Chapter 7: Microbial Nutrition, Ecology, and Growth
Which of the following terms is used to describe organisms that must acquire their energy from chemical compounds? Autotroph Chemotroph Lithotroph
Chemotroph
_____ is a close association between individuals from two species that may be helpful, harmful or neither to both members.
Symbiosis, Symbiotic, or Symbioses
Biofilms are very common. True False
True
Methanogens are ______. chemoautotrophs producers of carbon dioxide and hydrogen archaea found most commonly in aerobic environments
chemoautotrophs archaea
_____ is the act of successfully adjusting to a new environment.
Adaptation, Adapt, or Adapting
What term is used to describe organisms that can generate their own food from inorganic compounds? Saprotrophs Heterotrophs Autotrophs
Autotrophs
Which of the following cell structures is specialized for transport of materials into and out of the cell? Cell wall Endoplasmic reticulum Periplasmic space Cell membrane
Cell membrane
What term is used to describe organisms which derive both energy and carbon from organic compounds? Photoautotroph Chemoheterotroph Lithotroph Chemoautotroph
Chemoheterotroph
Which of the following is defined as a relationship between organisms where one benefits and the other is unharmed? Symbiosis Commensalism Mutualism Parasitism
Commensalism
_____ is a type of symbiotic relationship between two organisms in which one species derives benefit without harming the other.
Commensalism
_____ bacteria lack the ability to synthesize some necessary organic compounds and will only grow if specific nutrients are provided.
Fastidious
Which best describes a parasitic relationship between microbe and host? Flesh-eating bacteria on human skin Escherichia coli bacteria growing in the human gut Wood-processing protozoa living in a termite gut Decomposing fungi living in soil around plant roots
Flesh-eating bacteria on human skin
What term is used to describe an essential organic compound such as a vitamin or amino acid that must be provided in the diet? Growth factor Macronutrient Micronutrient
Growth factor
Which must acquire its chemical energy from some outside source? Heterotroph Autotroph
Heterotroph
Microorganisms that are human pathogens are best described as which of the following nutritional types? Autotrophic Either autotrophic or heterotrophic Heterotrophic
Heterotrophic
Natural organic nutrients are usually the product of which of the following? Fermentation Living organisms Water Soil
Living organisms
Which is a type of chemoautotroph that produces methane from hydrogen gas and carbon dioxide? Photoautotroph Methanogen Lithotroph
Methanogen
Which term best describes the association between a human host and the normal microbiota that aids in digestion? Parasitic Commensal Mutualistic
Mutualistic
______ is the acquisition of chemical substances by organisms for use as an energy source or as building blocks of cellular structures. Nutrition Metabolism Symbiosis Catabolism
Nutrition
_____ molecules, which contain carbon, are nearly always the products of living organisms.
Organic
Which of the following receives their energy from the sun's light to generate a sugar source for cellular respiration? Lithotrophs Heterotrophs Phototrophs Chemotrophs
Phototrophs
_____ sensing is the ability of some microbes to detect the number of other microbes and act accordingly.
Quorum
Which terminology describes the ability of some microbes to detect the numbers of other microbes and alter their behavior? Biofilm Chemotaxis Quorum sensing Inducer sensing
Quorum sensing
Many gardeners practice composting, where leftover vegetable peels, leaves, and other organic matter is collected and turned into a rich, fertile soil. Which best describes the type of microbes in compost? Autotrophic Lithotrophic Saprophytic
Saprophytic
Autotrophs can generate energy from which of the following? Consumption of other organisms Without any energy input Sun light Simple, non-living chemical reactions
Sun light Simple, non-living chemical reactions
Which term describes any close relationship between two organisms? Commensalism Mutualism Parasitism Symbiosis
Symbiosis
Which term describes any close relationship between two organisms? Commensalism Parasitism Mutualism Symbiosis
Symbiosis
Which of the following is NOT true regarding the chemical composition of cells? The majority of compounds are organic. Water is the largest component. The most prevalent organic compound is nucleic acids. Cells usually obtain their nutrients as compounds, instead of pure elements.
The most prevalent organic compound is nucleic acids.
Gradual adjustment and evolutionary change that allows microbes to survive in their environment is known as _______. metabolism evolution adaptation adjustment
adaptation
A(n) _____ microbe requires only inorganic nutrients and carbon dioxide as a sole carbon source.
autotrophic, lithoautotrophic, chemoautotroph, chemolithotroph, autolithotroph, autotroph, or chemolithoautotroph
A _____ is a complex association of microorganisms in which the members are bound to each other and a substrate by an extracellular matrix.
biofilm
Most microbes on earth live in a complex, organized association known as a(n) _________. Multiple choice question. endospore biofilm single-celled state intracellular parasite
biofilm
When organisms attach to a substrate and secrete an extracellular matrix, a _______ is formed. quorum biofilm membrane tissue
biofilm
Living organisms obtain nutrients from ________ sources. both organic and inorganic sources inorganic sources only organic sources only
both organic and inorganic sources
A _____-troph derives both energy and carbon from organic compounds.
chemoorgano, chemoorganotroph, organo, organotroph, or chemohetero
What is the term that describes bacteria that are unable to synthesize all of the organic compounds needed for survival? independent dependent fastidious nonfastidious
fastidious
A _____ factor is an essential organic compound such as a vitamin or amino acid that must be provided in the diet.
growth or co
A(n) _____-troph is an organism which must obtain their energy from other organisms.
hetero, heterotroph, chemo, chemotroph, chemoheterotroph, or chemohetero
Organisms that require organic compounds for their carbon and energy needs are known as: autotrophs phototroph heterotrophs lithotrophs
heterotrophs
Macronutrients in cells include carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, and ______. oxygen iron carbon dioxide calcium lipids
lipids
In addition to carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids, microbes can utilize _____ as a source of essential nutrients.
lipids or fats
The cell _____ is specialized to transport substances into and out of the cell.
membrane
The acquisition of chemical substances by organisms for the building blocks of cellular components and processes is _____.
nutrition
Nutrient sources for all living organisms can be acquired from _____ and _____ compounds.
organic inorganic
A _____-troph is an organism that uses the sun's light to provide the chemical energy to produce sugar for cellular respiration.
photo, photoauto, phototroph, photoautotroph, auto, or autotroph
Organisms that obtain their energy from the sun are called , whereas organisms that obtain their energy from chemical compounds are called .
phototrophs chemotrophs
Microbes that use photosynthesis to derive their energy are classified as ______, while microbes that gain energy from oxidizing chemical compounds are classified as ______. autotrophs/phototrophs phototrophs/chemotrophs phototrophs/nutriotrophs
phototrophs/chemotrophs
The energy source for phototrophs is the _______, while the energy source for chemotrophs is ________. chemical compounds, organic molecules organic molecules, chemical compounds sun, organic molecules organic molecules, sun sun, chemical compounds chemical compounds, sun
sun, chemical compounds
Autotrophs are special because they can generate sugar without any energy input. they can use fairly "free" energy sources to make sugar. they are all green (containing chlorophyll). they can ignore the 1st law of thermodynamics.
they can use fairly "free" energy sources to make sugar.
Organic compounds are the carbon and energy source for heterotrophs. true false
true
Which of the following are the two most prevalent chemical components of a cell? nucleic acids inorganic elements water protein
water protein