Chapter 7

Synthetic approach

(Bottom up, which stresses teaching grammar with little or no contextualization, students learn to parse sentences)

Analytic approaches

(Content based instruction) are more top-down because instructors select texts, topics, or tasks that are relevant to the needs and interests of the learner, whose job is to discover the constituent parts of the language.

Pidginism

(The creation of a pidgin) involves a simplification of languages and a reduction in the number of domains of use.

Creole

A pidgin can become stabilized and further develop into a creole, which most believe has all the grammatical complexity of languages. A creole is a language that has evolved in a contact situation to become the native language of a generation of speakers.

Dialect Atlases or maps

Contain lines that separate the dialect areas.

Differences of AAE & SAE

Deletion of the verb "be", habitual "be", and "there" replacement.

Genderlects

Differences noted by Robert Lakoff

Phonics

Empathizes the correspondence between the letters and sounds associated with them (sounding out words). Because some sounds do not correspond to words, schools developed the whole-Lange approach.

Lingua Franka

English, and is used at international business meetings and academic conferences. When speakers of diverse languages desire socks and commercial communication, they often agree on a trade language.

Creolism

Involves the linguistic expansion in the lexicon and grammar of existing pidgins, and an increase in the contexts of use.

Pidgin

Is a simple but rule-governed language developed for communication among speakers of mutually unintelligible languages, often based on one of those languages called the substrate language.

Euphemisms

Is a word or phrase that replaces a taboo word or serves to avoid frightening or unpleasant subjects

Jargon/Argot

Is found in practically every science, profession or occupation that uses specific slang terms.

(SAE) Standard American English

Is the dominant or standard dialect once used by national news broadcasters, which may not exist.

Idiolect

Is the language of an individual speaker with its unique characteristics.

Whole-language approach

Is the literature based approach that encourages children to enjoy reading experience and precious reading as a naturally act like speaking.

Dialect leveling

Is the movement toward greater uniformity and less variation among dialects.

U Speech (Upper Class)

It's main characteristic is to avoid sounding Non-U and Non-U speech habits.

Banned languages

Means of political control because of the false notion that some languages are better than others, or political control.

Dialects

Occur when there are systematic differences in the way that groups speak a language (mutually intelligible). When dialects become mutually unintelligible, these dialects become different languages.

Hypercorrections

Often try to sound U by including_______. Deviations from the norm thought to be proper English, such as producing the t in often.

AAE (American African English)

Phonological differences are r-Deletion, neutralization of I and 3 before nasal consonants diphthong reduction, loss of interdental fricatives.

ChE(Chicano English)

Phonological variabilities may include 5 vowels found in Spanish but it the additional 6 vowels used in English, the affricate ch and sh are interchangeable, word-final consonant cluster reduction, vowel addition before words beginning with s.

Accents

Refers to the characteristics of speech that convey information about the speaker's dialect, which may reveal in what country or in what part of the country the speaker grew up, or to which sociolinguistic group the speaker belongs to.

Registers

Situational dialects, affect the details of language usage based on context.

Whole-word approach

Teaches children to recognize vocabulary of some fifty to one hundred words by rote learning, often see the words repeated in a story.

Isogloss

The lines that separate the dialect areas.

Hedge

Women hedge their speech more than men (might,maybe) use tag questions (do you know what I mean?) use words of politeness (thank you, please) and use intensifying adjectives (really, so, very) They tend to speak more properly. Lakoff claimed his was due to uncertainty and a lack of confidence in the part of women.