Chapter 7,8,9 sociology test
Symbolic ethnicity
An ethnic identity that is only relevant on specific occasions and does not significantly impact everyday life (ex. job interview)
Prejudice
An idea about the characteristics of a group that is applied to all members of that group and is unlikely to change regardless of the evidence against it Example: "All Mexicans are lazy"
Essentialists
"What you came here with" - those who believe gender roles have a genetic or biological origin and therefore cannot be changed
intergenerational mobility
(Internet: can access everybody) movement between social classes that occurs from one generation to the next
discrimination
(an action) unequal treatment of individuals because of their social group. usually motivated by prejudice
intragenerational mobility
(intranet: can only access info about people within. a company) movement between social classes that occurs over the Cours of an individuals lifetime
prejudice
(thought process) idea about characteristics of a group applied to all members of that group, unlikely to change regardless f the evidence against it
Racism
A set of beliefs about the superiority of one racial or ethnic group; used to justify inequality and often rooted in the assumption that differences between groups are genetic
Ethnicity
A socially defined category based on common language, religion, nationality, history, or another cultural factor
Patriarchy can be defines as:
A society in which women are dominated by men
Absolute deprivation
Absolute poverty
Sex
An individuals membership in one of two biologically distinct categories- male or female
Gender identity
An individuals self-definition or sense of gender
Conflict theory approach to race and ethnicity
Rachel and ethnicity differences create intergroup conflict-minority and majority groups have different interests and may find themselves at odds as they attempt to secure and protect their interests.
Structural functionalism approach to race and ethnicity
Racial and ethnic differences are a necessary part of society. Even racial inequality has functions that help maintain social order.
Race
Socially defined category based on real or perceived biological differences between groups of people
What do functionalists generally believe to be true about gender?
Some claim roles are better suited to one gender than the other
homophobia
a fear of or discrimination toward homosexuals or toward individuals who display gender inappropriate behavior
gender expression
an individuals behavioral manifestations of gender
sex
an individuals membership to two biologically distinct categories; male (xy) or female (xx)
gender identity
an individuals self definition/ sense of gender
biggest reason for dropping out of high school
associated with those who are economically disadvantaged and those who come from non English speaking backgrounds
why girls success in school does not transfer to monetary success
because girls are recognized for their hard work instead of success
interactionists view on gender in
boys are more likely to be punished for misbehaving and girls are more likely to be recognized for their hard work
situational ethnicity
can be concealed or revealed based in its usefulness in a situation (in job interview, if interviewer is same ethnicity)
mens rights movement
challenges of masculinity
constructionist
most sociologists view sex, gender, sexuality as social constructs
absolute deprivation (mrs. s basketball example)
objective measure of poverty that is defined by the inability to meet minimal standards for food, shelter, clothing, healthcare (have absolutely nothing)
essentialist
see gender as biological/genetic (2 category binary sys)
minority
social group that is systematically denied access to power and resources available to the dominant groups of a society: NOT necessarily smaller than the dominant group (ex: women, gays)
social class
social stratification based on access to resources, such as wealth, property, power, prestige
ethnicity
socially defined category based on common language, religion, nationality, history, or the cultural factor
race
socially defined category based on real/perceived biological differences between groups of people
social learning theory
suggests that babies and children learn behaviors and meanings through social interaction and internalize the expectations of those around them
cultural capital
tastes, habits, expectations, skills, etc.
social mobility
the movement of individuals or groups within the hierarchical sys. of social classes
social inequality
unequal distribution of wealth, power and prestige
Pluralism ( multiculturalism)
A cultural pattern of intergroup relations that encourages racial and ethnic variation and acceptance within a society
What is Weberian theory?
A person could accumulate wealth consisting of income and property; wealth, power, abd prestige are interrelated; example: bill gates
Assimilation
A pattern of relations between ethnic or racial groups in which the minority group is absorbed into the mainstream or dominant group, making society more homogeneous
What percent of people falls below poverty line ?
15%
According to conflict theory, why are women's contributions to family life devalued?
As a social group, men benefit from maintaining their dominant status
Conflict theory approach to gender inequality
Because of the traditional division of labor in families, males have had more access to resources and privileges and have sought to maintain their dominance
Which of the following is an example of how teachers treat boys and girls differently in a classroom setting?
Boys are more likely than girls to be punished for misbehaving
How does Karl Marx look at capitalism?
Economic relationships are the only ones that matter; market creates rigi system of social stratification where capitalists have economic advantage and workers have none; classes will remain divided and social inequality will grow
A persons self concept of being male or female based on his or her association with masculine or feminine gender roles can be defined as :
Gender identity
Symbolic interactionism approach to gender inequality
Gender is learned through the process of socialization; gender inequalities are reproduced through interactions with family, peers, school, and the media
Many expectant parents get a sonogram to find out the sex of their baby, and they only start decorating the nursery after learning the sex. What is this an example of ?
Gender role socialization
Social stratification
How a society divides its members into groups arranged in a social hierarchy
Intersectionality
How different categories of inequality intersect to shape the lives of individuals and groups
Talcott parson
Identified 2 complementary roles ; argued that gendered role expectations upheld the traditional family.
Passing
Presenting yourself as a member of a different racial or ethnic group than the one you were born into.
Functionalism approach to gender inequality
Sex determines which roles men and women are best suited to; it is more appropriate for men to play instrumental roles and for women to play expressive roles
How do most sociologists differentiate between sex and gender?
Sex is biological; gender is social
Minority group
Social group that is systematically denied the same access to power and resources available to society's dominant groups though they are not necessarily few in number than the dominant group
Conflict theory of social inequality
Social inequality creates intergroup conflict-poor and rich groups have different interests and may find themselves at odds as they attempt to secure and protect these interests.
Functionalist perspective of social inequality?
Social inequality is a necessary part of society. Different reward structures are necessary as an incentive for the best qualified people to occupy the most important positions. Even poverty has functions to help maintain order
Symbolic interactionism of inequality
Social inequality is part of our presentation of self. We develop everyday class consciousness as a way to distinguish the status of others.
Genocide
The deliberate and systematic extermination of a racial, ethnic, national, or cultural group
Internal colonialism
The economic and political subjugation of the minority group by the dominant group within a nation
Feminization of poverty
The economic trend showing that women are more likely than men to live in poverty, caused in the economic trend showing that women are likely than men to live in poverty, caused in part by the gendered gap in wages, the higher proportion of single mothers compared to single fathers, and the increasing costs of child care
Gender role socialization
The lifelong process of learning to be masculine or feminine, primarily through four agents of socialization: families, schools, peers, and the media.
The names given to positions of power and authority, like chairman and policeman, often emphasize the male gender. Why does this matter ?
The names imply that one gender is more suited for a particular job than the other
Segregation
The physical and legal separation of groups by race or ethnicity
Gender
The physical, behavioral, and personality traits that a group considers normal for its male and female members
Racial assimilation
The process by which racial minority groups are absorbed into the dominant group through intermarriage
Cultural assimilation
The process by which racial or ethnic groups are absorbed into the dominant group by adopting the dominant groups culture
Cultural capital
The tastes, habits, expectations, skills, knowledge, and other cultural assets that help us gain advantages in society
Why don't girls, who tend to get better grades than boys, translate their advantage into material success after graduation?
They are typically credited for hard work rather than intellectual ability
People tend to justify poverty, why?
They believe that if they justify, then it can't happen to them.
Discrimination
Unequal treatment of individuals based on their membership in a social group; usually motivated by prejudice example: a person who is turned down for a job promotion because they are Hispanic or black
What is the goal of affirmative action?
Was first put in place to make sure racial and ethnic minorities and women had equal access to opportunities that had historically only been available to whites and men.
Feminist theory has contributed to our understanding of gender by supporting the claim that
Women continue to have unequal positions in society, as reflected in the ways their contributions have been written out of history books
intersectionality
a concept that identifies how different categories of inequality intersect (class, race, gender)
genocide
deliberate and systematic extermination of a racial, ethnic, national, or cultural group
feminization of poverty
economic trend that women are more likely to live in poverty, due in part to gendered gap in wages, the higher proportion of single mothers compared to single fathers and the increasing cost of childcare
population transfer
forcible removal of a group of people Fromm the territory they have occupied
caste system
form of social stratification in which status determined by ones family history
Karl Marx belief about social stratification
he believed there were 2 main social classes in capitalist societies capitalist (bourgeoise): owned means of production workers (proletariat)
Tolcott Parsons 2 complementary roles
instrumental role- men are better suited for this role (provides material support & authority) Expressive role- women are better suited for this role (emotional support and nurturing)
gender role socialization
lifelong process of learning to be masculine or feminine primarily through family, school, peers, and the media. this process begins before you are born
passing
living as if one is a member of a different racial category
relative deprivation (mrs. s basketball example)
rational measure of poverty based on the standard of living (depends on who you are comparing them to)
gender
refers to physical attributes, behavioral and personality traits that a group considers normal for male and female members
structural mobility
refers to the changes in the social status of large numbers of peopled to structural changes in society (ex. natural disasters)
