Chapter 7 - Principles of Pharmacology

One milliliter (mL) is the equivalent of: A. 1 cubic centimeter. B. 1 deciliter. C. 1 cubic deciliter. D. 1 microgram.

A. 1 cubic centimeter

One deciliter (dL) is equivalent to: A. 100 mL B. 1000 mL C. 0.1 mL D. 10 mL

A. 100 mL

A 30-year-old construction worker lacerated his brachial artery and has lost a significant amount of blood. His blood pressure is 70/40 mm Hg and his pulse rate is 130 beats/min. Which of the following IV catheters would be MOST appropriate for this patient? A. 14 gauge B. 20 gauge C. 18 gauge D. 16 gauge

A. 14 gauge

How many pounds does a 90-kg patient weigh? A. 198 lb B. 186 lb C. 189 lb D. 194 lb

A. 198 lb

During an attempted resuscitation of a 9-year-old boy in cardiac arrest, your paramedic partner asks you to prepare epinephrine in a dose of 0.01 mg/kg. The child's mother tells you that he weighs approximately 65 pounds. You have a prefilled syringe of epinephrine containing 1 mg in 10 mL. How many milliliters should be administered to this child? A. 3 mL B. 4 mL C. 3.5 mL D. 4.5 mL

A. 3 mL

Which of the following is a systemic complication associated with IV therapy? A. Air embolus B. Infiltration C. Hematoma D. Phlebitis

A. Air embolus

Which of the following statements regarding intraosseous infusion is correct? A. Compared to an IV line, fluid does not flow well into the bone because of resistance B. Manual IO insertion is performed by approaching the bone at a 45° angle. C. The incidence of osteomyelitis is high following intraosseous infusion. D. Intraosseous needles consist of a solid boring needle inside a hollow Teflon catheter

A. Compared to an IV line, fluid does not flow well into the bone because of resistance

What is the difference between a crystalloid and a colloid solution? A. Crystalloids do not contain large protein molecules. B. Colloids rapidly move from the vascular space. C. Crystalloids contain large protein molecules. D. Colloids poorly expand the vascular compartment.

A. Crystalloids do not contain large protein molecules

Which of the following is a Schedule II substance? A. Demerol B. Marijuana C. Diazepam D. Codeine

A. Demerol

Which of the following drugs dissolves a thrombus and prevents it from entering the bloodstream? A. Fibrinolytic B. Antiplatelet C. Anticoagulant D. Diuretic

A. Fibrinolytic

A patient with congestive heart failure requires medication administration. Which of the following IV solutions would be MOST appropriate to use? A. Five percent dextrose in water B. An isotonic colloid C. Lactated ringers

A. Five percent dextrose in water

Which of the following is the MOST significant complication associated with IV therapy in geriatric patients? A. Massive hematoma. B. Easily infiltrated veins. C. Fluid extravasation. A. Fluid overloading.

A. Fluid overloading

Although painful and difficult to manage, what is the location of choice for starting IVs in pediatric patients? A. Hand vein B. Antecubital vein C. Foot vein D. Forearm vein

A. Hand vein

In addition to administering supplemental oxygen, what is the MOST appropriate management for a patient with circulatory overload caused by excessive IV fluid administration? A. Head elevated, medical control notified B. Trendelenburg's position, event documented C. Lateral recumbent position, event documented D. Head lowered, medical control notified

A. Head elevated, medical control notified

You administer 0.4 mg of nitroglycerin to your 55-year-old patient with chest pain. Which of the following adverse reactions should you be MOST observant for? A. Hypotension B. Palpitations C. Headache D. Nausea

A. Hypotension

Which of the following medication administration routes would result in uneven, unreliable absorption if given to a patient with decreased peripheral perfusion? A. Intramuscular B. Intravenous C. Inhalation D. Intraosseous

A. Intramuscular

Which of the following statements regarding a metered-dose inhaler (MDI) is CORRECT ? A. It administers the same dose of medication each time it is used. B. It delivers varying doses of the medication each time it is used. C. MDIs must not be shaken as this may decrease drug effectiveness. D. An MDI is typically prescribed to patients with cardiac chest pain.

A. It administers the same dose of medication each time it is u

What is the term used to describe the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of a drug? A. Pharmacokinetics B. Pharmacodynamics C. Pharmaceuticals D. Pharmacology

A. Pharmacokinetics

Which of the following potential complications of IV therapy are you LEAST likely to encounter in the prehospital setting? A. Phlebitis B. Occlusion C. Infiltration D. Vein irritation

A. Phlebitis

You respond to a call for an unresponsive diabetic. Upon arrival, you find a 23-year-old female unresponsive on her couch. During your assessment, you determine that her blood glucose level is 38 mg/dL. You attempt to start an IV, but are unsuccessful after several attempts. Which of the following routes could be used as a last resort to administer 50% dextrose? A. Rectal B. Subcutaneous C. Intralingual D. Oral

A. Rectal

Which DEA classification is given to a drug that has no accepted medical uses and a high abuse and dependence potential? A. Schedule I B. Schedule II C. Schedule III

A. Schedule I

Which of the following statements regarding over-the-counter (OTC) medications is correct? A. They do not require a prescription. B. Only a physician can prescribe them. C. They are not assigned a brand name. D. They do not have any contraindications.

A. They do not require a prescription

What might happen if a drug is given to a patient with liver disease? A. Toxic blood levels of the drug B. Increased detoxification of the drug C. The drug would be rendered ineffective. D. Decreased elimination time of the drug

A. Toxic blood levels of the drug

Which of the following is NOT a crystalloid? A. Whole blood B. Five percent dextrose in water C. Normal saline D. Lactated ringers

A. Whole blood

An important neurotransmitter in the parasympathetic nervous system is: A. acetylcholine. B. dopamine. C. epinephrine. D. norepinephrine.

A. acetylcholine

A breakable glass container that is designed to carry a single medication dose is called a/an: A. ampule. B. aboject. C. tubex. D. vial.

A. ampule

Factors that can cause an insufficient or absent flow of fluid through an IV line include: A. an IV bag that is placed too low. B. small air bubbles in the IV line. C. a drip chamber that is half full. D. an IV bag that is placed too high.

A. an IV bag that is placed too low

Major cations in the body include all of the following, EXCEPT: A. bicarbonate. B. potassium. C. sodium. D. calcium.

A. bicarbonate

A form of solid drug that is stored in a gelatin shell filled with liquid or powder is called a: A. capsule. B. tablet. C. solution. D. suspension.

A. capsule

A 52-year-old man complains of chest pressure. He is diaphoretic and has a blood pressure of 110/90 mm Hg. He has a prescription for nitroglycerin (NTG), but has not taken any. After administering oxygen to the patient you should: A. contact medical control for permission to administer the NTG. B. give 1 NTG dose and contact medical control. C. continue oxygen and transport the patient to the hospital. D. administer up to 3 NTG doses and reassess his BP.

A. contact medical control for permission to administer the NTG

Medications that the AEMT is authorized to administer are ultimately determined by: A. his or her medical director. B. his or her scope of training. C. the EMS chief or supervisor. D. the patient's personal physician.

A. his or her medical director

A patient is given a medication that possesses a positive chronotropic effect. This means that it: A. increases the heart rate. B. decreases cardiac contractility. C. increases the blood pressure.

A. increases the heart rate

Actions taken after administering a medication to a patient include all of the following, EXCEPT: A. inquiring about drug allergies. B. notifying medical control of any changes. C. carefully assessing the patient. D. documenting the time the drug was given.

A. inquiring about drug allergies

When inserting an IV into the external jugular vein, you should: A. insert the catheter with the tip pointing toward the shoulder. B. ensure that the patient is sitting in a fully upright position. C. insert the catheter with the tip pointing toward the head. D. use the same technique that you use for any other IV.

A. insert the catheter with the tip pointing toward the shoulder

Nitroglycerin is especially useful in treating patients with cardiac ischemia because it: A. is a vasodilator and lowers preload on the heart. B. increases the amount of blood returned to the heart. C. constricts the smooth muscles in the coronary arteries. D. increases blood pressure and improves perfusion.

A. is a vasodilator and lowers preload on the heart

Compared to a 16-gauge catheter, a 22-gauge catheter would be more appropriate for an elderly patient because: A. it reduces the risk of fluid extravasation. B. the risk of catheter shear is much lower. C. larger fluid volumes can be administered. D. it more easily penetrates their tough skin.

A. it reduces the risk of fluid extravasation

When choosing an IV site on an elderly patient, you should: A. know that varicose veins allow minimal circulation. B. always cannulate veins in the antecubital fossa. C. choose a vein that weaves back and forth. D. cannulate a sclerosed vein since it is less likely to infiltrate.

A. know that varicose veins allow minimal circulation

Shortly after starting an IV on a patient with a possible femur fracture, the patient experiences a sudden onset of shortness of breath and develops cyanosis. After reassessing airway patency and breathing adequacy, you should position the patient: A. on the left side with the head down. B. on the left side with the head elevated. C. in a semi-Fowler's position. D. in Trendelenburg's position.

A. on the left side with the head down

The cell membrane is a ______________ bilayer, which is an important barrier to fluid movement and the acid-base balance. A. phospholipid B. electrophilic C. lipophilic D. hydrophobic

A. phospholipid

A teratogenic drug is one that: A. poses a risk to a developing fetus. B. should not be given to the elderly. C. has no therapeutic effects in humans.

A. poses a risk to a developing fetus

The enhancement or action of one drug by another drug is called: A. potentiation. B. serum sickness. C. synergism.

A. potentiation

Bioavailability is defined as the: A. rate and extent to which an active drug enters the general circulation. B. movement of a solvent from an area of lower to higher solute concentration. C. movement of a solute from an area of higher to lower solvent concentration. D. speed with which the drug is excreted from the body by the renal system.

A. rate and extent to which an active drug enters the general circulation

You are attempting to start an IV in a vein on the back of your patient's hand. As you insert the catheter, the patient complains of sudden, severe shooting pain followed by numbness in the extremity. You should: A. remove the catheter and choose another site. B. carefully continue with the venipuncture. C. assure the patient the symptoms are normal. D. lift the IV catheter to a 45° angle.

A. remove the catheter and choose another site

When discontinuing an IV line, you should FIRST: A. shut off the flow from the IV with the roller clamp. B. disconnect the administration set from the IV bag. C. remove the securing tape from the site. D. remove the IV tubing from the catheter hub.

A. shut off the flow from the IV with the roller clamp

When administering a medication via the intramuscular route, you should: A. stretch the skin over the area and insert the needle at a 90° angle. B. stretch the skin over the area and insert the needle at a 45° angle. C. pinch the skin over the area and insert the needle at a 45° angle. D. pinch the skin over the area and insert the needle at a 90° angle.

A. stretch the skin over the area and insert the needle at a 90° angle

Before you can calculate an IV drip rate, you must know all of the following information, EXCEPT: A. the gauge of the IV catheter you will use. B. amount of fluid to deliver. C. length of time of the infusion. D. the drop factor of the administration set.

A. the gauge of the IV catheter you will use

Intraosseous lines require full and careful immobilization because: A. they rest at a 90° angle to the bone and are easily dislodged. B. even when properly placed, the catheter easily moves back and forth. C. the needle is only ¼" long and is not firmly in the bone. D. insertion of the intraosseous catheter causes fracture of the bone.

A. they rest at a 90° angle to the bone and are easily dislodged

If you have an epinephrine concentration of 0.1 mg/mL, how many milligrams would be present in 5 mL? A. 0.005 mg B. 0.5 mg C. 5 mg D. 0.05 mg

B. 0.5 mg

The concentration of sodium in the cells of the body is approximately: A. 0.225%. B. 0.9%. C. 0.45%. D. 9.0%.

B. 0.9%

A 7-year-old child has swallowed a bottle of aspirin. Medical control orders you to give the child 0.5 g/kg of activated charcoal. Based on the child's weight of 45 pounds, how much charcoal will you administer? A. 15 g B. 10 g C. 20 g D. 5 g

B. 10 g

Prior to administering oral glucose to your diabetic patient, you look at the dosage, which reads 15g. How many milligrams is this equivalent to? A. 150 B. 15,000 C. 1,500 D. 150,000

B. 15,000

You have been requested to infuse 1,000 mL of lactated ringers over six hours. You have macrodrip (10 gtts/mL) tubing and a 16-gauge IV catheter. At how many drops per minute will you set the IV flow rate? A. 26 B. 28 C. 22 D. 24

B. 28

Medical control has ordered you to start an IV on a dehydrated patient and administer normal saline at a rate of 200 mL/hr. Using macrodrip (10 gtts/mL) tubing and an 18-gauge catheter, how many drops per minute will you set the flow rate at? A. 66 B. 33 C. 46 D. 74

B. 33

During a long distance transport, you initiate an IV of normal saline and infuse 125 mL over 2 hours. Using microdrip tubing, how many drops per minute (gtts/min) is your IV flow rate set at? A. 53 gtts/min B. 63 gtts/min C. 39 gtts/min D. 58 gtts/min

B. 63 gtts/min

What is the approximate weight in kilograms of a 155 lb patient? A. 72 kg B. 70 kg C. 76 kg D. 74 kg

B. 70 kg

Which of the following represents the official name for aspirin? A. Acetylsalicylic acid B. Acetylsalicylic acid, USP C. Bayer aspirin D. Aspirin, USP

B. Acetylsalicylic acid, USP

Which of the following medications would the AEMT typically NOT be allowed to administer to a patient? A. Naloxone B. Amiodarone C. Glucagon D. Aspirin

B. Amiodarone

If you administered naloxone (Narcan) to a patient who overdosed on morphine, what effect would occur? A. Potentiation B. Antagonism C. Cross-tolerance D. Hypersensitivity

B. Antagonism

You respond to a residence where a 5-year-old male has ingested an unknown substance. Upon arrival at the scene, the child's mother tells you that her son swallowed approximately 20 Tylenol capsules. What is the MOST logical way of determining how much this child weighs? A. Estimate the child's weight based on his age. B. Ask the mother if she knows the weight of her son. C. Determine the child's weight based on his height. D. Use a length-based resuscitation tape.

B. Ask the mother if she knows the weight of her son

As you are treating a patient, he tells you that he has a bleeding ulcer and took Cialis 12 hours ago. Which of the following medications are contraindicated for this patient? A. Albuterol and dextrose B. Aspirin and nitroglycerin C. Glucagon and naloxone D. Narcan and ventolin

B. Aspirin and nitroglycerin

During the IV procedure, when is it MOST appropriate to apply the constricting band? A. After you cleanse the venipuncture site. B. Before you cleanse the venipuncture site. C. When you assemble the IV equipment. D. After you insert the catheter into the vein.

B. Before you cleanse the venipuncture site

A 17-year-old female is experiencing a mild asthma attack. You auscultate her lungs and hear expiratory wheezing. In addition to oxygen, which of the following classifications of medication would be indicated for this patient? A. Beta blocker B. Beta-2 agonist C. Sympatholytic D. Alpha-1 antagonist

B. Beta-2 agonist

Which of the following is NOT a form of liquid drug? A. Solution B. Capsule C. Suspension D. Emulsion

B. Capsule

A 70-year-old female presents with generalized muscle weakness; lethargy; and hot, flushed skin. Which of the following electrolyte disturbances should you suspect? A. Hypocalcemia B. Hypercalcemia C. Hypernatremia D. Hyperkalemia

B. Hypercalcemia

An intraosseous line should be inserted in a critical patient if: A. the patient will require a whole blood transfusion. B. IV access is unsuccessful after three attempts. C. you cannot readily see a visible peripheral vein. D. you cannot establish IV access within three minutes.

B. IV access is unsuccessful after three attempts

Which of the following steps for drawing medication from a vial is NOT necessary when drawing medication from an ampule? A. Checking the expiration date and clarity of the drug. B. Injecting air into the container before withdrawing the drug. C. Expelling air bubbles from the syringe prior to giving the drug. D. Looking at the container to ensure the appropriate concentration.

B. Injecting air into the container before withdrawing the drug

Which of the following medications are typically administered via the subcutaneous route? A. Glucose and insulin B. Insulin and epinephrine C. Epinephrine and glucose D. Nitroglycerin and insulin

B. Insulin and epinephrine

__________ solutions provide a stable medium for the administration of medications and provide effective fluid and electrolyte replacement. A. Colloid B. Isotonic C. Hypotonic D. Hypertonic

B. Isotonic

What is the MOST significant drawback to cannulating a scalp vein in a child with a butterfly catheter? A. It is aesthetically unpleasant. B. It does not allow for rapid fluid administration. C. It causes apprehension for the family. D. Scalp veins are often difficult to cannulate.

B. It does not allow for rapid fluid administration

What role does phosphorus play in the body? A. It is the primary buffer in the body. B. It is an important component in the formation of adenosine triphosphate. C. It is responsible for the distribution of water throughout the body. D. It is the principle cation needed for bone development.

B. It is an important component in the formation of adenosine triphosphate

Which of the following medications could cause a potentially fatal interaction if given within 24 to 36 hours of Viagra, Cialis, or Levitra? A. Epinephrine B. Nitroglycerin C. Any form of glucose D. Any form of aspirin

B. Nitroglycerin

Which of the following physiologic responses would you expect to occur following administration of a drug that possesses alpha-1 (α1) properties? A. Systemic vasodilation B. Peripheral vasoconstriction C. Increased cardiac contractility D. Dilation of the bronchioles

B. Peripheral vasoconstriction

A 78-year-old female takes several medications every day, each one for a different condition. What is this an example of? A. Summation B. Polypharmacy C. Potentiation D. Drug dependence

B. Polypharmacy

How does lactated ringers solution help combat intracellular acidosis associated with severe blood loss? A. It has the same chemical components that are contained in bicarbonate. B. The lactate is metabolized by the liver to form bicarbonate. C. It draws hydrogen ions into the intravascular space and sends them to the kidneys. D. It overhydrates the patient and forces hydrogen ions from the body.

B. The lactate is metabolized by the liver to form bicarbonate

Which of the following statements regarding medication administration in pediatric patients is correct? A. Infants and children have an inherently slower metabolic rate than adults, so they require larger doses of most medications. B. The products of metabolism in children can vary from those seen in adults, which may sometimes result in unexpected responses. C. Most pediatric patients take several medications, which may interact with each other and produce negative physiologic effects. D. It is important to remember that the doses of all medications are based on a child's age rather than his or her weight and body mass.

B. The products of metabolism in children can vary from those seen in adults, which may sometimes result in unexpected responses

What physiologic response causes a vasovagal reaction? A. Vasodilation and an increase in blood pressure B. Vasodilation and a decrease in blood pressure C. Vasoconstriction and a decrease in blood pressure D. Vasoconstriction and an increase in heart rate

B. Vasodilation and a decrease in blood pressure

The passage of a substance through some surface of the body into body fluids and tissues is known as: A. filtration. B. absorption. C. bioavailability. D. biotransformation.

B. absorption

The sympathetic nervous system is also known as the: A. cholinergic nervous system. B. adrenergic nervous system. C. sympatholytic nervous system. D. parasympatholytic nervous system.

B. adrenergic nervous system

Third spacing is defined as: A. cellular destruction secondary to a massive influx of water. B. an abnormal fluid shift into the serous linings of the body. C. a collection of blood within the liver, spleen, or pancreas. D. a loss of body water caused by severe vomiting or diarrhea.

B. an abnormal fluid shift into the serous linings of the body

An over-the-needle catheter is commonly referred to as a/an: A. intracath. B. angiocath. C. butterfly catheter. D. arteriocath.

B. angiocath

A parasympatholytic drug blocks the effects of the parasympathetic nervous system by: A. increasing the effects of the sympathetic nervous system. B. binding to receptors and blocking the release of acetylcholine. C. agonizing parasympathetic receptors so they may exert their effect. D. antagonizing sympathetic receptors and blocking the release of epinephrine.

B. binding to receptors and blocking the release of acetylcholine

Adverse reactions associated with epinephrine include all of the following, EXCEPT: A. headache. B. bradycardia. C. anginal pain. D. arrhythmias.

B. bradycardia

After starting an IV on a patient in shock, the AEMT accidentally gets stuck with the IV needle. This is referred to as a/an: A. disease contraction. B. contaminated stick. C. infectious exposure. D. communicable stick.

B. contaminated stick

When replacing lost volume with crystalloids, it is important to remember that: A. one mL should be given for every 3 mL of estimated blood loss. B. crystalloids do not have the capacity of carrying oxygen. C. one-third of the fluid will leave the vascular spaces within an hour. D. giving too little fluid may interfere with the process of hemostasis.

B. crystalloids do not have the capacity of carrying oxygen

After inserting an IV catheter into a vein, you should: A. keep the angle of the catheter at 45° and slide the catheter off the needle. B. decrease the angle of the catheter to 15° and insert the catheter a few mm farther. C. decrease the angle of the catheter to 45° and insert the catheter 1" farther. D. increase the angle of the catheter to 90° and insert the catheter a few mm farther.

B. decrease the angle of the catheter to 15° and insert the catheter a few mm farther

After removing the stylet from the IV catheter, you should next: A. occlude the proximal end of the catheter to prevent blood leaking. B. dispose of the needle in the appropriate container. C. remove the constricting band from the patient's arm. D. attach the prepared IV line to the catheter.

B. dispose of the needle in the appropriate container

A mixture of two liquids that are not mutually soluble is called a/an: A. elixir. B. emulsion. C. solution. D. suspension.

B. emulsion

You have inserted an IV catheter into a vein in a patient's hand and have secured the IV line appropriately. You assess the flow of the IV and note that it is not flowing. You should FIRST: A. gently manipulate the catheter until the IV starts flowing. B. ensure that the constricting band has been released. C. immediately stop the infusion and apply pressure. D. lower the IV bag to see if blood flows up the IV tubing.

B. ensure that the constricting band has been released

The original chemical name of a drug, which is not capitalized, and is suggested by the drug's first manufacturer is called the: A. trade name. B. generic name. C. official name. D. off-brand name.

B. generic name

The MOST common contraindication for any medication is: A. hypertension. B. hypersensitivity. C. tachycardia. D. seizure disorder.

B. hypersensitivity

A solution that has a greater concentration of sodium than does the cell is referred to as being: A. hypotonic. B. hypertonic. C. isotonic. D. hyperosmolar.

B. hypertonic

A solution that hydrates the cells while depleting the vascular compartment is referred to as being: A. hypertonic. B. hypotonic. C. isotonic. D. hyperosmolar.

B. hypotonic

A solution that results in water flowing into a cell, causing it to burst, is referred to as being: A. hyperosmolar. B. hypotonic. C. isotonic. D. hypertonic.

B. hypotonic

An adverse condition induced in a patient as a result of the treatment given is called a/an: A. side effect. B. iatrogenic response. C. teratogenic response. D. idiosyncrasy.

B. iatrogenic response

The purpose of a constricting band when starting an IV is to: A. reduce lymphatic return to the puncture site. B. increase venous pressure at the puncture site. C. impede arterial flow to the puncture site. D. decrease the flow of venous blood at the puncture site.

B. increase venous pressure at the puncture site

When administering nitroglycerin via the sublingual route, you should: A. place the medication between the cheek and gum. B. instruct the patient not to chew or swallow the medication. C. slowly inject the medication into the tongue. D. avoid allowing the medication to dissolve too slowly.

B. instruct the patient not to chew or swallow the medication

The Narcotic Control Act of 1956: A. protected the public from mislabeled, poisonous, or otherwise harmful foods and medications. B. made the possession of heroin illegal and outlawed the acquisition and transportation of marijuana. C. assigned each controlled substance a specific schedule, based on its use and potential for addiction. D. regulated the import, manufacture, prescription, and sale of several nonnarcotic medications, as well as cocaine and opium.

B. made the possession of heroin illegal and outlawed the acquisition and transportation of marijuana

In order to prevent catheter shear when starting an IV, you should: A. insert the IV in a vein where the catheter cannot bend. B. never rethread the needle into the catheter. C. place the patient on their side prior to starting the IV. D. use an 18-gauge or smaller catheter.

B. never rethread the needle into the catheter

As an AEMT, the MOST commonly inhaled medication you will administer is: A. Ventolin. B. oxygen. C. Alupent. D. Albuterol.

B. oxygen

Contraindications for intraosseous infusion include all of the following, EXCEPT: A. the ability to obtain IV access within 90 seconds. B. patients who are in cardiac arrest or status epilepticus. C. successful cannulation of a large antecubital vein. D. fracture of the bone in which you will place the catheter.

B. patients who are in cardiac arrest or status epilepticus

The study of the properties and effects of medications on the body is called: A. pharmacodynamics. B. pharmacology. C. pharmacokinetics. D. toxicology.

B. pharmacology

An example of intravascular fluid is: A. cerebrospinal fluid. B. plasma. C. intraocular fluid. D. amniotic fluid.

B. plasma

A patient in cardiac arrest requires defibrillation with an AED. You remove his shirt and see a nitroglycerin patch applied to his right upper chest. You should: A. place the defibrillator pad at least 1" from the patch. B. remove the patch and wipe off the excess medication. C. defibrillate the patient without regard for the patch. D. delay defibrillation until a paramedic removes the patch.

B. remove the patch and wipe off the excess medication

Medications that fight or antagonize the effects of the sympathetic nervous system are referred to as being: A. anticholinergic. B. sympathomimetic. C. sympatholytic. D. parasympatholytic.

B. sympathomimetic

Prior to administering an oral medication to a patient, you must: A. carefully assess the patient. B. take standard precautions. C. contact medical control to obtain authorization. D. determine the need for the medication.

B. take standard precautions

Unlike IM or SC injections, intravenously administered drugs rapidly affect the body because: A. they are excreted from the body more slowly. B. they bypass most barriers to drug absorption. C. they do not have to pass through the liver. D. their strength doubles as they enter the bloodstream.

B. they bypass most barriers to drug absorption

A stable patient requires an IV line in the event that medication therapy is needed. When selecting the appropriate vein, you should first attempt to cannulate the: A. medial forearm vein. B. vein on the hand. C. antecubital vein. D. lateral forearm vein.

B. vein on the hand

If used in pediatric patients, butterfly catheters are commonly placed in the: A. antecubital vein. B. veins of the scalp. C. anterior forearm. D. back of the hand.

B. veins of the scalp

Once the protective wrap is removed from a bag of IV fluid, the fluid must be used: A. within 48 hours. B. within 24 hours. C. within 36 hours. D. immediately.

B. within 24 hours

When administering a medication via the intranasal route with a mucosal atomizer device, it is important to remember that: A. the patient must be conscious for this route to be effective. B. you must spray half of the medication dose into each nostril. C. at least half of the drug must be diluted in normal saline. D. it will absorb slower than if given via intramuscular injection.

B. you must spray half of the medication dose into each nostril

There is 0.5 mg/10 mL of epinephrine in an auto-injector. How many milligrams (mg) would you deliver if you administered 5 milliliters (mL)? A. 0.5 B. 5.0 C. 0.25 D. 2.5

C. 0.25

Which of the following represents a "standard" drug dose? A. 0.5 g/kg B. 1 mg/kg C. 1 mg D. 0.25 mg/kg

C. 1 mg

The MOST appropriate administration set to use for a patient who requires rapid fluid replacement is one that delivers 1 mL of IV fluid per: A. 15 drops. B. 60 drops. C. 10 drops. D. 20 drops.

C. 10 drops

How many grams are present in 25 mL of 50% dextrose (D50)? A. 50 g B. 25 g C. 12.5 g D. 6.25 g

C. 12.5 g

A 42-year-old man was splashed in the eye by a corrosive substance. Medical control orders you to irrigate the patient's eye with 2 liters of sterile saline. How many milliliters is this? A. 200,000 B. 200 C. 2,000 D. 20,000

C. 2,000

You receive an order from medical control to start an IV of lactated ringers and administer 150 mL/hr. Using macrodrip (15 gtts/mL) tubing, how many drops per minute will you set the flow rate at? A. 40 B. 42 C. 38 D. 44

C. 38

A 40-year-old female requires a medication to decrease her heart rate. The medication to be administered is supplied in a prefilled syringe in a concentration of 6 mg/2 mL. How many milliliters are required to achieve a dose of 12 mg? A. 8 mL B. 2 mL C. 4 mL

C. 4 mL

Which of the following medications would the AEMT help a patient self-administer? A. Glucagon B. Naloxone C. Albuterol D. 50% dextrose

C. Albuterol

Which of the following medications or solutions can be administered through an intraosseous line? A. Hypertonic drugs and fluids only B. Whole blood and cardiac medications only C. Anything that you can administer via an IV D. Normal saline and hypotonic drugs only

C. Anything that you can administer via an IV

Which of the following electrolytes determines whether or not the body is acidotic or alkalotic? A. Phosphorus B. Calcium C. Bicarbonate D. Sodium

C. Bicarbonate

Who regulates the selling and prescribing of controlled substances, such as narcotics? A. Department of Justice B. Department of Transportation C. Drug Enforcement Administration D. The EMS system's medical director

C. Drug Enforcement Administration

Which of the following would be LEAST likely to result in overhydration? A. Unmonitored IV B. Prolonged hypoventilation C. Excessive GI drainage D. Kidney failure

C. Excessive GI drainage

A 29-year-old female experiences shortness of breath, urticaria, and bilateral wheezing shortly after you started an IV of normal saline. How should you manage this situation? A. Place her on her left side with her head down. B. Change the IV tubing and continue the IV. C. Leave the catheter in place and remove the solution. D. Discontinue the IV and remove the catheter.

C. Leave the catheter in place and remove the solution

Which of the following is the smallest unit of weight? A. Gram B. Milligram C. Microgram D. Kilogram

C. Microgram

Which of the following medications could be administered via the intranasal route with a mucosal atomizer device? A. Nitrostat B. Glucagon C. Naloxone D. Epinephrine

C. Naloxone

Which of the following medications is administered in gel form? A. Fentanyl B. Nitroglycerin C. Oral glucose D. Activated charcoal

C. Oral glucose

You are transporting a patient with an IV of D5W. Which of the following signs would be atypical of infiltration? A. Edema at the catheter site B. Tightness and pain around the IV site C. Redness around the IV site

C. Redness around the IV site

Which of the following statements regarding subcutaneous injections is correct? A. The needle is inserted at a 90° angle when giving a subcutaneous injection. B. The deltoid muscle is the most common location for a subcutaneous injection. C. Subcutaneous injections are usually given with a 24-gauge to 26-gauge needle D. Volumes of less than 10 mL are usually given by the subcutaneous route.

C. Subcutaneous injections are usually given with a 24-gauge to 26-gauge needle

You remove the shirt of a patient in cardiac arrest and note an adhesive patch applied to his upper right arm. This medication is MOST likely: A. transdermal calamine. B. absorbed glucose. C. a fentanyl patch. D. transcutaneous atropine.

C. a fentanyl patch

The term "bolus" is defined as: A. delivering a drug via maintenance infusion. B. administering less than 10 mL of volume. C. administering a drug in one mass of volume. D. administering at least 20 mL of volume.

C. administering a drug in one mass of volume

A 60-year-old man is in cardiac arrest. As emergency medical responders are performing CPR, your partner is managing the patient's airway. After preparing your IV set, you should FIRST attempt to cannulate the: A. lateral forearm vein. B. medial forearm vein. C. antecubital vein.

C. antecubital vein

Subcutaneous injections deliver the medication: A. into the muscle. B. below the layer of muscle. C. between the skin and the muscle. D. deep within the dermis.

C. between the skin and the muscle

An agonistic drug is defined as one that: A. attaches to the receptor site to block a response. B. inhibits the response from a particular receptor. C. binds to a receptor site and stimulates a response. D. stimulates only certain responses from a receptor.

C. binds to a receptor site and stimulates a response

Atropine increases the heart rate by: A. blocking the release of norepinephrine. B. increasing sympathetic nervous system discharge. C. blocking the vagus nerve and preventing innervation by ACh. D. agonizing the effects of the parasympathetic nervous system.

C. blocking the vagus nerve and preventing innervation by ACh

Factors that alter a patient's response to a drug include: A. the type of drug given. B. the route of administration. C. body mass and psychologic factors. D. over-the-counter versus prescription

C. body mass and psychologic factors

When an IV line is not available, glucose should be administered to a conscious patient via the __________ route. A. rectal B. transdermal C. buccal D. sublingual

C. buccal

An ion that has an overall positive charge is called a/an: A. electrolyte. B. buffer. C. cation. D. anion.

C. cation

When selecting the most appropriate site for IV cannulation, you should avoid veins that: A. have the straightest appearance. B. are springy when palpated. C. cross or lie over joints. D. have a rounded appearance.

C. cross or lie over joints

Compounds or charges concentrated on one side of a cell membrane will move across it to an area of lower concentration to maintain balance on both sides of the cell wall. This process is called: A. filtration. B. active transport. C. diffusion. D. osmosis.

C. diffusion

Signs and symptoms of an air embolus include all of the following, EXCEPT: A. oxygen-refractory cyanosis. B. tachycardia. C. facial flushing. D. respiratory distress.

C. facial flushing

The removal of particles from a solution by allowing the liquid portion to pass through a membrane or other partial barrier is called: A. osmosis. B. diffusion. C. filtration. D. bioavailability.

C. filtration

Compared to drugs such as phenobarbital and diazepam (Valium), heroin: A. is a Schedule II drug and has no medical application. B. has acceptable medical uses in certain circumstances. C. has a much higher potential for abuse and dependence. D. has a low abuse potential and a limited dependence potential.

C. has a much higher potential for abuse and dependence

Once the "pigtail" that covers the access port of a bag of IV fluid has been removed, the fluid must be used: A. within 12 hours. B. within 24 hours. C. immediately. D. within 36 hours.

C. immediately

Benzodiazepines are a classification of medication that are used to: A. relieve pain. B. increase heart rate. C. induce sedation. D. reduce fatigue.

C. induce sedation

The most commonly carried IV solutions in the prehospital setting are: A. hypertonic colloids. B. hypotonic crystalloids. C. isotonic crystalloids. D. hypotonic colloids.

C. isotonic crystalloids

Filtration, a type of diffusion, is commonly used to clean the blood via the: A. spleen. B. pancreas. C. kidneys. D. liver.

C. kidneys

The function of a drug or the particular action of a drug on an organism is called: A. pharmacology. B. an indication. C. mechanism of action. D. the drug classification.

C. mechanism of action

Osmosis is defined as the: A. passive transport of molecules across the cell membrane. B. diffusion of molecules across a cell membrane. C. movement of water across a semipermeable membrane. D. movement of water to an area of lower concentration.

C. movement of water across a semipermeable membrane

An isotonic solution is one that causes: A. water to flow into the cell. B. the cell to swell and eventually burst. C. no change in the shape of the cell. D. water to be drawn out of the cell.

C. no change in the shape of the cell

When attaching an administration set to a bag of IV fluid and priming the IV tubing, you should ensure that the drip chamber is: A. completely full. B. one fourth full. C. one half full. D. three fourths full.

C. one half full

After inserting the needle into the injection port of an IV line, but before administering the medication, you should: A. flush the line with a 20 mL bolus of normal saline. B. withdraw on the plunger of the syringe to detect blood. C. pinch off the tubing proximal to the injection port. D. explain the procedure to the patient and obtain consent.

C. pinch off the tubing proximal to the injection port

A predictable, yet adverse response to a drug, is called a/an: A. therapeutic effect. B. idiosyncrasy. C. side effect. D. teratogenic response.

C. side effect

500 micrograms (µg) is equal to: A. 0.05 mg. B. 0.005 mg. C. 5 mg. D. 0.5 mg.

D. 0.5 mg

A 44-year-old man is experiencing a ventricular dysrhythmia. Medical control orders your paramedic partner to administer 1.5 mg/kg of lidocaine to the patient, who weighs 185 pounds. Lidocaine is supplied in a concentration of 100 mg/10mL. How many milliliters should your partner administer to this patient? A. 11.5 mL B. 10.4 mL C. 12.2 mL D. 12.6 mL

D. 12.6 mL

A severely injured patient has lost approximately 750 mL of blood. What is the appropriate volume of crystalloid solution to administer to the patient? A. 750 mL B. 1,500 mL C. 1,000 mL D. 2,250 mL

D. 2,250 mL

You are performing an interfacility transport of a patient that will take approximately 15 minutes. The patient has an IV line of normal saline set at a rate of 125 mL/hr. What is the approximate total fluid amount this patient will receive during the transport? A. 40 mL B. 35 mL C. 25 mL D. 30 mL

D. 30 mL

A 68-year-old female with unstable bradycardia requires 0.5 mg of atropine. Your paramedic partner opens a prefilled syringe of atropine containing 1 mg/10mL. How many milliliters should be administered to the patient? A. 1 mL B. 0.1 mL C. 0.5 mL D. 5 mL

D. 5mL

A microdrip administration set features a small, needle-like orifice inside the drip chamber and delivers: A. 100 gtts/mL. B. 15 gtts/mL. C. 10 gtts/mL. D. 60 gtts/mL.

D. 60 gtts/mL

What percentage of water accounts for the total body weight? A. 50% B. 70% C. 80% D. 60%

D. 60%

After starting an IV on a patient, you set the flow at a "KVO" rate. How many drops per minute does this rate deliver? A. 3 to 8 B. 7 to 12 C. 15 to 25 D. 8 to 15

D. 8 to 15

Which of the following medications is a suspension? A. Nitroglycerin B. Oral glucose C. Epinephrine D. Activated charcoal

D. Activated charcoal

What is an enteral drug? A. A drug that is administered via the oral route only. B. A drug that is given to patients with severe diarrhea. C. Any drug that is administered via the intravenous route. D. Any drug that is administered along any portion of the GI tract.

D. Any drug that is administered along any portion of the GI tract

Which of the following techniques is appropriate when cannulating a vein? A. Avoid traction to the vein and insert the needle with the bevel side down at a 90° angle. B. Avoid traction to the vein and insert the needle with the bevel side up at a 45° angle. C. Apply traction to the vein and insert the needle with the bevel side down at a 45° angle. D. Apply traction to the vein and insert the needle with the bevel side up at a 45° angle.

D. Apply traction to the vein and insert the needle with the bevel side up at a 45° angle

Which of the following is NOT a physiologic effect of sympathetic nervous system stimulation? A. Dilated pupils B. Vasoconstriction C. Reduced digestion D. Decreased heart rate

D. Decreased heart rate

What is the mechanism of aspirin when given to a patient who is experiencing an acute myocardial infarction? A. Blocks the body's plasminogen system. B. Decreases swelling around the infarct site. C. Increases local vasoconstriction and increases BP D. Decreases platelet aggregation and vasoconstriction

D. Decreases platelet aggregation and vasoconstriction

A 70-year-old man presents with generalized weakness and dizziness. His blood pressure is 110/70 mm Hg when he is sitting, 96/56 mm Hg when he is standing. His heart rate is 120 beats/min and his skin is flushed and dry. What is the MOST likely cause of this patient's signs and symptoms? A. Overhydration B. Liver failure C. Kidney failure D. Dehydration

D. Dehydration

As an AEMT, which of the following medications would you be allowed to administer to a patient? A. Atropine B. Lidocaine C. Vasopressin D. Epinephrine

D. Epinephrine

A 50-year-old patient complains of abdominal muscle cramps and spasms of his hands. Which of the following electrolyte disturbances does this patient MOST likely have? A. Hypernatremia B. Hypercalcemia C. Hyperkalemia D. Hypocalcemia

D. Hypocalcemia

Which of the following signs indicate narcotic-induced CNS depression and would indicate the administration of naloxone? A. Tachycardia B. Hyperventilation C. Violent behavior D. Hypoventilation

D. Hypoventilation

Which of the following medication routes will provide the MOST rapid rate of absorption? A. Transdermal B. Intramuscular C. Subcutaneous D. Intraosseous

D. Intraosseous

Which of the following routes is the quickest for getting medication into the central circulation? A. Intramuscular B. Subcutaneous C. Intranasal D. Intravenous

D. Intravenous

A 66-year-old male with congestive heart failure presents with pulmonary edema and difficulty breathing. His blood pressure is 180/90 mm Hg and his pulse rate is 110 beats/min and irregular. When starting an IV, which of the following, if available, would be MOST appropriate for this patient? A. 14-gauge angiocath B. Intracath C. Butterfly catheter D. Saline lock

D. Saline lock

Because it has accepted medical uses, a low abuse potential, and a limited dependence potential, lorazepam (Ativan) is classified as a: A. Schedule I drug B. Schedule II drug C. Schedule III drug D. Schedule IV drug

D. Schedule IV drug

Which of the following electrolytes is essential for the distribution of water throughout the body? A. Chloride B. Calcium C. Potassium D. Sodium

D. Sodium

How is nitroglycerin usually given? A. Orally B. Inhaled C. Injected D. Sublingual

D. Sublingual

A 37-year-old male with chronic anxiety finds that he has to take more of his antianxiety medication to achieve the same effect. What is this called? A. Potentiation B. Habituation C. Synergism D. Tolerance

D. Tolerance

Drugs that attach to a receptor and counteract the effects of something else are called: A. agonists. B. mimetics. C. stimulants. D. antagonists.

D. antagonists

When starting an IV on an elderly patient, you should be aware that: A. larger IV catheters minimize the risk of extravasation. B. varicose veins are often the easiest veins to cannulate. C. the patient's skin is often thick and difficult to puncture. D. certain medications can create fragile skin and veins.

D. certain medications can create fragile skin and veins

A 40-year-old man with diabetes has a blood glucose level of 38 mg/dL. However, because he is unconscious and unable to swallow oral glucose, the medication is: A. ineffective. B. indicated. C. idiosyncratic. D. contraindicated.

D. contraindicated

While eating dinner at a restaurant with his wife, a man remembers that he did not take his antianxiety medication. He immediately begins to experience anxiety and tells his wife that they must leave immediately. This response is typical of: A. synergism. B. tolerance. C. potentiation. D. dependence.

D. dependence

A hypertonic solution is one that: A. causes no shift in fluid on either side of the cell. B. pulls fluid and electrolytes into the cell. C. has a minimal risk of causing overhydration. D. draws fluid and electrolytes out of the cell.

D. draws fluid and electrolytes out of the cell

Substances that become charged particles when they disassociate in water are called: A. permeable cells. B. organic molecules. C. inorganic molecules. D. electrolytes.

D. electrolytes

Sclerosis of a vein is caused by: A. use of elicit drugs. B. infrequent cannulation. C. atherosclerosis. D. frequent cannulation.

D. frequent cannulation

Perfusion occurs in the capillaries as a result of __________ hydrostatic pressures and __________ in the capillary beds. A. low, osmosis B. low, diffusion C. high, diffusion D. high, osmosis

D. high, osmosis

Severe hyperkalemia can result in: A. gastrointestinal disturbances. B. decreased muscle function. C. severe dehydration as a result of water loss. D. hyperstimulation of neural transmission.

D. hyperstimulation of neural transmission

Your patient is a 56-year-old man with chest pain. Medical control orders you to assist the patient with his prescribed nitroglycerin. The patient later tells you that the palms of his hands itch. His vital signs, however, remain stable. This peculiar effect of the drug is referred to as a/an: A. side effect. B. therapeutic effect. C. allergic reaction. D. idiosyncratic reaction.

D. idiosyncratic reaction

Excessive exposure to a cholinergic agent would produce: A. excessive tearing, headache, and paralysis. B. tachycardia, hypertension, and constipation. C. hypotension, hyperthermia, and skin flushing. D. increased salivation, urination, and vomiting.

D. increased salivation, urination, and vomiting

A known contraindication to the administration of 50% dextrose (D50) is: A. dehydration. B. hypertension. C. inability to follow commands. D. intracranial hemorrhage.

D. intracranial hemorrhage

An anion is an: A. ion with an overall positive charge. B. electrolyte with a neutral charge. C. ion with both a negative and positive charge. D. ion with an overall negative charge.

D. ion with an overall negative charge

Five percent dextrose in water (D5W) is an isotonic solution until it: A. is shaken to mix the ingredients. B. has expired and is no longer active. C. is mixed with a hypotonic medication. D. is administered to a patient.

D. is administered to a patient

You have attempted to cannulate a vein in a patient's hand; however, shortly after inserting the IV catheter, the vein infiltrates. You should: A. search for a vein in the opposite extremity. B. attempt to cannulate the distal part of the same vein. C. reattempt to cannulate the same vein when the swelling subsides. D. look for a vein that is proximal to the infiltrated vein.

D. look for a vein that is proximal to the infiltrated vein

Following administration of an amiodarone bolus, your paramedic partner begins a continuous infusion. This is necessary in order to: A. ensure clearance of the drug from the body. B. decrease the therapeutic index of the medication. C. slow excretion of the drug by the renal system. D. maintain a therapeutic blood level of the drug.

D. maintain a therapeutic blood level of the drug

The liver performs synthetic reactions that yield inactive products called: A. ions. B. byproducts. C. hormones. D. metabolites.

D. metabolites

To calculate a drug dosage, you must know the weight of the drug present in each: A. liter. B. dekaliter. C. deciliter. D. milliliter.

D. milliliter

You are preparing to administer a medication to a pregnant patient. You read the medication information and note that, according to the FDA, it is a "Category X" drug. You should: A. administer the medication as usual. B. administer half of the normal dose. C. ensure that an antidote is available. D. not administer the drug to the patient.

D. not administer the drug to the patient

While starting an IV on a patient, you see bright red blood quickly traveling up the IV tubing. You should: A. lower the IV bag to ensure viability of the IV line. B. evaluate the puncture site for signs of infiltration. C. secure the IV line and apply direct pressure. D. remove the catheter and apply direct pressure.

D. remove the catheter and apply direct pressure

Following insertion of a needle into a patient's skin to administer an intramuscular injection, you pull back on the plunger and note the presence of blood in the syringe. You should: A. advance the needle 1 cm further and administer the drug. B. slightly withdraw the needle and administer the drug. C. administer the medication since this is a normal finding. D. remove the needle and apply pressure to the site.

D. remove the needle and apply pressure to the site

Medical control has ordered your paramedic partner, via two-way radio, to administer 40 mg of Lasix to a patient with congestive heart failure. You should anticipate that your partner will first: A. determine the concentration of Lasix. B. document the order on her patient care form. C. administer the medication and document the time and dose. D. repeat the drug order to the physician as she heard it.

D. repeat the drug order to the physician as she heard it

While reading the package insert that accompanies a medication, you note that it has been assigned a pregnancy category D. This means that: A. studies in animals have demonstrated adverse effects; however, studies have not been conducted in humans. B. studies in animals have not demonstrated a risk to the fetus; however, adequate studies have not been performed in humans. C. risk of adverse effects has clearly been demonstrated in humans; therefore, the drug should not be administered to pregnant women. D. risk to the human fetus has been demonstrated; however, administration of the drug may outweigh the risk of potential adverse effects in certain circumstances.

D. risk to the human fetus has been demonstrated; however, administration of the drug may outweigh the risk of potential adverse effects in certain circumstances

A liquid mixture of one or more substances that cannot be separated by filtering or allowing the mixture to stand is called a/an: A. syrup. B. suspension. C. emulsion. D. solution.

D. solution

When administered to a normally hydrated patient, normal saline will: A. cause fluid to shift into the cell. B. engorge the intracellular space. C. cause fluid to shift out of the cell. D. stay in the intravascular space.

D. stay in the intravascular space

Epinephrine is classified as a/an: A. sympatholytic. B. parasympatholytic. C. antiadrenergic. D. sympathomimetic.

D. sympathomimetic

A drug's therapeutic index refers to: A. the minimum dose required to achieve the desired effect. B. how quickly the drug will be excreted from the body. C. the maximum concentration that can safely be given. D. the difference between a therapeutic and lethal dose.

D. the difference between a therapeutic and lethal dose

Minimum documentation following IV therapy includes all of the following, EXCEPT: A. venipuncture site. B. type of fluid being given. C. your certification level. D. the rate the fluid is running.

D. the rate the fluid is running

Nitroglycerin relaxes vascular smooth muscle, dilates the coronary arteries, and relieves cardiac chest pain. These properties of nitroglycerin are called: A. side effects. B. idiosyncratic effects. C. contraindications. D. therapeutic effects.

D. therapeutic effects