chapter 7

​Casey is a chronic victim of bullies. What is one way research suggests to decrease the likelihood that Casey will continue to be victimized?

help him make more friends

Of the different categories of children found in most classrooms, researchers have come to have the best understanding of the ____ and ____ child.

popular; rejected

​Research finds that a very common use of computers, particularly for boys, is to

play games online

​Positive results have been found when intervention programs are initiated to help reduce child maltreatment. In fact, the maltreatment and abuse rate was cut in half in families who participated in such programs for

12-18 months

All EXCEPT which of the following have been found to be associated with watching television?

An increased likelihood of volunteering in one's community.

Why is it that the potential prosocial benefits of watching television are outweighed by the negative consequences?

Because prosocial behavior is seen far less frequently than aggressive behaviors.

Which of the following individuals is likely to experience the most harmful effects of their parents' divorce?

Ben, who is an adolescent

​As infants grow older, their relationships with siblings develop and become more complicated. All EXCEPT which of the following are ways in which these relationships change?

Older children are essential in facilitating communication between the younger sibling and the parents.

The ____ parenting style can be described as highly controlling but low in warmth.

authoritarian

​When Ki-Jana asks his parents if he can buy a car, his parents say no but sit down and explain to him the reasoning behind their decision. His parents express affection toward him and tell him that they may consider the matter at some later time. Which parenting style best describes Ki-Jana's parents?

authoritative

Some scientists believe that bias and prejudice emerge naturally out of children's efforts to understand their social world by

categorizing

​Some scientists believe that bias and prejudice emerge naturally out of children's efforts to understand their social world by

categorizing

​Jeanette has a rather large group of peers, both boys and girls, with whom she shares some common interests. This group is known in the school as the "musicals," and they all participate in choir, band, or orchestra. They frequently get together to play music, discuss performances, or just hang out. In this example, the "musicals" are a ____.

crowd

​A style of controlling a child's behavior where the parent tells them what to do, when to do it, and why it should be done is called

direct instruction

​According to Baumrind (1975, 1991), the four distinct parenting styles do NOT include which of the following?

egalitarian

​Preschool children's thinking is ____, and they frequently have difficulty seeing the world from another's point of view.

egocentric

​A ____ is a voluntary relationship between two people involving mutual liking.

friendship

​As a "neglected" child, you would expect Juno to be ____ by her peers.

ignored

Cody is riding the bus with his classmates, when he sees that Justin is playing with a cool toy. Cody moves to the seat next to Justin, pushes him roughly, and takes the toy away. It is not until a bus monitor hears Justin crying that the toy is returned and Cody is punished. What type of aggression has Cody demonstrated?

instrumental

​For children, peer rejection in childhood can have serious long-term consequences, including all EXCEPT which outcome?

medical problems like cancer

​Jordan sometimes watches his parents play Angry Birds on their computer, and sometimes they give an exasperated, "Oh, MAN!" when they fail to get a better score. After he is allowed to play on the computer, he is playing a children's game one afternoon and when he fails to capture enough gold stars, he slaps his forehead and yells, "Oh, MAN!" Clearly Jordan has learned this behavior through

modeling

​With regard to the level of behavioral control parents assert over children, research finds that a(n) ____ amount of control is best for children.

moderate

​Research described in your chapter has noted that by increasing the ____, one of a child's most important interpersonal resources, parents can help the child experience better adjustment after his/her parents' divorce.

mother-child relationship quality

​Kanza and Ranna are classmates whose parents are both originally from Iran but who moved to the United States before the children were born. They are very good friends, spend a lot of time together at school, and often get together to socialize on weekends. One day a new student joins their class, and Kanza immediately sends a note to Ranna saying, "Look at that new white girl. I bet she isn't going to want to play with us!" Kanza's assumptions about the new classmate based strictly on her skin color demonstrate

prejudice

​____ refers to a view of other people, usually a negative view, based on their membership in a specific group.

prejudice

As your textbook notes, children are generally able to identify people from ethnic groups other than their own by what age range?

preschool years

​One of these things is not like the others. Can you spot the "odd man out"?

reconstructed family

​Israel's parents have been taking him to different places in the neighborhood lately—the temple, the Jewish Community Center, and the local B'nai B'rith headquarters. They are hoping that he will really embrace his own religious background and culture, as his older siblings have. This process of teaching a child the values, roles, and behaviors of a culture is known as ____.

socialization

​Helen is upset because she thinks that her teacher views her argument with Mary as being silly. According to Selman, Helen is most likely in the ____ stage of perspective-taking.

third-person

​Gabe tends to be very aggressive with his siblings and peers, and he is doing poorly in school. If he is this way primarily because of parenting, he probably receives ____ parenting in his home.

uninvolved

Which of the following represents your authors' position regarding the use of physical discipline with children?

​As long as physical punishment of children is considered to be acceptable and effective, children will continue to be abused.

​Which statement best explains the changes in prejudice that take place during the elementary-school years?

​Children display less overt prejudice, but implicit bias about other groups remains the same.

Which is the most effective way for parents to reduce the negative impact of divorce on a child?

​Don't view the love of your child as a competition between you and your ex-spouse

​Which of the following parental discipline styles would be most likely to result in a "rejected child" in the classroom?

​Jessica is very inconsistent with her son, punishing misbehavior one day and then ignoring it the next day.

​Randy is a seven-year-old who exhibits a high degree of hostile aggression. What is he most likely to be like when he is in high school?

​More aggressive than his same-age peers

​The Thompson family is having several people over for dinner, including friends and relatives. During the dinner, young Phillip behaves very poorly at the table, and is going to receive a punishment for his actions. Based on the recommendations of your textbook, which of the following individuals should deliver the punishment?

​Phillip's father, with whom the child has a close, warm relationship

​What does your textbook have to say about children observing disagreements between their parents?

​When handled constructively through solution-oriented discussion, disagreements can actually reassure children that their families are cohesive and can handle problems.

The main problem with a negative reinforcement trap is that it

​ends up increasing the incidence of an unwanted behavior

​The most striking similarity between the effects on children of watching television and the effects on children of playing video games is that

​the content of what is watched or played is what determines the ultimate outcome of these activities.

​Which of the following are the two dimensions that differentiate various parenting styles?

​warmth and responsiveness & parental control