Chapter 5: Fats, Oils, and Other Lipids
gastric lipase
Fat digestion in the stomach is carried out by
texture, flavor, satiety, and absorption of fat-soluble vitamins
Fat in foods significantly contributes to __________.
whether the carbons are connected by single or double bonds the total number of double bonds the length of the fatty acid chain
Fatty acids are classified by ________.
False
Foods contain only one type of fatty acid, either saturated or unsaturated, but never both.
10
For heart health, less than ________ percent of your total calories should come from saturated fats.
Risk Factors You Can Control
HDL level
narrow due to build-up of LDLs and other substances along their walls
Heart disease develops when coronary arteries __________.
fish
Heart-healthy phytosterols are found in all of the following foods except
Arterial lining is injured. LDL and other substances seep through the injury and deposit within the arterial wall. LDL cholesterol becomes oxidized. Macrophages travel to the site and engulf the oxidized LDLs, and foam cells form. Foam cells accumulate to create a fatty streak. Plaque forms, and the artery passageway narrows. Blood flow is slowed or stopped.
How Atherosclerosis Develops
Increasing intake of plant foods may be one of the easiest ways to decrease LDL cholesterol. Trans fats are worse for heart health than saturated fats because they raise LDL cholesterol and lower HDL cholesterol. Typically, the higher your consumption of saturated fats, the higher the LDL cholesterol levels in your blood. Submit
How Diet and Dietary Fat Intake Affects Heart Disease
three
How many different forms of lipids are commonly found in food?
Trans Fat
Hydrogenation by food manufacturers creates this type of fat.
essential fatty acids
Linoleic acid and alpha-linolenic acid are considered ______, and must be obtained from the diet.
Polyunsaturated Fat
Linoleic and alpha-linolenic acid are types of this fat.
False
Lipids enter the bloodstream directly after digestion.
grains and fruits
Which of the following is the largest component of the Mediterranean diet?
Pancreas
pancreatic lipase
Risk Factors You Can Control
physical activity level
Risk Factors You Can Control
smoking
Risk Factors You Cannot Control
type 1 diabetes
Risk Factors You Can Control
type 2 diabetes
three fatty acids with a glycerol backbone
The structure of a triglyceride consists of ___.
Saturated Fat
These fats are primarily composed of fatty acids in which all carbons are saturated with hydrogen.
Monounsaturated Fat
These fats contain fatty acids with a maximum of one double bond.
Polyunsaturated Fat
These fats contain fatty acids with more than one double bond.
animal products such as meat and dairy
Which of the following is likely to be the highest in saturated fat?
chylomicron
A _____ is a lipoprotein carrier that transports digested fat and other lipids through the lymph system.
risk factor
A ______ is a characteristic, variable, or behavior that increases the probability of developing injury, infection, or disease. An example is smoking.
less trans fat
A lifestyle change that helps decrease the risk of heart disease is to consume ___.
hypertension
A person with a blood pressure of 140/90 is said to have ______.
good
A total cholesterol blood level of 175 mg/dl is considered
eicosanoids
All of the following are major classes of dietary lipids except:
large intestine
All of the following organs play a role in the digestion of lipids EXCEPT the ________.
liver; gallbladder
Bile is made in the ______ and stored in the _______.
micelles
Carriers that transport monoglycerides and fatty acids to intestinal cells are called ______.
bile
Cholesterol is a component of ______ , which is stored in the gallbladder and secreted into the small intestine, where it plays an important role in emulsifying fats.
bile acids
Cholesterol is needed to make ___.
consume more plant foods like legumes, vegetables, and fruit engage in regular physical activity
Choose the strategies below that should be used to reduce the risk of heart disease.
lymphatic system
Chylomicrons transport fat and cholesterol from a meal via the _______ before entering the bloodstream.
Saturated Fat
Coconut oil contains mostly this type of fat.
saturated fat
Consumption of which of these dietary components raises low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol the most?
margarine
Dietary cholesterol is found in all of these foods EXCEPT:
into the lymphatic system
During the digestive process, most lipids are absorbed ________.
lymph
Long-chain fatty acids are absorbed through the intestinal cells and enter the
small intestine
Most digestion of fat occurs in the ________.
hydrogenation
Most trans fats are created through the process of __________.
foam cells
Once macrophages "gobble up" cholesterol-laden LDL and become enlarged, they are transformed into ______.
Cholesterol is a component of bile. Cholesterol is a component of bile.
Read the statements below and select the correct statements regarding the role of cholesterol in health and disease.
lymph
Small-chain fatty acids can enter the bloodstream directly, but large-chain fatty acids must be packaged first before entering the ______.
monoglycerides
Structures composed of a glycerol backbone and one fatty acid are called _______.
glycerol
The "backbone" of a triglyceride is a ____ molecule.
between 20 percent and 35 percent of a person's daily energy intake
The Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range for total fat intake is _______.
Mechanical digestion by chewing breaks food down. Lingual lipase begins chemical digestion of food. Gastric lipase breaks down triglycerides into diglycerides and free fatty acids. The gallbladder secretes bile into the small intestine,where the bile emulsifies fat into smaller globules. With the aid of pancreatic lipase, fats are further broken down into free fatty acids and monoglycerides. Fat by-products are packaged into micelles and transported to intestinal cells. Micelles separate into their component parts. Short-chain fatty acids enter the blood stream for transport,and long-chain fatty acids are packaged into chylomicrons and released into lymph vessels.
The Process of Lipid Digestion
coronary arteries
The ______ are the large blood vessels that supply oxygen and other nutrients to the heart.
gallbladder
The ______ releases bile through the common bile duct.
liver
The _______ is the site of the production of bile and some lipoproteins.
fatty acids
The building blocks of lipids are ___.
plaque
The buildup within an artery wall of _____ can greatly obstruct flow through the artery's passageway.
high HDL cholesterol
The characteristics of metabolic syndrome include all of the following EXCEPT:
20 to 35
The current Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range (AMDR) for fat is __ percent of the daily caloric intake.
gastric lipase
The enzyme ______, secreted in the stomach, begins the digestion of some triglycerides.
alpha-linolenic acid
The essential fatty acid that is an omega-3 fatty acid is
high-density lipoprotein
The lipoprotein that contains the greatest proportion of protein is
low-density lipoprotein.
The lipoprotein that deposits cholesterol in the walls of the arteries, thereby increasing heart disease risk, is
high-density lipoprotein (HDL)
The lipoprotein that removes cholesterol from the tissues and delivers it to the liver to be used is ________.
saturated fats.
The major dietary component that raises LDL cholesterol levels is
lecithin
The major phospholipid in the cell is ___.
high LDL blood level.
The major risk factor for heart disease is a
small intestine
The majority of fat digestion occurs in the ___.
hydrogenation
The majority of trans fats in foods are created by food manufacturers through the process of _________.
triglycerides
The most common fat in foods are made up of three fatty acids attached to a three-carbon glycerol backbone and are called
triglyceride
The most common fat in foods is made up of three fatty acids attached to a glycerol backbone and is called a _______.
triglycerides
The most common lipid present in your body and in foods is
atherosclerosis
The narrowing of arteries, also called ______, is thought to start with an injury to an artery's interior wall.
fat soluble vitamins
The nutrients the FDA mandates must be added to foods containing olestra are __________.
180
The nutrition analysis of a fast-food meal indicates it contains 20 grams of fat. How many kilocalories are provided by the fat?
triglycerides
The primary lipid in the body is _____.
17 grams
The recommended daily intake of linoleic acid for men age 19-50 is
pancreatic lipase
This enzyme, which breaks down triglycerides into monoglycerides and free fatty acids, is called _______.
Trans Fat
This fat can raise LDL (bad) cholesterol and lower HDL (good) cholesterol.
Monounsaturated Fat
This is the most abundant type of fat in olive oil.
LDL (low density lipoprotein)
This lipoprotein has the highest cholesterol content of all the lipoproteins, and it deposits this cholesterol to cells of the body.
HDL (high density lipoprotein)
This lipoprotein is released from the liver and picks up cholesterol from cells to transport it back to the liver. Submit
Chylomicron
This lipoprotein transports triglycerides and other lipids from the intestinal wall cell into lymph.
vegetable oils, nuts, and flaxseeds
Three good sources of essential fatty acids are __________.
emulsifier
To keep water and fat-loving substances together, a(n) ___ is used.
bile
To promote fat digestion, the gallbladder releases ___ into the small intestine.
increase LDL cholesterol and decrease HDL cholesterol
Trans fats are to be avoided because they ___.
raise low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and lower high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels
Trans fats are unhealthy for the heart because they _____.
fatty acids
Triglycerides are made up of
True
Triglycerides are the most common lipid found in foods.
VLDL (very low density lipoprotein)
Triglycerides make up the majority of lipids within this lipoprotein, and it serves to deliver these triglycerides from the liver to the body's cells, including fat cells.
LDLs
VLDLs are transformed into ______ after transport of triglycerides and cholesterol to muscle and fat cells.
clusters of fatty acids, monoglycerides, and other lipids surrounded by bile salts that transport lipids across the cell membrane of the villi
What are micelles?
exercise more and lose excess weight
What is a good way to raise high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels?
insulate the body and regulate body temperature cushion the bones, organs, and nerves Enable the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins
Which of the following is a function of fat in the body?
They prevent irregular heartbeats. They reduce atherosclerosis. They lower blood pressure.
Which of the following is a health benefit of omega-3 fatty acids?
lecithin
Which of the following is a phospholipid?
heart attack
When a blood vessel leading to the heart is blocked by a clot, a _____ can result.
saturated
When each carbon is bonded with two hydrogen atoms, the chain is ___ with hydrogen.
bile
When fat enters the small intestine, an emulsifier called _______ is released into the small intestine to break up the large fat globules into smaller fat droplets.
pancreatic lipase
Which enzyme is responsible for the majority of the digestions of lipids?
Limit dietary cholesterol to less than 300 milligrams daily. Limit fat intake to 20 to 35 percent of total calories. Limit saturated fat intake to no more than 10 percent of fat intake.
Which of the following are current dietary fat recommendations for good health?
flaxseed walnuts soybean oil
Which of the following are good sources of the essential fatty acids linoleic acid and alpha-linolenic acid?
cashew nuts and almonds olives and olive oil canola oil
Which of the following foods are good sources of monounsaturated fatty acids?
salmon and other fatty fish
Which of the following foods are the richest sources of omega-3 fatty acids?
butter
Which of the following foods contains primarily saturated fats?
olive oil
Which of the following foods is the best source of monounsaturated fatty acids?
corn oil
Which of the following foods is the best source of polyunsaturated fatty acid?
olive oil
Which of the following is not high in saturated fat?
Bile acts to emulsify lipids in the small intestine, which helps pancreatic lipase access fats for further digestion.
Which of the following statements describes the nature of emulsification?
Fatty acid chains in a triglyceride molecule, which contain a single double bond, are referred to as monounsaturated fatty acids.
Which of the following statements regarding the structure of triglycerides is TRUE?
phospholipids
Which of the three lipids commonly found in foods are used to manufacture cell membranes?
whole milk
Which of these food items contains the most dietary cholesterol per serving?
a high level of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol
Which of these is healthiest?
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
Which of these lipoproteins has the highest percentage of cholesterol?
flaxseeds
Which one of the following foods has the greatest amount of alpha-linolenic acid?
saturated fat
Which type of fatty acid is most common in animal-based foods, such as steak, butter, and milk?
Regular physical activity
___ can increase HDL cholesterol.
Low-density lipoprotein
___ deposits cholesterol in the walls of the arteries.
Long-chain fatty acids
___ enter the lymph and need transport carriers to circulate in the bloodstream.
High-density lipoprotein
___ helps to remove cholesterol from the cells and delivers it to the liver.
VLDLs
_____ are the least dense of the lipoproteins produced by the liver.
Fat substitutes
_____ can be carbohydrate-, protein-, or fat-based.
Micelles
______ are carriers that consist of monoglycerides, fatty acids, and lecithin, and serve to transport digested fats from food to the intestinal cells.
Triglycerides
______ are found in the center of lipoproteins and make up the majority of both chylomicrons and VLDLs' composition.
Chylomicrons
______ are large lipoproteins that carry fats and cholesterol from the intestine through the lymph system and to the bloodstream.
HDLs
______ are the densest type of lipoprotein that circulates in the bloodstream; they serve to remove cholesterol from cells and deliver it to the liver.
Chylomicrons
______ are the only type of lipoprotein that gets circulated in the lymph.
Olestra
______ contains 6 to 8 fatty acids connected to sucrose, and cannot be broken down by digestive enzymes.
Glycerol
______ is a compound containing carbons, hydrogens, and hydroxyl groups (OH) that serves as the "backbone" for various lipids.
Cholesterol
______ is a lipid that is made up of four connecting rings of carbon and hydrogen, and is an important component of cell membranes, as well as a precursor for other essential compounds.
Protein
______ is denser than fat, and determines the overall density of a lipoprotein.
Bile
______ is needed to help mix fats with watery fluids.
Syndrome X/metabolic syndrome
______ refers to the presence of several risk factors together that can result in an increased chance of developing heart disease.
High-density lipoproteins
______ remove cholesterol from tissues and deliver it to the liver for use in bile or excretion.
Risk Factors You Cannot Control
age
Gallbladder
bile
Risk Factors You Can Control
body weight
Mouth
lingual lipase
Small Intestine
chylomicrons
Small Intestine
micelles
Risk Factors You Cannot Control
family history of heart disease
Stomach
gastric lipase
Risk Factors You Cannot Control
gender
Risk Factors You Can Control
hypertension
