chapter 7 part 1

Which type of memory has an essentially unlimited capacity? a. echoic memory b. short-term memory c. long-term memory d. iconic memory e. proactive memory

c

"The magical number seven, plus or minus two" refers to the storage capacity of ________ memory. a. short-term b. explicit c. flashbulb d. implicit e. sensory

a

Automatic processing and effortful processing involve two types of a. encoding. b. retrieval. c. interference. d. storage. e. repression.

a

Explicit memory is to long-term memory as iconic memory is to ________ memory. a. sensory b. short-term c. flashbulb d. implicit e. state-dependent

a

Jamille performs better on foreign language vocabulary tests if she studies the material 15 minutes every day for 8 days than if she crams for 2 hours the night before the test. This illustrates what is known as a. the spacing effect. b. the serial position effect. c. mood-congruent memory. d. chunking. e. automatic processing.

a

The human capacity for storing long-term memories is a. essentially unlimited. b. roughly equal to seven units of information. c. typically much greater in young children than in adults. d. greatly reduced after people reach the age of 65. e. enhanced through hypnosis.

a

Your consciously activated but limited-capacity memory is called ________ memory. a. short-term b. implicit c. mood-congruent d. explicit e. automatic

a

Fill-in-the-blank test questions measure ________; matching concepts with their definitions measures ________. a. recognition; relearning b. recall; recognition c. recall; relearning d. relearning; recall e. recognition; rehearsal

b

After looking up his friend's phone number, Alex was able to remember it only long enough to dial it correctly. In this case, the telephone number was clearly stored in his ________ memory. a. echoic b. short-term c. flashbulb d. long-term e. implicit

b

During the course of a day, people may unconsciously encode the sequence of the day's events. This best illustrates a. the spacing effect. b. automatic processing. c. sensory memory. d. echoic memory. e. short-term memory.

b

Effortful processing can occur only with a. implicit memory. b. conscious attention. c. visual imagery. d. chunking. e. sensory memory.

b

How does the brain's capacity for parallel processing relate to encoding new memories? a. Parallel processing allows our brain to encode memories directly into long-term memory, bypassing working memory. b. Parallel processing allows many sensory experiences to be encoded all at once, some automatically, some with effort. c. Parallel processing allows us to encode every event accurately as it happens, even if we cannot always retrieve it later. d. Sensory impulses travel through separate channels, with visual information going into visual working memory, and auditory into auditory working memory. e. Hypnotism can enhance memory through parallel processing, accessing both conscious and unconscious levels of our minds.

b

Iconic memory refers to a. the encoded meanings of words and events in short-term memory. b. photographic, or picture-image, memory that lasts for only a few tenths of a second. c. the effortlessly processed incidental information about the timing and frequency of events. d. the visually encoded images in long-term memory. e. important events often encoded through flashbulb memory.

b

Our immediate short-term memory for new material is limited to roughly ________ bits of information. a. 3 b. 7 c. 12 d. 24 e. 50

b

Some information in our fleeting ________ is encoded into short-term memory. a. repressed memory b. sensory memory c. flashbulb memory d. long-term memory e. semantic memory

b

Sounds and words that are not immediately attended to can still be recalled a couple of seconds later because of our ________ memory. a. flashbulb b. echoic c. implicit d. state-dependent e. iconic

b

To recognize the active information processing that occurs in short-term memory, researchers have characterized it as ________ memory. a. iconic b. working c. flashbulb d. implicit e. repressed

b

Which test of memory typically provides the fewest retrieval cues? a. recognition b. recall c. relearning d. rehearsal e. imagery

b

Automatic processing occurs without a. iconic memory. b. semantic encoding. c. conscious awareness. d. long-term potentiation. e. sensory memory.

c

Encoding that occurs with no effort or a minimal level of conscious attention is known as a. recall. b. long-term potentiation. c. automatic processing. d. state-dependent memory. e. chunking.

c

Memory is best defined as a. the conscious encoding of information. b. stored knowledge that has been semantically encoded. c. the persistence of learning through the storage and retrieval of information. d. the retrieval of stored information in precisely the same form in which it was encoded. e. recalling and retrieving information stored in the cerebral cortex.

c

The process of encoding refers to a. the persistence of learning over time. b. the recall of information previously learned. c. getting information into memory. d. the motivated forgetting of painful memories. e. a clear memory of an emotionally significant event.

c

The process of getting information into memory is called a. priming. b. chunking. c. encoding. d. registering. e. storing.

c

The process of retrieval refers to a. the persistence of learning over time. b. the organization of information into manageable units. c. getting information out of memory storage. d. conscious repetition of information to be remembered. e. the identification of information previously learned.

c

The relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system is called ________ memory. a. sensory b. state-dependent c. long-term d. flashbulb e. implicit

c

A flashbulb memory would typically be stored in ________ memory. a. iconic b. implicit c. echoic d. long-term e. short-term

d

By presenting research participants with three rows of three letters each for only a fraction of a second, Sperling demonstrated that people have ________ memory. a. echoic b. flashbulb c. state-dependent d. iconic e. implicit

d

The process of getting information out of memory is called a. priming. b. encoding. c. relearning. d. retrieval. e. rehearsal.

d

Which term best describes parallel processing? a. voluntary b. conscious c. serial d. automatic e. sequential

d

Which pioneering researcher made extensive use of nonsense syllables in the study of human memory? a. Pavlov b. James c. Loftus d. Freud e. Ebbinghaus

e