Chapter 5&6 Biology 121 ULL
d
Fertilization joins __________ to produce a __________. A) diploid zygotes, gamete B) haploid zygotes, diploid gametes C) homologous chromosomes, tetrad D) haploid gametes, diploid zygote
chromosomes
Genes are located on ________.
prokaryotes
Operons are a standard method for gene regulation in __________?
Klinefelter Syndrome
Question 36 What is the name of the syndrome that produces the XXY combination of sex chromosomes? A)Klinefelter syndrome B)Down syndrome C)Jacob's syndrome D)Turner syndrome
unique
The offspring produced via sexual reproduction are genetically _____________ to the parents.
TCCGAAT
according to the base pairing rules of DN, if the sequence of bases on one strand was AGGCTTA, what would be the sequence of bases on the complementary strand?
meiosis
if it weren't for __________, chromosome numbers would double with every generation of sexual reproduction. A) meiosis B) mitosis C) crossing over D) fertilization
sex cells
if mitosis makes somatic cells, what does meiosis make?
CGGUAAUG
if the base sequence of template strand reads GCCATTAC, what is the base sequence of mRNA?
angiogenesis
if you are an oncologist trying to invent a drug that prevents tumors from creating their own blood supply, what are you going to be looking for? A) metastasi B) pathogenesis C) angiogenesis D) onchocerciasis
nerve
if you are part of a research team working on developing a stem cell treatment for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, what type of cells are you trying to repair? A) bone B) blood C) nerve D) muscle
F3
if your grandparents were in the F1 generation, what generation are you in? A) F3 B) P3 C) H3 D) P
male
is an individual with the XXY combination of chromosomes anatomically male or female?
during embryonic development
when is cell-to-cell communication particularly important in regulating gene expression?
cytoplasm
where does translation occur in eukaryotes?
DNA polymerase
which enzyme is responsible for adding complementary DNA bases to an exposed DNA strand?
homeotic genes
which genes are responsible for your overall structure, such as how many legs you have and where they develop?
rRNA
which nucleic acid acts like an enzyme, stabilizing and orienting different molecules the facilitate the formation of bonds between them? A) DNA B) mRNA C) tRNA D) rRNA
a
which of the following is necessary for cancer to begin in a person? A) mutation in the person's DNA B) family history of cancer C) exposure to a carcinogen D) hormonal change
polygenic inheritance
which of the following processes generates a continuum (spectrum) of varying phenotypes? A) polygenic inheritance B) pleiotropy C) epistasis D) single-gene traits
b
which of the following treatments with stem cells is currently most likely to be effective? A) injecting them into the spinal cord of a paraplegic B) bone marrow transplant C) injecting them into a lung cancer patient D) giving them to a person with multiple sclerosis
transcription
which process results in the creation of mRNA? A) translation B) transcription C) replication D) all of the above
Both
Which process requires DNA to undergo duplication before it can proceed? Mitosis, Meiosis, or Both?
all dark
A homozygous milk chocolate Easter bunny is crossed with a homozygous dark chocolate Easter bunny. Assuming dark chocolate is dominant over milk chocolate and the traits segregate according to Mendelian genetics, which traits will the offspring express? A) 3 dark to 1 milk B) all milk C) 3 milk to 1 dark D) all dark
cytokinesis
At the end of the mitotic (M) phase, the cytoplasm divides in a process called _________________.
X chromosome inactivation
Barr bodies are associated with what?
c
Duplication of the chromosomes to produce sister chromatids occurs where? A) meiosis but not mitosis B) mitosis but not meiosis C) both mitosis and meiosis D) does not occur in either type of cell division
DNA
Chromosomes contain most of the cell's ___________ which acts as the molecule of heredity?
interphase
During which phase of the cell cycle are the chromosomes duplicated?
chromatid
DNA are protein together from a complex called __________.
hydrogen bonds
DNA helicase breaks which type of bond in the DNA molecule?
chromatin
DNA plus its associated proteins is called a ________.
mitosis
Dead or damaged cells are replaced by the process of what?
92
How many chromosomes would a typical human cell have after mitosis but before cytokinesis?
47
How many chromosomes would be found in the karyotype of a Down Syndrome female? A) 44 B)46 C)45 D)47
99.5%
How much of your DNA is identical to that of another person of the same sex?
92
Human white blood cells are often multinucleated (in other words, have more than one nucleus). How many chromosomes would be present in a white blood cell with two nuclei
3
If a human diploid cell and a human haploid cell somehow managed to fuse together and not lose any of the chromosomes, how many sets of chromosomes would be inside the newly formed cell?
hypothalamus
If you are developing a drug to treat Prader-Willi syndrome. Which region of the brain do you focus on for your research?
heat
what separates the strand of DNA in the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique?
sister chromatids
what specifically separated during meiosis 2?
a
Mitosis occurs in __________. Meiosis occurs in __________. A) somatic or body cells, germ cells in testes or ovaries B) germ cells in the testes or ovaries, somatic or body cells C) adult organisms, zygotes and early embryos D) sexually reproducing organisms, asexually reproducing organisms
homologous chromosomes
what specifically separates during meiosis 1?
prophase
The centrosomes move away from each other and the nuclear envelope breaks up during which phase of mitosis?
telophase
The chromosomes arrive at the poles and nuclear envelopes form during which phase of mitosis?
metaphase
The chromosomes line up in the center of the cell during which phase of mitosis?
anaphase
The sister chromatids separate and begin moving toward opposite poles of the cell during which phase of mitosis?
at the completion of plant mitosis
when does the cell plate form during cell division
phenotype
when i say a flower is "purple", what have i described?
zygote
Upon fertilization, the egg and sperm fuse to form a single cell called what?
sister chromatids
What are attached at the centromere?
c
What are the stages of mitosis? A) telophase and cytokinesis, anaphase, metaphase, prophase, interphase B) metaphase, anaphase, prophase, interphase, telophase and cytokinesis C) interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase and cytokinesis D) interphase, prophase, anaphase, metaphase, telophase and cytokinesis
d
What is a gene? A) a section of DNA that codes for a portion of a protein B) a discrete sequence of DNA nucleotides C) a section of DNA that codes for one or more proteins D) all of the above and more
b
What is the order of key events in mitosis? A) sister chromatids centered, nuclear envelope forming, mitotic spindle forming, chromosomes separating B) mitotic spindle forming, sister chromatids centered, chromosomes separating, nuclear envelopes forming
a
What is the order of stages in Meiosis? A) interphase, prophase 1, metaphase 1, anaphase 1, telophase 1 and cytokinesis, Meiosis 2 B) interphase, metaphase 1, prophase 1, telophase 1 and cytokinesis, anaphase 1, Meiosis 2
chromosomes must be duplicated
What must happen before a cell can begin mitosis?
sister chromatids
What specifically separates during mitosis?
gametes
What type of cells do not undergo mitosis?
Meiosis 1
When does crossing over occur?
two identical cells
When one cell goes through cell division, it produces what?
d
Which of the following processes does not generate genetic variation during sexual reproduction? A) Independent assortment B) random fertilization C) Crossing over D) All of the above
e
Which of the following statements is incorrect regarding DNA and RNA? A) they each contain a slightly different sugar molecule B) one of the bases is different C) DNA is double stranded, and RNA is a single strand D) they are found in different locations in the cell E) all of the above
yes
Yes or No. Would a human clone have a bellybutton?
silent
a type of mutation that alters the nucleotide sequence of a gene but does not alter the amino acid sequence of the protein produced from that gene is called a __________ mutation.
metastasis
__________ is the spread of cancer cells from their site of origin to other sites in the body.
mitosis
a zygote undergoes development to growth. what mechanism is used to generate more cells?
benign tumor
a __________ is a lump of abnormal cells that, although growing out of control, remains at its original site.
malignant tumor
a __________ is an abnormally growing mass of cells that is actively spreading through the body.
character
a __________ is an inherited feature that varies from individual to individual.
trait
a __________ is one particular variation of a character.
genomic library
a collection of cloned DNA fragments representing the organism's entire genome is called a __________.
centromere
a duplicated chromosome remains tightly paired with its partner at a region called the __________.
apoptosis
a person would be born with webbed hands and/or feet if which of the following failed to happen? A) osteoblastosis B) apoptosis C) neurogenesis D) filhariasis
cancer
an individual with a malignant tumor is said to have __________.
yes, healthy diet and exercise
are there ways to prevent cancer?
1:2:1
assuming complete dominance, what is the expected ratio of genotypes of the offspring following the cross of two heterozygotes? A) 1:1 B) 3:1 C) 4:1 D) 1:2:1
3:1
assuming complete dominance, what is the expected ratio of phenotypes of the offspring following the cross of two heterozygotes? A) 1:2:1 B) 1:1 C) 3:1 D) 4:1
pink
assuming incomplete dominance, it a homozygous red-flowered plant is crossed with a homozygous white-flowered plant, what will be the color of the offspring? A) red and white B) red C) pink D) white
sister chromatids
before a cell divides, it copies all of its chromosomes. while the two copies of a chromosome are attached they are called what?
uncontrolled cell growth
cancer is __________.
length
gel electrophoresis separates DNA fragments according to their __________.
b
gene cloning is used to __________. A) help cure cancer B) produce large quantities of human protein C) make other organisms D) cure genetic disorders
linked genes
genes located near one another on the same chromosome are often inherited together. These are called what?
transgenic
genetically modified organisms that acquire genes from a different species are called __________ organisms. A) transgenic B) synthetic C) mutant D) cloned
D
how does a cell typically know when to divide? A) they have an internal clock and only divide when they reach a certain age B) oncogenes code for growth factor proteins that initiate cell division C) tumor suppressor genes code for growth factor proteins the initiate cell division D) proto-oncogenes code for growth factor proteins that initiate cell division
23
how many chromosomes did you inherit from your father?
30
how many nucleotides are required to code for to amino acids? A) 30 B) 3 C) 20 D) 10
proteins
if DNA directs the production of RNA, what does RNA make?
12
if a cell had 12 chromosomes at the beginning of meiosis 2, how many would each daughter cell have after the completion of meiosis 2?
recessive
if an organism has two non-identical versions of a gene, the one that is not expressed in the organism is called the __________ allele.
no, only 1.5%
is most of our DNA made up of genes?
alleles
most human genes come in alternate versions called __________.
males
recessive disorders related to genes found on the X chromosome but not on the Y are more commonly expressed in __________. A) males B) adults C) children D) females
chromsome, nucleus
the DNA of every eukaryotic cell is stored in one or more ___________ located in the _____________.
genotype
the __________ is the genetic makeup of an organism.
BbGG
the following F1 cross is made: BBGg x Bbgg. Which is not a possible outcome in the F2? A) BbGG B) BBgg C) BBGg D) BbGg
phenotype
the physical traits or an organism are called its __________.
D
the signal transduction pathway allows __________. A) a cell to repair damage to its DNA B) whole genomes to be sequenced C) genes from one organism to be inserted into the nucleus of another organism's cells D) one cell to regulate the gene expression of another cell
plasmids
the small circular molecules of DNA commonly found in bacteria are called what?
metastasis
the spread of cancer cells from their site of origin to sites distant in the body is called what?
B
to begin the process of gene transcription, RNA polymerase attaches to __________. A) the gene that will be transcribed B) the promoter associated with the target gene C) the operator associated with the target gene D) none of the above
carcinogens
what are physical or chemical factors that can lead to mutations causing cancer?
deoxyribonucleic acid
what do the letters D-N-A stand for?
amino acids
what does "transfer RNA" actually transfer? A) ribosomes B) codons C) transcripts D) amino acids
the base
what is the difference from one DNA nucleotide to the next?
c
what is the main cause of cancer? A) old age B) DNA replication no longer working properly C) exposure to carcinogens in the environment D) we do not currently know the main cause of cancer
nucleotide
what is the monomer of the DNA molecule?
reverse transcriptase
what is the name of the enzyme that builds cDNA out of mRNA? A) DNA helicase B) reverse transcriptase C) DNA polymerase D) RNA polymerase
to target specific areas of DNA
what is the role of primers in the PRC techniques?
nondisjunction
what leads to an individual having too many or too few chromosomes?
meiosis
what produces genetically unique daughter cells?
A
within an operon, repressors __________. A) block gene transcription to RNA by attaching to the operator B) block gene transcription to RNA by attaching to the promoter C) block mRNA translation to attaching to the mRNA for a specific gene D) block gene transcription to RNA by attaching directly to the gene itself
b
your cousin has Prader-Willi syndrome. Which of the following is true? A) he has a low metabolism and often feels full B) he has a low metabolism and rarely feels full C) he has a high metabolism and rarely feels full D) he has a high metabolism and often feels full
teratoma
your uncle has a stem cell treatment in which he has skin cells injected into his lungs. A benign tumor of skin cells resulted. What is this called A) hematoma B) teratoma C) sarcoma D) melanoma
