Chapter 6 -8

Theodore has an explanatory style that emphasizes the external, the unstable, and the specific. He makes the mistake at work that causes his boss to become angry. Which statement is Theodore most likely to make to himself?

"I was just distracted by the noise outside"

All of the following appear to fluctuate based on circadian rhythm except

A) INTELLIGENCE b) hormone levels c) blood pressure d) body temperature

Pictures of happy and sad American workers are shown to US college students and to Italian workers. Based on your knowledge of Paul Ekman's research, what would you predict about how well the groups would identify emotions?

Both groups will identify the emotions correctly

Who is created as being responsible for psychology's return to the self?

Carl Rogers

Of the following psychologist, who is considered the be the least optimist about the human condition?

Freud

In which culture are you most likely to find a definition of the person as part of the group?

Japanese

Teresa Amabile is to creativity as __________ is to behavior confirmation

Mark Snyder

Which theorist is best known for positing a hierarchy of needs that humans thrive to meet?

Maslow

Freud is to the unconscious as __________ is to discovered memories

Schooler

What kinds of emotions tend to be involved in romantic love?

a mixture of positive and negative emotions that are mainly positive

Four people have been obese for as long as they can remember. Their doctors tell them that their obesity is putting them at risk for several illnesses. Who is most likely to join a gym, go on a diet, and get in shape?

a) Al, whose explanatory style includes an internal locus of control

Consciousness performs all of the following functions except

a) filtering sensory date b) enabling us to respond flexibly c) allowing us to have a sense of our own mortality D) GUIDING PERFORMANCES OF HIGHLY ROUTINIZED ACTIONS

What occurs every 90 minutes throughout sleep?

a) rapid eye movement b) rapid irregular changes in the brain activity c) dreaming D) MORE THAN ONE OF THE ABOVE

Although motivation can lead to unpleasant states, it seems to have evolved because of its benefits to

a) survival b) propagation of the species c) health D) ALL OF THE ABOVE

According to Freud, how do we feel when painful memories or unacceptable urges threaten to break into consciousness?

anxious

In the program, part of the brain that is identified as the "interior decorator" imposing order on experience is the

cerebral cortex

What part of the brain is responsible for conscious awareness?

cerebral cortex

Wolves and squirrels are most likely to show which of the following in their matting patterns?

competition by males of females

According to Hazel Markus, culture is what you

do

Charles Darwin cited the similarity of certain expressions of emotions as evidence that

emotions are innate

Sigmund Freud thought there were two primary motivations. One of these is

expressing agression

Which of the following is an example of a circadian rhythm?

having systematic changes in hormone levels during 24 hours

What happens if a hypnotized person who expects to smell cologne actually snells ammonia?

he interprets the ammonia smell as a musky cologne

What other outcome will a pessimistic explanatory style likely affect, according to Seligman?

health

What are Freud's slips thought to reveal?

how we really feel

Which topic related to human consciousness is conveyed by the story of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde?

identity transformation

Gail is a toddler who is gradually separating from her mother. This process is called

individuation

Ernest Hartmann points out the logic behind Shakespeare's description of sleep. According to Hartmann, a major function of sleep is that it allows the brain to

integrate the day's events with previously learned material

What is a positive function of daydreaming?

it enables us to be mentally active when we are bored

How normal is it to experience alternate states of consciousness?

it is something we experience every day

In Teresa Amabile's work on creativity, how did being in a competitive situation affect creativity?

it reduced creativity

What is the general term for all the physical and psychological process that start behavior, maintain it, and stop it?

motivation

Compared with Freud's view of human motivation and that of Abraham Maslow could be characterized as being more

optimistic

All of the following are possible origins of a pessimistic explanatory style except

our level of introversion/extroversion

Phoebe has a phobia regarding cats. What is her motivation?

overwhelming fear

According to the principles of behavioral confirmation, what reaction do people generally have to a personal who is depressed?

people regard the person as inadequate

What was referred to in the film as a type of psychological genocide?

prejudice

Instances in which people believe they have remembered long-forgotten traumatic events are known as

recovered memories

According to Freud, normal people banish undesirable memories from their conscious minds through

repression

According to Freud, dreams are significant because they

reveal unconscious fears and desires

Behaviors, such as male peacocks displaying their feathers or male rams fighting, are related to which part of sexual reproduction?

selecting a partner with good genes

The phrase "mutual constitution" refers to which two components according to Hazel Markus?

self and culture

Which of the following refers to how capable we believe we are of mastering challenges?

self-efficacy

In Freudian theory, the part of the person that acts as a police officer restraining drives and passions is called the

superego

Communication between the two hemispheres of the brain is disrupted when

the corpus callosum is severed

The high rate of alcoholism among Native Americans was cited as an example of

the psychological effects of prejudice

According to McCarley and Hobson, what is true about REM sleep?

the random burst of brain activity occurs first, followed by the dreamer's attempt to make sense of it

What name did William Jame give to the part of self that focuses on the images we create in the mind of others?

the social self

According to William James, which part of the self serves are our inner witness to outside events

the spiritual self

When societies around the world were studied, what proportion or them practiced some culturally patterned form of altering consciousness?

the vast majority

What has Robert Plutchik argued about emotions?

there are 8 basic emotions, consisting of 4 pairs of opposites

Why does Martin Sligman believe that it might be appropriate to help children who develop a pessimistic explanatory style?

these children are at risk of depression

In Norman Adler's research on mating behavior in rats, what is the function of the ten or so mountings?

to trigger hormone production and uterine contractions in the female

Which of the following behaviors signal low status in a status transaction?

touching one's face or hair

In Albert Bandura's research, people were given the task of improving production at a model furniture factory. They performed best when they believe that performance

was based on learning an acquirable skill

Which statement reflects the humanistic view of the self, according to Carl Rogers?

we have a high capacity for self-direction and self-understanding

What is the relevance of schemas to the self?

we organize our beliefs about ourselves in terms of schemas

What is the role of the pleasure-pain principle in motivation?

we seek pleasure and avoid pain

When we characterize self-image as schema, we mean that

we use it to organize information about ourselves

Which activity most clearly involves a "reframing" of the tension between desire and restraint?

working long hours for an eventual goal