Chapter 52

Cells destined to develop into muscle tissue are transplanted to an area where cells are destined to become epithelial cells. If these cells are under autonomous specification what will happen? The cells will A. develop into muscle tissue. B. develop into epithelial tissue. C. develop into both muscle and epithelial tissue. D. not develop if transplanted. E. develop into connective tissue.

develop into muscle tissue

Spina bifida occurs due to a defect in the development stage A. prior to cleavage. B. prior to neurulation. C. prior to fertilization. D. after gastrulation. E. after organogenesis

after gastrulation

The two primary mechanisms of cell differentiation are conditional specification and A. fertilization. B. gastrulation. C. autonomous specification. D. polar cap fusion. E. organogenesis.

autonomous specification

The outcome of cleavage during embryonic development is the production of a A. blastula. B. gastrula. C. neurula. D. substantially larger embryo. E. None of the choices are correct.

blastula

Once an egg has been fertilized, what event(s) are crucial for preventing additional sperm from inserting chromosomes into the egg? A. the acrosomal reaction B. the cortical reaction C. the fast block to polyspermy D. both the acrosomal and cortical reactions E. both the cortical reaction and fast block to polyspermy

both the cortical reaction and fast block to polyspermy

The process by which cells acquire specialized forms and functions is called A. cell growth. B. cell elasticity. C. cell differentiation. D. cell replication. E. None of the choices are correct.

cell differentiation

Children born with fetal alcohol syndrome have A. cognitive disorders. B. three copies of chromosome 21. C. a gap between the mouth and nasal cavity. D. a gap in the posterior region of the neural tube. E. All of the above.

cognitive disorders

When a planarium is cut in half, a head will regenerate from the wounded anterior end and a tail will regenerate from the wounded posterior end. This is an example of A. conditional specification. B. autonomous specification. C. fate mapping. D. Spemann's organizer. E. transforming growth factor.

conditional specification

Which of the following represents the proper order of events in embryonic development? A. fertilization, gastrulation, neurulation, cleavage, organogenesis B. fertilization, cleavage, gastrulation, organogenesis, neurulation C. fertilization, cleavage, gastrulation, neurulation, organogenesis D. fertilization, gastrulation, cleavage, neurulation, organogenesis E. fertilization, gastrulation, cleavage, organogenesis, neurulation

fertilization, cleavage, gastrulation, neurulation, organogenesis

Which of the following is TRUE of fate mapping? A. It determines the ultimate structure/function of a particular cell type during embryonic development. B. It maps the genes of an embryo. C. It assesses the quality of a developing embryo. D. It maps the proteins within a morphogenic field. E. It determines hereditable disorders in the embryo.

It determines the ultimate structure/function of a particular cell type during embryonic development

Which of the following is NOT a morphogen? A. Activin B. Noggin C. proteins D. Cadherin E. protein produced by Spemann's organizer (dorsal lip of a gastrula)

Cadherin

Which of the following is TRUE of cell cleavage? A. It involves consecutive cycles of cell division without cell growth. B. It forms a blastula. C. It is a rather slow event of embryonic development. D. It involves consecutive cycles of cell division without cell growth and forms a blastula. E. It is a rather slow event of embryonic development involving consecutive cycles of cell division.

It involves consecutive cycles of cell division without cell growth and forms a blastula

Stem cells (unspecialized cells) that develop into bone cells have undergone which type of process? A. Involution B. Convergent extension C. Embryonic development D. Cellular differentiation E. Cellular respiration

Cellular differentiation

The stage of development that involves cell division without cell growth is A. Fertilization B. Cleavage C. Neurulation D. Gastrulation E. Organogenesis

Cleavage

Thalidomide, an anticonvulsive and antihistamine medication, was shown to cause severely deformed limbs in children whose mothers took the medication. What might thalidomide do during development? A. Cause a defect in the fertilization of an egg. B. Severely alter blastulation in the embryo. C. Impair morphogenetic fields within the embryo. D. Impair neural tube formation. E. Block cell division during blastulation.

Impair morphogenetic fields within the embryo

Which of the following is TRUE of fertilization? A. It restores the egg to a diploid state. B. It activates cell division. C. It is critical to maintaining membrane polarity. D. It both restores the egg to a diploid state and activates cell division. E. It both restores the egg to a diploid state and maintains membrane polarity.

It both restores the egg to a diploid state and activates cell division

Cell cleavage during embryonic development in ducks is A. meroblastic. B. holoblastic. C. complete. D. through the entire egg. E. impossible.

meroblastic

Which of the following germ layer-structure is mismatched? A. mesoderm-notochord B. endoderm-lungs or respiratory tube C. ectoderm-epidermis D. mesoderm-digestive tract E. ectoderm-brain

mesoderm-digestive tract

The specific process by which a caterpillar becomes a butterfly is called A. epigenesis. B. cellular differentiation. C. gastrulation. D. involution. E. metamorphosis.

metamorphosis

Neural crest cells at the dorsal surface of the neural tube A. form the notochord. B. form the overlying ectoderm. C. migrate to many different regions of the body. D. differentiate into the brain. E. control the segmentation of somatic mesoderm.

migrate to many different regions of the body

The central nervous system first forms during A. fertilization. B. cleavage. C. neurulation. D. gastrulation. E. organogenesis.

neurulation

The first group of cells to migrate through the blastopore will become A. neurons of the brain. B. neurons of the peripheral nervous system. C. notochord. D. epidermis. E. yolk plug.

notochord

Fertilization of human eggs usually takes place in the A. ovary. B. oviduct. C. uterus. D. vagina. E. None of the choices are correct.

oviduct

In a frog embryo, gastrulation A. produces a blastocoel displaced into the animal hemisphere. B. occurs along the primitive streak in the animal hemisphere. C. is impossible because of the large amount of yolk in the egg. D. proceeds by invagination and involution as cells roll over the dorsal lip of the blastopore. E. occurs within the inner cell mass that is embedded in the large amount of yolk.

proceeds by invagination and involution as cells roll over the dorsal lip of the blastopore

The ectoderm is to the central nervous system as the mesoderm is to the A. epidermis. B. respiratory tube. C. digestive tract. D. skeletal muscle. E. peripheral nervous system.

skeletal muscle

Which event of fertilization occurs first? A. fast block to polyspermy B. the entry of sperm DNA into the egg C. the slow block to polyspermy D. the acrosomal reaction E. the cortical reaction

the acrosomal reaction

Development of all the structures listed below occur during neurulation EXCEPT: A. cells that will form future pigment cells and certain facial bones. B. the central nervous system. C. the neural crest. D. the archenteron. E. somites.

the archenteron

Melanocytes ultimately arise from A. the endoderm. B. the mesoderm. C. the ectoderm. D. the notochord. E. the neural tube.

the ectoderm

Which of the following is likely required to initiate cell differentiation during development? A. cell division B. the presence of mRNAs that express cell-specific proteins C. the buildup of cell-to-cell adhesion molecules D. the presence of carbohydrates E. hydration of the egg during fertilization

the presence of mRNAs that express cell-specific proteins

The cortical reaction causes A. the zona pellucida or vitelline layer to harden. B. the embryo to embed into the uterus. C. egg membrane depolarization. D. the sperm to bind to the egg membrane. E. fast block polyspermy.

the zona pellucida or vitelline layer to harden

Hans Spemann and Hilde Mangold conducted pioneering experiments in which they transplanted the dorsal lip of the blastopore in an early gastrula newt to the ventral side of another early gastrula newt. What was the outcome of this experiment? A. Discovery of Spemann's organizer. B. The development of dorsal structures (neural tube, notochord) on both the dorsal and ventral parts of the gastrula that received the transplant. C. Identification of a morphogenic field in the dorsal lip of the blastopore of an early gastrula. D. Discovery of a group of embryonic cells in the dorsal lip that ultimately produce specific body structures. E. All of the choices are correct.

All of the choices are correct

Organogenesis A. involves acrosomal reaction. B. is the formation of the three germ layers. C. involves failure of the organs to form. D. is when tadpoles become frogs. E. Arises from germ layer cells.

Arises from germ layer cells

In chordates, which mesoderm structure forms during gastrulation and provides structural rigidity along the dorsal anterioposterior axis of the embryo? A. Archenteron B. Neural tube C. Notochord D. Epidermis E. Intestinal tract

Notochord

Which health problem(s) are due to environmental factors? A. Spina bifida B. Fetal alcohol syndrome C. Down syndrome D. Spina bifida and fetal alcohol syndrome E. Fetal alcohol syndrome and Down syndrome

Spina bifida and fetal alcohol syndrome

Why is it important to have a slow block to polyspermy? A. The fast block doesn't work well. B. The slow block creates a permanent barrier. C. The fast block is actually slower than the slow block. D. It prohibits the acrosomal reaction. E. All of the choices are correct.

The slow block creates a permanent barrier

Which is not true of cadherin proteins? A. They are cell adhesion molecules. B. An endodermal cadherin can only bind to an endodermal cadherin. C. They maintain the different germ cell layers. D. They establish morphogenic fields. E. They ensure that certain cells will move together.

They establish morphogenic fields

Which of the following sequence of events of fertilization is in the proper order? A. acrosomal reaction, binding of sperm to egg membrane, fast block to polyspermy, increase in egg cytosolic calcium, and then the slow block to polyspermy B. binding of sperm to egg membrane, acrosomal reaction, fast block to polyspermy, slow block to polyspermy, and then an increase in egg cytosolic calcium C. binding of sperm to egg membrane, acrosomal reaction, fast block to polyspermy, increase in egg cytosolic calcium, and then the slow block to polyspermy D. acrosomal reaction, fast block to polyspermy, binding of sperm to egg membrane, increase in egg cytosolic calcium, and then the slow block to polyspermy E. acrosomal reaction, fast block to polyspermy, binding of sperm to egg membrane, slow block to polyspermy, and then an increase in egg cytosolic calcium

acrosomal reaction, binding of sperm to egg membrane, fast block to polyspermy, increase in egg cytosolic calcium, and then the slow block to polyspermy

Through studies using the animal cap assay this morphogen was shown to be important for the determination of the different types of mesoderm tissue in the developing embryo A. activin B. noggin C. Spemann's organizer D. Hox gene E. cadherins

activin

Which of the following is TRUE of a morphogen? It is a signaling molecule that A. is required for cell-to-cell contact within the embryo. B. induces the differentiation of cells within the embryo. C. induces blastulation of the developing embryo. D. induces implantation of the embryo into the uterus of mammals. E. that separates out cytoplasmic factors to their respective cells within the developing embryo.

induces the differentiation of cells within the embryo