Chapter 5,6,7,8
Types of Behavior shown by distressed couples and their characteristics: *Mind reading *Interrupting *Yes-Butting *Cross Complaining
* people assuming that they understand their partner's thoughts, feelings and opintions without asking *people disturbing their partners' conversation to express disagreement or to change the topic *People communicating constant criticism of their partners' point of view *People responding to their partners complaints with one of their own
Match the relationship maintenance mechanisms with their corresponding descrtiptions
*Accommodation behavior - people refrain from responding to their partners' provocations iwth a similar ire. *Willingness to Sacrifice - people do things they otherwise wouldn't do to benefit their relationships *Perceived Superiority - people think that their relationships are better than those of other people
Match the negative effects displayed by unhappy partners when they talk with each other with their characteristics
*Criticism --- attacks a partners personality or character instead of identifying a specific behavior that is causing concern *Contempt -- involves insults, mockery or hostile humor *Defensiveness - Involves protecting oneself from an unreasonable attack by making excuses or by cross complaining or hurling counter attacks *Stonewalling -- involves clamming up and reacting to a messy situation by withdrawing into an insensitivity silence *Belligerence - occurs with one partner aggressively rejecting the other all together
Match the kinds of relationships based on approach and avoidance motivations with their cooresponding descriptions
*Flourish - relationhips that are full of delights and aggravations and absent *Distressed - relationships in which neither motivation is being fulfilled so that costs are high and rewards are low *Precarious - relationships that not only offer compelling attractions but area also replete with doubts and discord *Boring - relationshipships that have few negatives but lack novelty and stimulation
Match the kinds of relationships in the interdependence theory with their corresponding descriptions
*Happy, stable relationships - current outcomes exceed the comparison level and the comparison level for alternatives *Unhappy, stable relationships - current outcomes exceed the comparison level for alternatives but do not exceed the comparison level *Happy, unstable relationships - current outcomes exceed the comparison level but do not exceed the comparison level for alternatives *Unhappy, unstable relationships - current outcomes neither exceed the comparison level nor the comparison level for alternatives
Match sociologist Michael Johnson's three types of commitment with their corresponding descriptions
*Personal commitment - occurs when a person wants to continue the relationship because it is satisfying *Constraint commitment - occurs when people continue as a relationship because leaving it is costly *Meoral commitment - derives from a sense of obligation towards ones partner and ones relationship
Four Zones of interpersonal distance with their characteristics: *Intimate Zone *Personal Zome *Social Zone *Public Zone
*Two people's interaction is probably either quite loving or quite hostile *Friends are likely to interact at smaller distances and acquantances at larger ones *Peoples' interactions tend to be more businesslike *People use it for structured interaction like that between a professor and students
Match the function of non-verbal behavior in relationships with their characteristics *Providing Info *Regulating Interaction *Defining Relationships *Interpersonal Influence *Impression Management
*allows others to make inferences aobout a persons intentions, feelings, traits and meaning *It provides cues that regualte the eficient give and take of smooth conversations *It indicates they type of relationship/partnership two people share *Refers to goal oriented behavior designed to influence someone else *Refers to behavior managed by a person or a couple to create or enhaance a particular image.
According to Leanne Knobloch and Denise Solomon's model of relational turbulence, as new partners become accustomed to their increasing interdependence
A period of adjustment and turmoil is to be expected
Indentify an accurate statement about a persons comparison level for alternatives
A person in a satisfying relationship has a lower comparison level for alternatives than a perso who is aware of alternatives
Identify an accurate statement about a person's comparison level for alternatives
A person in a satisfying relationship has a lower comparison level for alternatives than a person who is aware of alternatives
Identify the techniques that help prevent surly interactions in intimate relationships -
Active listening skills Using XYZ statements
In the context of body movement in nonvermbal commnication, unlike high status people, a feature of low-status people is that they tend to
Adopt postures that are relatively compact
In the context of intimate relationships, validation of peoples partners does not require people to
Agree with their partners opinions
In the process of communication, a sender's intentions might differ from the effect on a receiver resulting in ....
An Interpersonal gap
In the process of communication, a senders intentions might differ from the effect on a receiver resulting in
An interpersonal gap.
According to Elaine Hatfield and Ellen Berscheid's two factor perspective on passionate attraction, romantic love is produced, or at least intensified, when feelings or arousal are associate with the presence of
Another attractive person.
Match the kinds of motivations with their descriptions
Approach Motivation -- Peoples motivation for doing something is to feel good Avoidance Motivation -- people seek to escape or elude punishement and pain
Unhappy people are more prone to kitchen sinking because they
Are rarely precise about their complaints
Pair bonding fuleing romantic love that is regulated by the levels of the neurotransmitters dopamine and, possibly, serotonin in specific regions of the brain is being driven by
Attraction
According to Sprecher and Fehr, compassionate lvoe for ones partner is reduced by
Avoidance of intimacy
When a partner identifies as plainly and concretely as possible a specific behavior that annoyed him or her, it is known as
Behavior Description
As per research, unlike women, men are more likely to _______________
Believe that it is possible to experience love at first sight, and they tend to fall in love faster.
Variations in how loquacious and effusive people are lead to differences in peoples verbal style. These differences are said to be individual differences in
Blitatiousness
A pattern of interaction that involves sharing good news with friends and receiving enthusiastic, warm responses that increases a persons pleasure and enhances his or her relationships is referred to as __________
Capitalization
After Ben received the news that he had been accepeted into a prestigious university, he immediately informed his friends. Ben's achievements made his friends happy and they decided to buy him a present. In the context of friendship, this scenario is an example of ______________
Capitalization
Different emotions cause people to emit different chemicals from their bodies known as
Chemosignals
Rules for relationships are learned during_____________
Childhood
Identify the themes measured by the UCLA loneliness
Close connections to others, social connection to people in general, isolation from others
People who are high in avoidance tend to be
Close-mouthed, telling their partners, relatively little about their feelings and desires
Match Robert Sternber's components of love with their characteristics
Commitment = cognitive Intimacy = emotional Passion = motive or drive
Indetify the key elements of social exchange according to the interdependence theory
Comparison levels for alternatives, Outcomes, Comparison Levels
A rich, committed frienship with someone with whom one's life is intertwined is associated with
Compassionate love
Passion declines, but intimacy and commitment both increase as people age, and thus, _______________
Coompanionate love may be more stable than romantic love
__________Required knights to seek love as a noble quest and was very idealistic, very elegant and, in theory, nonsexual
Courtly Love
According to Duane Buhrmest and Wyndol Furman, sexuality is a key for adolescents, wherein they typically __________________--
Develop an interest in the opposite sex
CUltural normas that dictate what emotions are appropriate in a particular situations are known as
Display rules
People who are avoidant of intimacy are more ________
Distant and detached, and their passion is more impersonal
When people gain romantic partners, a pattern of ___________ occurs, wherein people spend more time with their romantic partners than with their friends
Dyadic withdrawl
According to the socio-emotional selective theory, _____________
Elderly people tend to focus on emotional fulfillment to a greater extent
Match the kinds of social support according the Barry et al., 2009 with their corresponding descriptions
Emotional Support = Provided in the form of acceptance, affection, and reassurance Physical Comfort = Provided in the form of hugs and cuddling Advice Support = Provided in the form of information and guidance Material Support = Provided in the form of money or goods
Research conducted on companionate love suggests the Oxycontin may encourage ___________
Enduring attachments to those who become associated with its presence in the bloodstream
IN the context of romantic love, even though fantasy enhances romance, it
Erodes with time and experiences
In the context f the types of love experiences siggested by sociologist John Alan Lee, match the types of love experiences with their characteristics
Eros -= people are likely to be heavily influenced by physical appearances and believe in love at first sight. Lotus= people treat love as an uncommited game and are fickle Storgie = people seek genuine friendships that gradually lead to real commitment Mania = People are demanding and possessive and full of wild fantasy and obsession Agape = peopke are giving, altruistic and selfless and treat love as a duty. Pragma = people dispassionately seek partneres who will lofically be a good match for them.
Match the kinds of relationships with their corresponding descriptions
Exchange relationships = People do favors for others expecting to be repaid by receiving comparable benefits Communal Relationships - partners provide favors and support to one another without expecting repayment
One's interdependent self-contrual describes the
Extent to which one things of oneself as an interdependent being
Dominance by a talkative, highly blirtatious woman in the discussion of conflicts that arise in a relationship will bother progressive, andrigynous men
False
Identify three characteristics that distinguish chronically shy people from people who are shy less often
Fear of negative evaluation from others, Lower levels of social skills, Poor self regard
WHen compared to men, women are more selective about whom they love and __________
Feel passion more slowly
Identify an accurate statement about facial expressions
Feigned expressions differ from authentic expressions
According to Van Steenbergen, when one is fascinated and preoccupied with a lover, he or she may have difficulty________________
Focusing and concentration on anyone or anything else
According to Beverly Fehr, a voluntary, personal relationship, typically providing intimacy and assistance, in which the two parties like one another and seek each ohter's company is known as
Friendship
Identify a difference between love relationships and friendships
Friendships are usually easier to dissolve than romantic relationships
Indentify the qualities people tend to associate with commitment
Honesty, trust, sharing
In the ludus style of love experience, as offered by John Alan Lee, a person is ________
INterested in having multiple relationtions at the same time.
Indentify the functions of nonverbal behavior in relationships
Impression management, providing information, interpersonal influence, defining relationships
When researchers compared spouses in their sixties to hose in their forties, they found that the old couples ______________
Interacted with more good cheer but less physical arousal
Identify the functions of nonverbal behavior in relationships
Interpersonal influence, providing information, defining relationships, defining relationships, impression management
Match Robert Sternberg's components components of love iwth the feelings involved
Intimacy = feelings of warmth, understanding, trust and support Passion= feelings of physical arousal and desire, excitement and need Commitment= Feelings of permanence, stability, and the decisions to devote onesself to a relationship and to work to maintain it
Erik Erikson staetd that a central task in young adulthood is the development of
Intimacy versus isolation
According to Robert Sternberg, the three different building blocks that combine to form different types of love are __________
Intimacy, passion and commitment
According to the _________________, the commitment emerges from all the elements of social exchange that are associated with people's comparison levels and comparison levels for alternatives
Investment Model
According to the __________________, commitment emerges from all the elements of social exchange that are associated with peoples comparison levels and comparison levels for alternatives
Investment Model
According to Caryl Rusbult, one's _________________ in a present relationship, the things one woudl lose if the relationship were to end, influence one's decision to stay or go
Investments
The best help may occasionally be _________ that actually goes unnoticed by a recipient because social support sometimes comes with emotional costs
Invisible support
In the context of the nature of interdependecy, providing good outcomes to one's parter, evven if it involves effor or sacrifice, is self-serving when
It causes a desirable relationship to continue
Unhappy people are prone to
Kitchen sinking - in which they tend to address several topics at once
Match the categories of love with the reasons for their occurrence as proposed by Robert Sternberg
Nonlove= when intimacy, passion and commitment are all absent Liking= When intimacy is high but passion and commitment are very low Infatuation = When intimacy or commitment is absent Empty Love = when commitment is present without intimacy or passion
One's comparison level for alternatives describes the _____________
OUtcomes received by leaving one's current relationship
In the context of interactions, if one's outcomes fall below one's comparison level---
One is dissatisfied with the outcomes
Intimate partners in communal relationships might begin paying close atention tot eh process of exchange if
Outcomes begin falling and profits reduce
In the context of comparison level for alternatives, a person is satisfied in a relationship when the
Outcomes exceed his or her comparison levels
Includes all the variations in a person's voice rather than words he or she uses, such as rhythm, pitch, loudness and rate
Paralanguage
When people say one thing but mean another, their true intent in conveyed in their
Paralanguage
In an intimate relationship________________refers to a person repeating their partners message in his or her own words giving the sender a chance to agree that that's what he or she actually meant
Paraphrasing
In intimate relationships, paraphrasing helps.....
Partneres avoid arguments and conflicts that would otherwise reseult form misunderstandings and mistakes
In intimate relationships, paraphrasing helps---
Partners avoid arguments and conflicts that would otherwise result from misunderstandings and mistakes
Indentify an accurate statement about Leanne Knoblock and Denise Solomon's model of relational turbulence.
Partners learn to accomodate each other as intamacy develops
While sheer novelty adds excitement and energy to new loves, once a relationship is established and novelty is lost, __________
Passion slowly subsides.
Indentify an accurate statement about the role of smell in nonverbal communication
People born wihtout a sense of smell are at an interpersonal disadvantage
In the context of social support, people who have insecure style of attachment tend to __________________
Perceive the social support they receive as less considerate
The judgement that someone is attentive, respectful, caring and supportive to our needs and aspirations is referred to as ____________
Perceived partner responsiveness
The judgement one's partner is understanding and caring is known as
Perceived partner responsivness
People assess the accuracy of their iferences about a partner's feelings by asking the partner for clarification by ---
Perceptual checking
Indentify the function of nonverbal behavior in relationships
Providing info, defining relationships, interpersonal influence, impression management
Match the components of attachment identified by attachment theories with their corresponding descriptions
Proximity Seeking = Involves approaching or making contact with an attachment figure Separation Protest = Involves resistance from being separated from a partner Safe Haven= involves turning to an attachment figure as a source of comfort in stressful times Secure Base = Involves using a partner as a foundation for exploring new environments
In the contest of providing social support, people who have secure attachment types tend to
Readily accept interdependent intimacy with others
In the context of the equity theory, identify the ways in which a person can restore actual equity in a relationship
Reducing his or her current perceptions about the relationship, Requesting better treatment his or her partner
Attentive and supportive recognition of an individual's needs and interests is referred to as ______________
Responsiveness
Match the aspects of interactions that influence outcomes with their corresponding descriptions
Reward= anything with an interaction that is desirable and enjoyable Cost= Anything within an interaction that is punishing and undesirable
_________________ Makes it easier to put tempting alternatives one's present partners out of his or her mind
Romantic Love
Based on Robert Sternberg's proposition, match the categories of love with their features
Romantic Love = High intimacy and passion occur together Companionate Love = Intimacy and commitment are present Fatuous Love = Passion and commitment are present in the absence of intimacy Consummate Love = Intimacy, passion and commitment are all present to a substantial degree
In superficial conversation ebtween people is rewardding, identify the aspects of communications that can be incresed in order to move them closer to each other
The variety of topics they discuss The personal signifigance of the topics they discuss
According to equity theorists, people are most satisfied in relationships in which
There is proportional justice
According to the interpersonal process model of intimacy, arrage teh states that eed to take place for two people to become close in correct order of occurance
They have to engage in meaningful self-disclosure They have to respond to each other's personal information with interest and empathy They have to recognize that the other is being responsive
In close relationships, both men and women consider expressive skills to be more impratant than instrumental skills
True
True or False: During adolescence, people gradually shift from their primary attachments from their parents to their peers
True
In the context of courtly love int he 12th century, the male partner was expected to be __________
Unmarried and the female partner married to someone else
In the context of self disclosure in new relationships, saying too much too soon can be risky because it
Violates other's expecations
In the context of gazing behavior in communication, researchers compare look-and-speak to look-and-listen and summarize these patterns in a
Visual Dominance Ratio
Int he context of gazing behavior in communication, researches compare look-speak to look-listen and summarize these patterns in a
Visual Dominance ratio
A difference between male and female same sex friendships is that
Women's friendships tend to involve emotional sharing, whereas men's friendships tend to involve shared activities
A way of communicating accurately and clearly is the use of_____________________which are statements that combine behavior descritptions and I-statements in relationships
XYZ
A way of communicating accurately and clearly is by using ____________ which are statements that combine behavior descriptions and I-Statements in relationships
XYZ Statements
According to Erik Erickson, individuals learn how to form enduring, committed intimate relationships during___________
Young adulthood
A defining characteristic of compassionate love is __________________
an altriustic care and concern for the well being of one's partner
According to Levenson et al., when dissatisfied spouses are locked into paterns fo negative reciprocity, they tend to _________________
be scornful of what the other has to say
A feature of perceived partner responsiveness is that _______
it is a key pary of the ongoing process by which intimacy develops
When people are enjoyin gtheir interaction, they tend to
synchronize their nonverbal behavior automatically without thinking about it
The more self-disclosure details romantic couples share
the happier they are
If superficial conversation between people is regarding, identify the aspects of communication that can be incresed in order to move them closer to each other
the variety of topics they discuss, the personal signifigance of the topics they discuss
In the context on nonverbal sensitivity, mens performance in nonverbal communication imprives when
they are motivated to judge other's correctly
In the context of social support, people are more likely to appreciate others' aid and assistance when they ______________
trust the person providing help
Indentify the techniquest hat help prevent surly interactions in intimate relationships--
using XYZ statements and using active listening skills
According to Pese and Pease, the problem with gestures is that, unlike facial epxressions, they
vary widely culture to culture
Loneliness occurs when a person ________
wants more satisfying connections with others
According to the equity theory, a partner in a relationship is ___________________
when he or she receives more outcomes than he or she deserves
According to Robert Sternberg, friendship is an example of ________
Liking
When there is an unhappy discrepancy between the number and quality of partnerships one wants and those one has, ____________ occurs
Loneliness
When there is unhappy discrepancy between the number and quality of partnerships one wants and those one has ____________ occurs
Loneliness
Identify the physiological effects of having affectionate partners, according to Seeman et al., 2002
Lower blood pressure, lower cholesterol levels
According to theorist Helen Fisher, the three interrelated but distanct biological systems that control components of love experiences are __________
Lust, attraction, and attachment
According to Morry et al., 2013, those with an interdependent self construal ________________________
Make more desirable friends than those who are more independent
Trust is important in a relationship because it
Makes interdependence more palatable
A difference btween men and women based on their communication patters is that
Men value instrumental communication skills more than women do
Match the genders with their characteristics based in differences in self-disclosure
Men: liekly to share most meaningful intamacy with only women Women: liekly to share with both males and females
Occurs during a conversation when the participants adopt similar postures and mannerisms, display comparable expressions and use similar paralanguage
Mimicry
People with a long, firm handshake tend to be
More extroverted
Compared to insecure people, secure people have _________
More intimate, more positive, and more satisfying interactions with their lovers
When people say one thing but mean another
Sarcasm
In the context of social exchange, Van Lange and Rusbult (2012) state that people
Seek interactions that provide maximim reward at minimal cost
The process of revealing personal information to someone else is called
Self disclosure
According to the_________________________of human motivation, people are attracted to partnerships that expand the range of their interests, skills and experiences.
Self expansion theory
Match Robert Weiss's facets of loneliness with their corresponding descriptions
Social Isolation = Dissatisfaction due to a lack of network of friends Emotional Isolation= Dissatisfaction due to lack of affection
According to the ____________ elderly people are more selective about their friendships because their interpersonal goals differ from those of young people
Socio-emotional selective theory
In context of noncerbal sensitivity, women are better than men at judging others correctly becuase they
Spend more time watching others' eyes
According to Neff and Karney, while romantic love is blind, compassionate love is rooted in more accurate understanding of one's parterns' ________________- and _____________________
Strengths and weaknesses
When people are enjoying their interaction, they tend to
Synchronize their nonverbal behavior automatically without thinking about it
Sensitive Matters that, in the opinion of partners, may threaten the quality of their relationship are known as
Taboo Topics
Different emotions cause people to emit different chemicals from their bodies. This is known as
chemosignals
Cultural norms that dicate what emotions are approptriate in a particular situation are knwn as
display rules
A consequence of kitchen sinking is
drifting off beam
In preadolescence, children develop a need for intimacy wherein they typically _____________-
focus on friends of similar ages and interests
XYZ Statements include I-Statements that
help a person specify his or her feelings