Chapter 6 -8
Theodore has an explanatory style that emphasizes the external, the unstable, and the specific. He makes the mistake at work that causes his boss to become angry. Which statement is Theodore most likely to make to himself?
"I was just distracted by the noise outside"
All of the following appear to fluctuate based on circadian rhythm except
A) INTELLIGENCE b) hormone levels c) blood pressure d) body temperature
Pictures of happy and sad American workers are shown to US college students and to Italian workers. Based on your knowledge of Paul Ekman's research, what would you predict about how well the groups would identify emotions?
Both groups will identify the emotions correctly
Who is created as being responsible for psychology's return to the self?
Carl Rogers
Of the following psychologist, who is considered the be the least optimist about the human condition?
Freud
In which culture are you most likely to find a definition of the person as part of the group?
Japanese
Teresa Amabile is to creativity as __________ is to behavior confirmation
Mark Snyder
Which theorist is best known for positing a hierarchy of needs that humans thrive to meet?
Maslow
Freud is to the unconscious as __________ is to discovered memories
Schooler
What kinds of emotions tend to be involved in romantic love?
a mixture of positive and negative emotions that are mainly positive
Four people have been obese for as long as they can remember. Their doctors tell them that their obesity is putting them at risk for several illnesses. Who is most likely to join a gym, go on a diet, and get in shape?
a) Al, whose explanatory style includes an internal locus of control
Consciousness performs all of the following functions except
a) filtering sensory date b) enabling us to respond flexibly c) allowing us to have a sense of our own mortality D) GUIDING PERFORMANCES OF HIGHLY ROUTINIZED ACTIONS
What occurs every 90 minutes throughout sleep?
a) rapid eye movement b) rapid irregular changes in the brain activity c) dreaming D) MORE THAN ONE OF THE ABOVE
Although motivation can lead to unpleasant states, it seems to have evolved because of its benefits to
a) survival b) propagation of the species c) health D) ALL OF THE ABOVE
According to Freud, how do we feel when painful memories or unacceptable urges threaten to break into consciousness?
anxious
In the program, part of the brain that is identified as the "interior decorator" imposing order on experience is the
cerebral cortex
What part of the brain is responsible for conscious awareness?
cerebral cortex
Wolves and squirrels are most likely to show which of the following in their matting patterns?
competition by males of females
According to Hazel Markus, culture is what you
do
Charles Darwin cited the similarity of certain expressions of emotions as evidence that
emotions are innate
Sigmund Freud thought there were two primary motivations. One of these is
expressing agression
Which of the following is an example of a circadian rhythm?
having systematic changes in hormone levels during 24 hours
What happens if a hypnotized person who expects to smell cologne actually snells ammonia?
he interprets the ammonia smell as a musky cologne
What other outcome will a pessimistic explanatory style likely affect, according to Seligman?
health
What are Freud's slips thought to reveal?
how we really feel
Which topic related to human consciousness is conveyed by the story of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde?
identity transformation
Gail is a toddler who is gradually separating from her mother. This process is called
individuation
Ernest Hartmann points out the logic behind Shakespeare's description of sleep. According to Hartmann, a major function of sleep is that it allows the brain to
integrate the day's events with previously learned material
What is a positive function of daydreaming?
it enables us to be mentally active when we are bored
How normal is it to experience alternate states of consciousness?
it is something we experience every day
In Teresa Amabile's work on creativity, how did being in a competitive situation affect creativity?
it reduced creativity
What is the general term for all the physical and psychological process that start behavior, maintain it, and stop it?
motivation
Compared with Freud's view of human motivation and that of Abraham Maslow could be characterized as being more
optimistic
All of the following are possible origins of a pessimistic explanatory style except
our level of introversion/extroversion
Phoebe has a phobia regarding cats. What is her motivation?
overwhelming fear
According to the principles of behavioral confirmation, what reaction do people generally have to a personal who is depressed?
people regard the person as inadequate
What was referred to in the film as a type of psychological genocide?
prejudice
Instances in which people believe they have remembered long-forgotten traumatic events are known as
recovered memories
According to Freud, normal people banish undesirable memories from their conscious minds through
repression
According to Freud, dreams are significant because they
reveal unconscious fears and desires
Behaviors, such as male peacocks displaying their feathers or male rams fighting, are related to which part of sexual reproduction?
selecting a partner with good genes
The phrase "mutual constitution" refers to which two components according to Hazel Markus?
self and culture
Which of the following refers to how capable we believe we are of mastering challenges?
self-efficacy
In Freudian theory, the part of the person that acts as a police officer restraining drives and passions is called the
superego
Communication between the two hemispheres of the brain is disrupted when
the corpus callosum is severed
The high rate of alcoholism among Native Americans was cited as an example of
the psychological effects of prejudice
According to McCarley and Hobson, what is true about REM sleep?
the random burst of brain activity occurs first, followed by the dreamer's attempt to make sense of it
What name did William Jame give to the part of self that focuses on the images we create in the mind of others?
the social self
According to William James, which part of the self serves are our inner witness to outside events
the spiritual self
When societies around the world were studied, what proportion or them practiced some culturally patterned form of altering consciousness?
the vast majority
What has Robert Plutchik argued about emotions?
there are 8 basic emotions, consisting of 4 pairs of opposites
Why does Martin Sligman believe that it might be appropriate to help children who develop a pessimistic explanatory style?
these children are at risk of depression
In Norman Adler's research on mating behavior in rats, what is the function of the ten or so mountings?
to trigger hormone production and uterine contractions in the female
Which of the following behaviors signal low status in a status transaction?
touching one's face or hair
In Albert Bandura's research, people were given the task of improving production at a model furniture factory. They performed best when they believe that performance
was based on learning an acquirable skill
Which statement reflects the humanistic view of the self, according to Carl Rogers?
we have a high capacity for self-direction and self-understanding
What is the relevance of schemas to the self?
we organize our beliefs about ourselves in terms of schemas
What is the role of the pleasure-pain principle in motivation?
we seek pleasure and avoid pain
When we characterize self-image as schema, we mean that
we use it to organize information about ourselves
Which activity most clearly involves a "reframing" of the tension between desire and restraint?
working long hours for an eventual goal