Chapter 7: Theory
What are Orem's 3 theories?
Theory of nursing systems, theory of self-care deficit, and theory of self-care
What do conceptual models include?
abstracts, general concepts, relationship statements, assumptions, and philosophical statements/stance of author
What are constructs?
concepts with general meanings
What does the conceptual map summarize/integrate?
what is known about the phenomenon more clearly than literary explanations
True or false: there are many conceptual models that come from a research tradition
False, there are only a few
What does an existence statement declare?
a given concept exists or that a given relationship between concepts occurs
What is a map/model (conceptual/framework map)?
a strategy for expressing a theory/study framework that graphically shows the interrelationships of the concepts and relational statements
Are theories abstract or concrete?
abstract
What is a proposition?
abstract statements that further clarify the relationship between two concepts and theories
What is a framework (conceptual or theoretical framework)?
abstract, logical structure of meaning, which guides the development of the study and enables the researcher to link the findings to nursing's body of knowledge
What is a concept?
abstractly describes and names an object, idea, or phenomenon, thus providing it an identity or meaning
What does a conceptual map include?
all major concepts in a theory
What is a theory?
an integrated set of defined concepts and statements that present a view of a phenomenon and can be used to describe, explain, predict, and control that phenomenon
What is a phenomenon?
an occurrence or circumstance that is observed, something that impresses the observer as extraordinary, or a thing that appears to and is constructed by the mind
What do conceptual maps use to explain linkages?
arrows
How are hypotheses developed?
based on propositions from a theory that is the framework for the study
What do the middle range theories become when developed from qualitative studies?
basis for clinical practice and/or the framework in other qualitative or quantitative studies
What does a conceptual model explain?
broadly explains phenomena of interest, expresses assumptions, and reflects a philosophical stance
What do statements express?
claims that are important to the theory
What is Orem's model?
considers self-care to be the phenomenon that is central to nursing and explains how nurses facilitate clients to achieve self care
What is Roy's model?
describes the adaption as the primary phenomenon of interest to nursing and identifies the elements considered essential to adaptation and describes how the elements interact to produce adaption and thus health
What is the Wellness Motivation Theory?
designed to reduce disparity in health between Hispanic women and the general population
What are middle range theories?
focus on answering particular practice questions and often specify factors such as patient health,etc (less abstract and narrower in scope than conceptual models)
What is tentative theory?
framework developed from newly proposed theory
What's does a abstract idea focus on?
general things
What level of abstraction are found in conceptual models (general propositions)?
high
What is the Pender Health Promotion model?
identifies individual characteristics and experiences that influence behavior-specific cognitions and affect to produce behavioral outcome.
When is mapping useful?
identifying gaps in logic of theory and reveals inconsistencies, incompleteness, and errors
What level of abstraction are found in hypotheses?
low
Which theories tend to be more closely linked to clinical practice and research, thus having greater appeal to clinicians and clinical researchers?
middle range
What are the two types of theories commonly used as frameworks for quantitative studies?
middle range theories and practice/intervention theories
What level of abstraction are found in theories (specific propositions)?
moderate
What is a conceptual definition?
more comprehensive than a dictionary definition and includes associated meanings the word may have (aka connotative)
What are middle range theories developed as from qualitative studies?
outcomes of the study
What is substantive theory?
published middle range theories that have clearly identified concepts, definitions of concepts, and relational statements
What are variables?
qualities, properties, or characteristics that change, vary, or are manipulated in research
What are philosophies?
rational intellectual explorations of truths/principles of being, knowledge, or conduct
What is an implicit framework?
rudimentary ideas for the framework are expressed in the introduction or lit review, in which linkages among variable found in previous studies are discussed, but then the researcher stops without fully developing the ideas as a framework
What is a philosophical stance?
specific philosophical view held by a person or group of people
What does a concrete idea focus on?
the particular
What is scientific theory?
the theoretical basis for physiological studies that's derived from physiology, genetics, pathophysiology, and physics
What does a relationship statement clarify?
the type of relationship that exists between or among concepts
What are practice theories designed to do?
theoretically propose specific approaches to particular nursing practice situations (more specific than middle range)
True or false: conceptual models are similar to theories, but are more abstract than them.
true
True or false: it's the statements of a theory that are tested, not the theory itself
true
True or false: researchers are working to develop research studies to test conceptual models in nursing
true
true or false: as the body of knowledge increases, the development of a framework to express the knowledge becomes easier
true
