Chapter 7: Theory

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What are Orem's 3 theories?

Theory of nursing systems, theory of self-care deficit, and theory of self-care

What do conceptual models include?

abstracts, general concepts, relationship statements, assumptions, and philosophical statements/stance of author

What are constructs?

concepts with general meanings

What does the conceptual map summarize/integrate?

what is known about the phenomenon more clearly than literary explanations

True or false: there are many conceptual models that come from a research tradition

False, there are only a few

What does an existence statement declare?

a given concept exists or that a given relationship between concepts occurs

What is a map/model (conceptual/framework map)?

a strategy for expressing a theory/study framework that graphically shows the interrelationships of the concepts and relational statements

Are theories abstract or concrete?

abstract

What is a proposition?

abstract statements that further clarify the relationship between two concepts and theories

What is a framework (conceptual or theoretical framework)?

abstract, logical structure of meaning, which guides the development of the study and enables the researcher to link the findings to nursing's body of knowledge

What is a concept?

abstractly describes and names an object, idea, or phenomenon, thus providing it an identity or meaning

What does a conceptual map include?

all major concepts in a theory

What is a theory?

an integrated set of defined concepts and statements that present a view of a phenomenon and can be used to describe, explain, predict, and control that phenomenon

What is a phenomenon?

an occurrence or circumstance that is observed, something that impresses the observer as extraordinary, or a thing that appears to and is constructed by the mind

What do conceptual maps use to explain linkages?

arrows

How are hypotheses developed?

based on propositions from a theory that is the framework for the study

What do the middle range theories become when developed from qualitative studies?

basis for clinical practice and/or the framework in other qualitative or quantitative studies

What does a conceptual model explain?

broadly explains phenomena of interest, expresses assumptions, and reflects a philosophical stance

What do statements express?

claims that are important to the theory

What is Orem's model?

considers self-care to be the phenomenon that is central to nursing and explains how nurses facilitate clients to achieve self care

What is Roy's model?

describes the adaption as the primary phenomenon of interest to nursing and identifies the elements considered essential to adaptation and describes how the elements interact to produce adaption and thus health

What is the Wellness Motivation Theory?

designed to reduce disparity in health between Hispanic women and the general population

What are middle range theories?

focus on answering particular practice questions and often specify factors such as patient health,etc (less abstract and narrower in scope than conceptual models)

What is tentative theory?

framework developed from newly proposed theory

What's does a abstract idea focus on?

general things

What level of abstraction are found in conceptual models (general propositions)?

high

What is the Pender Health Promotion model?

identifies individual characteristics and experiences that influence behavior-specific cognitions and affect to produce behavioral outcome.

When is mapping useful?

identifying gaps in logic of theory and reveals inconsistencies, incompleteness, and errors

What level of abstraction are found in hypotheses?

low

Which theories tend to be more closely linked to clinical practice and research, thus having greater appeal to clinicians and clinical researchers?

middle range

What are the two types of theories commonly used as frameworks for quantitative studies?

middle range theories and practice/intervention theories

What level of abstraction are found in theories (specific propositions)?

moderate

What is a conceptual definition?

more comprehensive than a dictionary definition and includes associated meanings the word may have (aka connotative)

What are middle range theories developed as from qualitative studies?

outcomes of the study

What is substantive theory?

published middle range theories that have clearly identified concepts, definitions of concepts, and relational statements

What are variables?

qualities, properties, or characteristics that change, vary, or are manipulated in research

What are philosophies?

rational intellectual explorations of truths/principles of being, knowledge, or conduct

What is an implicit framework?

rudimentary ideas for the framework are expressed in the introduction or lit review, in which linkages among variable found in previous studies are discussed, but then the researcher stops without fully developing the ideas as a framework

What is a philosophical stance?

specific philosophical view held by a person or group of people

What does a concrete idea focus on?

the particular

What is scientific theory?

the theoretical basis for physiological studies that's derived from physiology, genetics, pathophysiology, and physics

What does a relationship statement clarify?

the type of relationship that exists between or among concepts

What are practice theories designed to do?

theoretically propose specific approaches to particular nursing practice situations (more specific than middle range)

True or false: conceptual models are similar to theories, but are more abstract than them.

true

True or false: it's the statements of a theory that are tested, not the theory itself

true

True or false: researchers are working to develop research studies to test conceptual models in nursing

true

true or false: as the body of knowledge increases, the development of a framework to express the knowledge becomes easier

true


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