Chapter 5: Fats, Oils, and Other Lipids

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gastric lipase

Fat digestion in the stomach is carried out by

texture, flavor, satiety, and absorption of fat-soluble vitamins

Fat in foods significantly contributes to __________.

whether the carbons are connected by single or double bonds the total number of double bonds the length of the fatty acid chain

Fatty acids are classified by ________.

False

Foods contain only one type of fatty acid, either saturated or unsaturated, but never both.

10

For heart health, less than ________ percent of your total calories should come from saturated fats.

Risk Factors You Can Control

HDL level

narrow due to build-up of LDLs and other substances along their walls

Heart disease develops when coronary arteries __________.

fish

Heart-healthy phytosterols are found in all of the following foods except

Arterial lining is injured. LDL and other substances seep through the injury and deposit within the arterial wall. LDL cholesterol becomes oxidized. Macrophages travel to the site and engulf the oxidized LDLs, and foam cells form. Foam cells accumulate to create a fatty streak. Plaque forms, and the artery passageway narrows. Blood flow is slowed or stopped.

How Atherosclerosis Develops

Increasing intake of plant foods may be one of the easiest ways to decrease LDL cholesterol. Trans fats are worse for heart health than saturated fats because they raise LDL cholesterol and lower HDL cholesterol. Typically, the higher your consumption of saturated fats, the higher the LDL cholesterol levels in your blood. Submit

How Diet and Dietary Fat Intake Affects Heart Disease

three

How many different forms of lipids are commonly found in food?

Trans Fat

Hydrogenation by food manufacturers creates this type of fat.

essential fatty acids

Linoleic acid and alpha-linolenic acid are considered ______, and must be obtained from the diet.

Polyunsaturated Fat

Linoleic and alpha-linolenic acid are types of this fat.

False

Lipids enter the bloodstream directly after digestion.

grains and fruits

Which of the following is the largest component of the Mediterranean diet?

Pancreas

pancreatic lipase

Risk Factors You Can Control

physical activity level

Risk Factors You Can Control

smoking

Risk Factors You Cannot Control

type 1 diabetes

Risk Factors You Can Control

type 2 diabetes

three fatty acids with a glycerol backbone

The structure of a triglyceride consists of ___.

Saturated Fat

These fats are primarily composed of fatty acids in which all carbons are saturated with hydrogen.

Monounsaturated Fat

These fats contain fatty acids with a maximum of one double bond.

Polyunsaturated Fat

These fats contain fatty acids with more than one double bond.

animal products such as meat and dairy

Which of the following is likely to be the highest in saturated fat?

chylomicron

A _____ is a lipoprotein carrier that transports digested fat and other lipids through the lymph system.

risk factor

A ______ is a characteristic, variable, or behavior that increases the probability of developing injury, infection, or disease. An example is smoking.

less trans fat

A lifestyle change that helps decrease the risk of heart disease is to consume ___.

hypertension

A person with a blood pressure of 140/90 is said to have ______.

good

A total cholesterol blood level of 175 mg/dl is considered

eicosanoids

All of the following are major classes of dietary lipids except:

large intestine

All of the following organs play a role in the digestion of lipids EXCEPT the ________.

liver; gallbladder

Bile is made in the ______ and stored in the _______.

micelles

Carriers that transport monoglycerides and fatty acids to intestinal cells are called ______.

bile

Cholesterol is a component of ______ , which is stored in the gallbladder and secreted into the small intestine, where it plays an important role in emulsifying fats.

bile acids

Cholesterol is needed to make ___.

consume more plant foods like legumes, vegetables, and fruit engage in regular physical activity

Choose the strategies below that should be used to reduce the risk of heart disease.

lymphatic system

Chylomicrons transport fat and cholesterol from a meal via the _______ before entering the bloodstream.

Saturated Fat

Coconut oil contains mostly this type of fat.

saturated fat

Consumption of which of these dietary components raises low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol the most?

margarine

Dietary cholesterol is found in all of these foods EXCEPT:

into the lymphatic system

During the digestive process, most lipids are absorbed ________.

lymph

Long-chain fatty acids are absorbed through the intestinal cells and enter the

small intestine

Most digestion of fat occurs in the ________.

hydrogenation

Most trans fats are created through the process of __________.

foam cells

Once macrophages "gobble up" cholesterol-laden LDL and become enlarged, they are transformed into ______.

Cholesterol is a component of bile. Cholesterol is a component of bile.

Read the statements below and select the correct statements regarding the role of cholesterol in health and disease.

lymph

Small-chain fatty acids can enter the bloodstream directly, but large-chain fatty acids must be packaged first before entering the ______.

monoglycerides

Structures composed of a glycerol backbone and one fatty acid are called _______.

glycerol

The "backbone" of a triglyceride is a ____ molecule.

between 20 percent and 35 percent of a person's daily energy intake

The Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range for total fat intake is _______.

Mechanical digestion by chewing breaks food down. Lingual lipase begins chemical digestion of food. Gastric lipase breaks down triglycerides into diglycerides and free fatty acids. The gallbladder secretes bile into the small intestine,where the bile emulsifies fat into smaller globules. With the aid of pancreatic lipase, fats are further broken down into free fatty acids and monoglycerides. Fat by-products are packaged into micelles and transported to intestinal cells. Micelles separate into their component parts. Short-chain fatty acids enter the blood stream for transport,and long-chain fatty acids are packaged into chylomicrons and released into lymph vessels.

The Process of Lipid Digestion

coronary arteries

The ______ are the large blood vessels that supply oxygen and other nutrients to the heart.

gallbladder

The ______ releases bile through the common bile duct.

liver

The _______ is the site of the production of bile and some lipoproteins.

fatty acids

The building blocks of lipids are ___.

plaque

The buildup within an artery wall of _____ can greatly obstruct flow through the artery's passageway.

high HDL cholesterol

The characteristics of metabolic syndrome include all of the following EXCEPT:

20 to 35

The current Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range (AMDR) for fat is __ percent of the daily caloric intake.

gastric lipase

The enzyme ______, secreted in the stomach, begins the digestion of some triglycerides.

alpha-linolenic acid

The essential fatty acid that is an omega-3 fatty acid is

high-density lipoprotein

The lipoprotein that contains the greatest proportion of protein is

low-density lipoprotein.

The lipoprotein that deposits cholesterol in the walls of the arteries, thereby increasing heart disease risk, is

high-density lipoprotein (HDL)

The lipoprotein that removes cholesterol from the tissues and delivers it to the liver to be used is ________.

saturated fats.

The major dietary component that raises LDL cholesterol levels is

lecithin

The major phospholipid in the cell is ___.

high LDL blood level.

The major risk factor for heart disease is a

small intestine

The majority of fat digestion occurs in the ___.

hydrogenation

The majority of trans fats in foods are created by food manufacturers through the process of _________.

triglycerides

The most common fat in foods are made up of three fatty acids attached to a three-carbon glycerol backbone and are called

triglyceride

The most common fat in foods is made up of three fatty acids attached to a glycerol backbone and is called a _______.

triglycerides

The most common lipid present in your body and in foods is

atherosclerosis

The narrowing of arteries, also called ______, is thought to start with an injury to an artery's interior wall.

fat soluble vitamins

The nutrients the FDA mandates must be added to foods containing olestra are __________.

180

The nutrition analysis of a fast-food meal indicates it contains 20 grams of fat. How many kilocalories are provided by the fat?

triglycerides

The primary lipid in the body is _____.

17 grams

The recommended daily intake of linoleic acid for men age 19-50 is

pancreatic lipase

This enzyme, which breaks down triglycerides into monoglycerides and free fatty acids, is called _______.

Trans Fat

This fat can raise LDL (bad) cholesterol and lower HDL (good) cholesterol.

Monounsaturated Fat

This is the most abundant type of fat in olive oil.

LDL (low density lipoprotein)

This lipoprotein has the highest cholesterol content of all the lipoproteins, and it deposits this cholesterol to cells of the body.

HDL (high density lipoprotein)

This lipoprotein is released from the liver and picks up cholesterol from cells to transport it back to the liver. Submit

Chylomicron

This lipoprotein transports triglycerides and other lipids from the intestinal wall cell into lymph.

vegetable oils, nuts, and flaxseeds

Three good sources of essential fatty acids are __________.

emulsifier

To keep water and fat-loving substances together, a(n) ___ is used.

bile

To promote fat digestion, the gallbladder releases ___ into the small intestine.

increase LDL cholesterol and decrease HDL cholesterol

Trans fats are to be avoided because they ___.

raise low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and lower high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels

Trans fats are unhealthy for the heart because they _____.

fatty acids

Triglycerides are made up of

True

Triglycerides are the most common lipid found in foods.

VLDL (very low density lipoprotein)

Triglycerides make up the majority of lipids within this lipoprotein, and it serves to deliver these triglycerides from the liver to the body's cells, including fat cells.

LDLs

VLDLs are transformed into ______ after transport of triglycerides and cholesterol to muscle and fat cells.

clusters of fatty acids, monoglycerides, and other lipids surrounded by bile salts that transport lipids across the cell membrane of the villi

What are micelles?

exercise more and lose excess weight

What is a good way to raise high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels?

insulate the body and regulate body temperature cushion the bones, organs, and nerves Enable the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins

Which of the following is a function of fat in the body?

They prevent irregular heartbeats. They reduce atherosclerosis. They lower blood pressure.

Which of the following is a health benefit of omega-3 fatty acids?

lecithin

Which of the following is a phospholipid?

heart attack

When a blood vessel leading to the heart is blocked by a clot, a _____ can result.

saturated

When each carbon is bonded with two hydrogen atoms, the chain is ___ with hydrogen.

bile

When fat enters the small intestine, an emulsifier called _______ is released into the small intestine to break up the large fat globules into smaller fat droplets.

pancreatic lipase

Which enzyme is responsible for the majority of the digestions of lipids?

Limit dietary cholesterol to less than 300 milligrams daily. Limit fat intake to 20 to 35 percent of total calories. Limit saturated fat intake to no more than 10 percent of fat intake.

Which of the following are current dietary fat recommendations for good health?

flaxseed walnuts soybean oil

Which of the following are good sources of the essential fatty acids linoleic acid and alpha-linolenic acid?

cashew nuts and almonds olives and olive oil canola oil

Which of the following foods are good sources of monounsaturated fatty acids?

salmon and other fatty fish

Which of the following foods are the richest sources of omega-3 fatty acids?

butter

Which of the following foods contains primarily saturated fats?

olive oil

Which of the following foods is the best source of monounsaturated fatty acids?

corn oil

Which of the following foods is the best source of polyunsaturated fatty acid?

olive oil

Which of the following is not high in saturated fat?

Bile acts to emulsify lipids in the small intestine, which helps pancreatic lipase access fats for further digestion.

Which of the following statements describes the nature of emulsification?

Fatty acid chains in a triglyceride molecule, which contain a single double bond, are referred to as monounsaturated fatty acids.

Which of the following statements regarding the structure of triglycerides is TRUE?

phospholipids

Which of the three lipids commonly found in foods are used to manufacture cell membranes?

whole milk

Which of these food items contains the most dietary cholesterol per serving?

a high level of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol

Which of these is healthiest?

Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)

Which of these lipoproteins has the highest percentage of cholesterol?

flaxseeds

Which one of the following foods has the greatest amount of alpha-linolenic acid?

saturated fat

Which type of fatty acid is most common in animal-based foods, such as steak, butter, and milk?

Regular physical activity

___ can increase HDL cholesterol.

Low-density lipoprotein

___ deposits cholesterol in the walls of the arteries.

Long-chain fatty acids

___ enter the lymph and need transport carriers to circulate in the bloodstream.

High-density lipoprotein

___ helps to remove cholesterol from the cells and delivers it to the liver.

VLDLs

_____ are the least dense of the lipoproteins produced by the liver.

Fat substitutes

_____ can be carbohydrate-, protein-, or fat-based.

Micelles

______ are carriers that consist of monoglycerides, fatty acids, and lecithin, and serve to transport digested fats from food to the intestinal cells.

Triglycerides

______ are found in the center of lipoproteins and make up the majority of both chylomicrons and VLDLs' composition.

Chylomicrons

______ are large lipoproteins that carry fats and cholesterol from the intestine through the lymph system and to the bloodstream.

HDLs

______ are the densest type of lipoprotein that circulates in the bloodstream; they serve to remove cholesterol from cells and deliver it to the liver.

Chylomicrons

______ are the only type of lipoprotein that gets circulated in the lymph.

Olestra

______ contains 6 to 8 fatty acids connected to sucrose, and cannot be broken down by digestive enzymes.

Glycerol

______ is a compound containing carbons, hydrogens, and hydroxyl groups (OH) that serves as the "backbone" for various lipids.

Cholesterol

______ is a lipid that is made up of four connecting rings of carbon and hydrogen, and is an important component of cell membranes, as well as a precursor for other essential compounds.

Protein

______ is denser than fat, and determines the overall density of a lipoprotein.

Bile

______ is needed to help mix fats with watery fluids.

Syndrome X/metabolic syndrome

______ refers to the presence of several risk factors together that can result in an increased chance of developing heart disease.

High-density lipoproteins

______ remove cholesterol from tissues and deliver it to the liver for use in bile or excretion.

Risk Factors You Cannot Control

age

Gallbladder

bile

Risk Factors You Can Control

body weight

Mouth

lingual lipase

Small Intestine

chylomicrons

Small Intestine

micelles

Risk Factors You Cannot Control

family history of heart disease

Stomach

gastric lipase

Risk Factors You Cannot Control

gender

Risk Factors You Can Control

hypertension


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