Chapter 6: Memory

The ________ _______ effect refers to the tendency to recall the items at the beginning and end of a list better than the items in the middle.

Serial Position

Which of the following are true in regard to memories of traumatic events?

1. They may be subject to deterioration and distortion 2. They may be more accurate than memories of non traumatic events 3. Stress related hormones play a role in memories that involve personal trauma

Which of the following are components of Baddeley's working memory theory?

1. Visuospatial working memory 2. Central executive 3. Phonological loop

Samuel has been carefully entering numbers into a spreadsheet for a class project. He is focusing so hard that he hardly notices the sound of the television in a nearby room or his younger siblings playing outside. Samuel is involved in a _______ attention task.

Sustained

Which of the following concepts suggests that if two neurons are activated at the same time, the connection between them (and thus the memory) may be strengthened?

The concept of long-term potentiation

Sharon has three dogs, so she is well acquainted with her veterinarian. However, when she sees him at the grocery store without his scrub suit and out of his office, she can't remember who she is. This is an example of:

The encoding specificity principle

The Atkinson-Shiffrin theory of memory proposed that there are ______ systems in memory.

Three

Eli knows the name of the capitol of his state, but he forgets it when his teacher asks. This is know as:

Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon

In 1890, American philosopher and psychologist William James said that an experience can be so emotionally arousing that it leaves a scar on brain tissue. He was referring to ______ events.

Traumatic

Which of the following statements apply to the concept of working memory?

1. It is an alternate conceptualization of the concept of short-term memory 2. It consists of three parts 3. It is a mental blackboard

Which of the following is true of explicit memory?

1. It is sometimes referred to as declarative memory 2. It has two subtypes of memory: episodic and semantic

Which of the following are functions of autobiographical memory?

1. It provides us with identity 2. Sharing personal experience creates social bonds 3. It allows us to learn from our experiences

Which of the following is the memory process in which information held in memory is brought out of storage?

Retrieval

Which of the following circumstances illustrate motivated forgetting?

1. A person forgets something that is anxiety-laden and painful 2. Someone forgets an event that is a consequence of an emotional trauma

Which two of the following are recognition tasks?

1. A student takes a multiple choice test 2. A witness has to identify a criminal from a page of photographs

Which of the following are levels of autobiographical memory?

1. Event-specific knowledge 2. Life time periods 3. General events

Which of the following statements are true regarding short-term memory?

1. It can store information longer than sensory memory 2. It is limited-capacity memory system

According to levels of processing, the process of _____ involves three levels.

Encoding

The term used to describe remembering to do something is prospective memory. The term used for remembering the past is ______ memory.

Retrospective

The process of retaining information over time is referred to as _______.

Storage

Which of the following are important strategies for successful test-taking (which means retrieving information)?

1. Look at the exam to find retrieval cues for the information that you have encoded 2. Use retrieval cases for the information that you have encoded 3. Make sure your brain is well-rested and well-nourished

Which of the following is true regarding the effect of elaboration on encoding?

1. Material is easier to remember 2. Retrieval paths are created

Which of the following statements are true regarding eyewitness testimony?

1. Memory can be distorted by new information 2. Bias may be involved 3. Witnesses may share their thoughts 4. Memory can fade

According to Paivio's dual code hypothesis:

1. Memory for pictures is better than memory for words 2. The image code produces better memory

Select all of the following that are considered tips for organizing memory processes.

1. Organize the material in a way that will allow you to memorize 2. Experiment with different organizational techniques 3. Review notes that you are preparing to memorize

Select all of the following that causes retrieval failure.

1. Personal reasons for remembering 2. Effects of time 3. Errors in storage

Which of the following processes are related to working memory?

1. Problem solving 2. Information comprehension 3. Decision making

The frontal lobes of the brain play an important role in:

1. Prospective memory 2. Retrospective memory 3. Explicit memory

________ is a memory task where the person has to retrieve previously learned information; _______ is a memory task where the person has to identify learned items.

1. Recall 2. Recognition

Which of the following are true in respect to memory in the aging process?

1. Staying mentally active aids in memory 2. Staying intellectually active may reduce the severity of Alzheimer's 3. Staying physically active aids in memory

Which of the following are explanations for why the primacy effect occurs?

1. The first few items are rehearsed more 2. When the first items enter working memory, there is little competition for rehearsal time 3. The first few items are more elaborately processed

In an MRI study, participants viewed pictures while in an MRI scanner. When their memories for the pictures were later tested, the researchers found that greater activation in which brain regions resulted in better memory performance?

1. The hippocampus 2. The prefrontal lobes

Special cases of memory retrieval have been researched and debated by cognitive psychologists. Select the following that describes a special case where special memory retrieval is utilized.

1. Traumatic character of memories 2. Emotional memories

Amanda believes that she did everything she could to study for her biology exam. She read the chapters before the exam and doesn't understand why she didn't do well. What is the most likely explanation?

Amanda never really encoded the material

______ amnesia occurs when you cannot remember what happened AFTER you fell down and hit your head.

Anterograde

H.M. could not remember things that happened after surgery to remove his hippocampus. This is an example of:

Anterograde amnesis

Uncle Charlie loves to tell family stories. His nephews observe that they evolve over time but they enjoy hearing them because Charlie is a great storyteller. This is an example of how _____ memory fosters intimacy and creates social bonds.

Autobiographical

Why do some researchers believe that "recovered memories" should be instead called "discovered memories?"

Because at least some recovered memories could be false memories

People who are allowed to give their full attention to information that they must remember do ______ than people who must divide their attention.

Better

Which of the following strategies can be used to increase the number of pieces of information that can be held in short-term memory?

Chunk the information

Sam has to remember a 12-digit series of numbers that he generated for his computer password. He remembers the information as the birth years of his three sisters: 1988, 1989, 2001. Sam's strategy is _______.

Chunking

A subtype of implicit memory involves _______ ______, which is the automatic learning of association between stimuli. For example, a person who always gets bad news in work meetings may come to associate work meetings with anxiety.

Classical conditioning

Uncle Ken will be 88 this year yet he seems very sharp, is involved in volunteer work, attends a book club weekly and plays bridge. He has been intellectually active his entire life, both in his career as a physician and after retirements. This is an illustration of the _____ _____.

Cognitive store

The memory of your grandmother's name is not just represented in a single spot in the but involves activity spread out a vast network of neural links connected to numerous nodes. This is an example of:

Connectionism

Brenda was somewhat rattled when she discovered that the final exam for one of her classes would be held in a different lecture hall than the one the class is normally in. She just finished a learning and behavior class so she understands the principle that applies to this situation. What principle would that be?

Context-dependent memory

People remember better when they attempt to recall information in the same external circumstances in which they learned it. This describes:

Context-dependent memory

________ attention involves concentrating on more than one task or activity at a time.

Divided

Due to the neurosurgery that treated his severe form of epilepsy, H.M.'s _____ memory was impaired, but his _____ memory was less affected.

1. Explicit 2. Implicit

At which of the following levels of processing are we most likely to recall information?

Deepest level

Jason is actively trying to remember his teammates' names, so he writes down the numbers from their jerseys and the position they play on the team, along with the first letter of their names. He is using the numbers as ______ cues to help his memory for the names of his teammates.

Retrieval

The memory process involves encoding, storage, and ________.

Retrieval

Encoding failure occurs when the information:

Was never entered into long-term memory

The term used to describe auditory sensory memory, which is retained for up to several seconds is _______ memory.

Echoic

Dr. Marsh has her General Psychology class go through an exercise in which they look at a group of objects and attempt to remember them. Then she has the class look at another group of objects and create a story involving them. the class finds the second group easier to remember because of:

Elaboration

Explicit memory has two subtypes. Autobiographical memory, a special form of ______ memory (which is one of explicit memory's subtype), is a person's recollections of his or her life experiences.

Episodic

In forensic psychology, most of the interest in ______ _____ focuses on distortion, bias, and inaccuracy of memory.

Eyewitness testimony

Sterling's classic study on sensory memory determined that information held in ______ memory can be forgotten very quickly.

Iconic

The type of very brief visual memory that allows us to "write" in the air with a July 4th sparkler is _______ memory.

Iconic

In order to remember the way to the library, Kareem created a mental picture of the campus map. Kareem used mental ______ to remember the necessary route.

Imagery

When Don was an undergraduate many years ago, his physics professor shot a flaming arrow across the lecture hall to illustrate a physics theory. Because Don vividly remembers the theory today, this is an example of:

Imagery

The cerebellum is involved in the ______ memory required to perform skills.

Implicit

________ memory is when behavior is affected by prior experiences without conscious recollection of the experience.

Implicit

________ theory states that people forget not because memories are lost from storage but because other information gets in the way of what they want to remember.

Interference

A relatively permanent type of memory that stores huge amounts of information is ______ memory.

Long-term

According to the connectionist network perspective, our ______ are organized sets of neurons that are activated together.

Memories

The terms used to describe the process that occurs when a person forgets something because it is painful or anxiety-laden.

Motivated forgetting

When considering the effects of serial position, the _______ effect refers to better recall for items at the beginning.

Primacy

Carolyn is given a set of words to study, and "dog" is one of those words. On a later task, she is asked to complete the following item: -og. Carolyn is more likely to make -og into "dog" than "hog" or "bog" because of the concept know as:

Priming

Jon hasn't ridden a bicycle for five years; yet, when he hops on, he finds he can still ride. This is an example of:

Procedural memory

Aaron has elaborate systems set up on his computer to remind him of all the things he has to do and when he has to do them. The computer is helping Aaron with:

Prospective Memory

A multiple choice question that requires that you remember what you have seen before is an example of a _______ task.

Recognition

Lee Anne is telling her children stories about when she was young. Although the children keep asking Lee Anne for stories about when she was a "little girl," Lee Anne can more easily remember events when she was a teenager and in her 20s. Lee Anne's memories are consistent with the idea of the _______ ______.

Reminiscence Bump

Allan seemed to forget that he was abused by a family member when he was very young. When he later remembered that he was the victim of this abuse early in his life, he uncovered what psychologists call ______ memory.

Repressed

After years of taking French, you study Spanish. When the word for "red" in Spanish is required, you correctly say "rojo." But you can't remember the French word for red. This is an example of:

Retroactive interference

After David sustained a traumatic brain injury, he has discovered that he can't remember anything that happened in the last 4 years, but he can learn new information just as well as he did before the injury. David is likely experiencing _______ amnesia.

Retrograde

Toddler Christine loves to play restaurant. She knows the whole routine: find a restaurant, be seated, look at menus, order food, eat food, pay, and leave. The best description of this is a _______, which is a schema for an event.

Script

Select all of the following that are powerful tools for processing memory.

1. Rehearsing 2. Organizing 3. Encoding 4. Retrieving

Select all of the following that are considered tips of rehearsing learned material.

1. Test yourself after looking at the noted 2. Talk to people about what you learned 3. Rewrite/Type your notes

A general term ______ refers to the loss of memory.

Amnesia

Ari is watching a movie. Which initial memory process is Ari using?

Encoding

Deborah is studying for an exam. As she studies different concepts, she helps herself to remember by making up examples of the concepts that relate to her own life. Deborah is using ____ to help her remember the course concepts.

Self-referencing

When you stand outside on a spring day, you smell flowers, see the sun, and feel the breeze. What type of memory is initially collecting all this information?

Sensory

In the context of serial position, the ______ effect is when one can recall times at the end of the list.

Recency

A ________ is a general mental framework that helps people to organize and understand information.

Schema

You are driving down the highway and see a billboard with a phone number on it. You tell yourself to remember it, but as you drive a little farther you find you've forgotten it. This describes the limitations of _________-________ memory.

Short-Term

When using memory retrieval the information that an individual is searching for comes out of ________.

Storage

Information must be encoded and _______ in order to retrieved later.

Stored

Memory is defined as:

The retention of information or experiences over time.

Neuroscientists studying memory have benefited greatly from the use of MRI scans. They are able to see brain activation while a person is remembering. This has led them to conclude that:

There is not one memory center in the brain