without the unconditioned stimulus, a resulting decrease in the conditioned response is called

Extinction

Whenever Sarah's mother answered the phone, Sarah would yell for her mother's attention and her mother would end the phone conversation. Then Sarah's mother began ignoring Sarah's yelling and eventually Sarah stopped behaving that way. The change in Sarah's behavior is an example of

Extinction

An individual's fear of dogs that is lost as the individual is exposed to dogs in nonthreatening situations is referred to by behaviorists as a fear that has been

Extinguished

Four-year-old Scott fell down the stairs at his grandmother's house. Although he was not badly hurt, he was very frightened. Now, whenever his parents mention visiting his grandmother's house, he feels anxious and fearful. In classical conditioning terms, what are the conditioned stimulus (CS) and the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) in the scenario, respectively?

Grandmother's house; falling

In a study, rats were randomly assigned to two groups, group A or group B. Group A received no food reward for completing a maze initially, but was allowed to explore the maze. Group B was given food rewards for completing the maze during the exploration phase. Later, when given food rewards for completing the maze, the rats from group A completed the maze as quickly as the rats from group B. Which of the following terms best explains the performance of the rats in group A?

Latent learning

Kelly, a first-year student at a local university, is surprised at how easily she can locate the building and classroom for each of her classes on the first day of school. Kelly attributes her success to the campus tour she took the previous spring. Which of the following concepts best supports Kelly's belief?

Latent learning

Learning that is not demonstrated at the time it occurs is called

Latent learning

When Mary was young, her father was trying to learn how to speak German and would listen to German tapes for hours in her presence. Mary paid very little attention to the tapes. Many years later, when Mary was in Germany, she was able to say a few German words in order to make herself understood. This is an example of

Latent learning

To stop his uncle's constant requests, Jimmy takes out the garbage. This makes him more likely to take out the garbage in the future. Jimmy's behavior is being controlled by which of the following types of reinforcement?

Negative

If any student in a second-grade class misbehaves during the day, the whole class will not have a free period at the end of the day. Over time, the number of students who misbehave goes down significantly. Taking away the free-time period serves as

Negative punishment

Taking a painkiller to relieve a toothache is behavior learned through which of the following processes?

Negative reinforcement

Four-year-old Moesha screams and cries because she wants a candy bar. When her father, Bill, finally gives in and buys her the candy, she stops screaming. Bill tells the grocery clerk it will always be worth paying for candy to get Moesha to stop screaming. Bill's act of buying the candy is

Negatively reinforced

Which of the following sets of concepts is central to social learning theory?

Observation, imitation, and modeling

Madeline wants her son to be well-behaved when they go to church. For every five minutes he sits still, she gives him a piece of candy. What type of learning is Madeline employing?

Operant conditioning

Patients with schizophrenia treated in a hospital receive plastic coins when they perform desirable behaviors, such as cleaning their rooms. They can then trade the coins for rewards, such as snacks. This type of treatment program is based on which of the following?

Operant conditioning

In which of the following scenarios is someone showing evidence of extinction in classical conditioning?

Randy was always worried about his exams in high school and felt anxiety when in the building. However, now that he is a teacher at the same high school the anxiety has gone away.

In operant conditioning, the concept of contingency is exemplified by an "if A, then B" relationship in which A and B, respectively, represent

Response, reinforcement

Money most often modifies people's behavior because it is a powerful

Secondary reinforcer

Raul wants to teach his daughter Sonia to tie her shoes. First he praises her when she manipulates her shoelaces in any way. Then he praises her when she makes a simple knot. Once she does that consistently, he praises her only when she makes the knot and a loop. He continues the pattern until she can do all the steps required to tie her shoes. Raul's actions are an example of which of the following techniques?

Shaping

The first time four-year-old Savannah attempted to make her bed, her father praised her for covering the pillow with a blanket. After a few times, her father began praising Savannah for covering the pillow and tucking in the corners of the sheet. Finally, Savannah's father praised her when she covered the pillow, tucked in the corners of the sheet, and smoothed the blanket. The process described in this scenario is known as

Shaping

The technique of strengthening behavior by reinforcing successive approximations is called

Shaping

Studies of learning have shown that animals develop an aversion for tastes associated with

Sickness

Jeff always tells his children not to use bad language when something does not go the way they want. Unfortunately, Jeff uses bad language occasionally and his children have observed him do so. Now Jeff's children use bad language. This can be explained by

Social learning theory

The terms "modeling" and "imitation" are most closely associated with which of the following?

Social learning theory

A monkey's choosing a circle from an array of geometric shapes in order to be rewarded with a banana is an example of

Stimulus discrimination

For extinction to occur, which of the following must be true of the conditioned response (CR), the conditioned stimulus (CS), and the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) ?

The CS is repeatedly presented in the absence of the UCS, and the CR loses strength.

Researchers paired rats' drinking of saccharin-sweetened water with injections of a drug that weakened the immune system. After repeated pairings, sweetened water triggered the rats' immune systems to break down. What was the conditioned stimulus in the study?

The immune system weakening in response to the drug

Janice cleaned out the office refrigerator without being asked. The operant conditioning concept of positive reinforcement is illustrated in which scenario?

The next day, her boss gave her a gift certificate to a local coffee shop. As a result, Janice now regularly cleans out the office refrigerator.

Children who are consistently praised for receiving high grades in school will likely continue to work for high grades. Using an operant conditioning explanation of this phenomenon, which of the following is true?

The praise functions as a positive reinforcer.

In a set of studies, Ivan Pavlov first touched a dog lightly on the side of its body and a few seconds later placed vinegar on the dog's tongue. The vinegar made the dog salivate. After several pairings of touch and vinegar, the dog began to salivate as soon as it was touched and before it was given the vinegar. In these studies which of the following was the conditioned stimulus?

Touch to the body

Which of the following is a partial reinforcement schedule that is most resistant to extinction?

Variable ratio

A technique that enables a person to control physiological responses that are normally involuntary, such as level of blood pressure, is known as

biofeedback

Although people can acquire phobias to almost any object or situation, certain phobias (e.g., those to snakes, spiders, heights) are much more common than others. This finding can best be explained by which of the following concepts?

biological preparedness

It is easier to condition individuals to be afraid of snakes than of electrical outlets because of a phenomenon called

biological preparedness

In Ivan Pavlov's experiments in classical conditioning, the dog's salivation was

both an unconditioned and a conditioned response

A mental image of a spatial layout is called

cognitive map

A cancer patient becomes nauseated following chemotherapy treatments. After a few treatments, the patient begins having a sick feeling whenever entering the treatment room. The treatment room has become

conditioned stimulus

Robert Rescorla's contingency model of classical conditioning states that

conditioning occurs only when one event reliably predicts another

Because studies of learning show that events occurring close together in time are easier to associate than those occurring at widely different times, parents should probably avoid which of the following?

delay of punishment

B. F. Skinner's claim that the environment determines an individual's behavior was criticized for

failing to acknowledge cognitive influences on behavior

A rat always completes a maze successfully but is only rewarded every third trial. The rat is being rewarded using which of the following reinforcement schedules?

fixed ratio

In the first part of an experiment, one group of rats received reinforcement after correctly navigating a maze. A second group received no reinforcement after wandering around the maze. In the next part, both groups received reinforcement after navigating the maze. Despite not receiving reinforcement at the beginning of the experiment, the second group performed as well as the first. The learning that occurred in the second group in the absence of reinforcement is called

latent learning

Individuals who believe that an unpleasant experience is unavoidable and therefore do nothing to change the course of events are exhibiting

learned helplessness

A particular group of brain cells seems to provide a basis for observational learning. Researchers call these specialized cells

mirror neurons

Which of the following kinds of learning is involved when a person displays a new behavior after watching someone else perform it?

observational learning

Which of the following provides an effective explanation for the data above?

observational learning

Punishment is most effective in eliminating undesired behavior when the

punishment is delivered soon after the behavior

Learned helplessness is most likely to result when

responses have no effect on the environment

A child who learns that spoons are tableware and then correctly calls forks and knives tableware is demonstrating

stimulus generalization

After several trials during which a dog is given a certain kind of food at the same time that a specific tone is sounded, there is evidence of conditioning if the dog salivates when

the tone only is presented

In classical conditioning, stimulus generalization occurs when an organism responds

to stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus