Chapter 6 Study Guide
strain occurs between the socially approved goals and the means of achieving them
Robert merton developed structural strain theory, what is the cause of the strain suggested by the name of the theory
crime
What do we called codified violations that are codified into law
crime
What has most of the sociological literature of deviance focused on
positive deviance
What term describes action considered deviant but later interpreted as appropriate
deviance clarifies moral boundaries and affirms norms
Which of the following describes how deviance can be explained from the functionalist perspective
violation of social norms
Which of the following would sociologist consider the best definition of deviance
conflict theory
Which theory suggests that crimes committed by higher class
conflict theory
_ argues that punishments for rule violators are unequally distributed
differential association
_ suggests that individuals learn to be deviant from interactions with other
Deviance
a behavior, trait, belief, or other characteristic that violates a norm and causes a negative reaction
criminal justice system
a collection of social institutions that create and enforce laws (legislatures, police, courts, prison)
hate crime
a crime motivated by racial, sexual, or other prejudice, typically one involving violence.
stereotype threat
a kind of self fulfilling prophecy in which the fear of performing poorly causes students to perform poorly
Stereotype promise
a kind of self-fulfilling prophecy in which positive stereotypes, such as the "model minority" label applied to Asian Americans, lead to positive performance outcomes for Asian Americans
structural functionalism
a paradigm based on the assumption that society is a unified whole that functions because of the contributions of its separate structures
Symbolic Interactionism
a paradigm that sees interaction and meaning as central to society and assumes that meanings are not inherent but are created through interaction
conflict theory
a paradigm that sees social conflict as the basis of society and social change, and emphasizes a materialist view of society, a critical view of the status quo, and a dynamic model of historical change
labeling theory
deviance is determined by the reaction of others, applying deviant labels to an individual may lead them to further deviance
differential association theory
deviance is learned through interactions with others who break the rules
norm
rules or guidelines regarding what kinds of behavior are acceptable and appropriate within a particular culture; these typically emanate from the groups values
conformists
behavior in accordance with socially accepted conventions or standards
stereotype threat
. Brooke is a PHD candidate in the field of nanophysics she's aware that only 4% of nanophysics people are women
stigmatized identities change over time
. Jewish americans african americans hispanic americans were not able to purchase homes, then they reversed it to sell to anyone, what does this say ab stigmas
positive deviance
. Martin luther king jr went to jail many times, some people criticized him
it departs from a norm and results in a negative reaction
A behavior trait is considered deviant if what
innovation
A man tries to find unconventional ways or illegal ways to make money
differential association
A woman attributes her sons deviant behavior to falling in with a bad crowd
stereotype promise
An example of this is asian american students being placed in higher classes
self fulfilling prophecy
For robert merton, a prediction that became true only bc the prediction was made
actions initially considered deviant but later deemed appropriate
How do sociologists define positive deviance
yes but only because she lives in the united states
Imagine that a powerful and influential person in san diego decides to tattoo her face, is this considered deviant
criminal justice system
In the US the _ is made of legislators, police
conflict theory
John is the ceo of a large bank that is charged with fraud and andy
incapacitation
Many people today argue that convicted sex offenders should be chemically castrated or held in custody beyond sentences
stereotype threat
Maria is the school chess champion and is invited to a tournament, then told that men are better than women at chess
the line between deviant and beauty is fluid and changes between place or time
Some people worry about maintaining a tan, if they do not have the time to maintain a tan, they sometimes go to a tanning salon
what is considered deviant changes over time.
Some subcultures have adopted branding as a form of body art tho it is no longer used as a form of punishment
crime
a violation of a norm that has been codified into law
positive deviance
actions considered deviant within a given context but are later reinterpreted as appropriate or even heroic
Rehabilitation
an approach to punishment that attempts to reform criminals as part of their penalty
retribution
an approach to punishment that emphasizes retaliation or revenge for the crime as the appropriate goal
deterrence
an approach to punishment that relies on the threat of harsh penalties to discourage people from committing crimes
Incapacitation
an approach to punishment that seeks to protect society from criminals by imprisoning or executing them
self-fulfilling prophecy
an inaccurate statement or belief that, by altering the situation, becomes accurate; a prediction that causes itself to come true
structural strain theory
an individual's position in society determines whether she has the means to achieve her goals or must otherwise turn to deviance
stigma
any physical or social attribute that devalues a person or groups identity and that may exclude those who are devalued from normal social interaction - erving goffman
innovators
individuals who accept society's approved goals but not society's approved means to achieve them
Ritualists (Robert Merton)
individuals who have given up hope of achieving society's approved goals but still operate according to society's approved means
retreatists (Robert Merton)
individuals who renounce society's approved goals and means entirely and live outside conventional norms altogether
passing
presenting yourself as a member of a different group than the stigmatized group you belong to
