Chapter 7,8,9 sociology test

Symbolic ethnicity

An ethnic identity that is only relevant on specific occasions and does not significantly impact everyday life (ex. job interview)

Prejudice

An idea about the characteristics of a group that is applied to all members of that group and is unlikely to change regardless of the evidence against it Example: "All Mexicans are lazy"

Essentialists

"What you came here with" - those who believe gender roles have a genetic or biological origin and therefore cannot be changed

intergenerational mobility

(Internet: can access everybody) movement between social classes that occurs from one generation to the next

discrimination

(an action) unequal treatment of individuals because of their social group. usually motivated by prejudice

intragenerational mobility

(intranet: can only access info about people within. a company) movement between social classes that occurs over the Cours of an individuals lifetime

prejudice

(thought process) idea about characteristics of a group applied to all members of that group, unlikely to change regardless f the evidence against it

Racism

A set of beliefs about the superiority of one racial or ethnic group; used to justify inequality and often rooted in the assumption that differences between groups are genetic

Ethnicity

A socially defined category based on common language, religion, nationality, history, or another cultural factor

Patriarchy can be defines as:

A society in which women are dominated by men

Absolute deprivation

Absolute poverty

Sex

An individuals membership in one of two biologically distinct categories- male or female

Gender identity

An individuals self-definition or sense of gender

Conflict theory approach to race and ethnicity

Rachel and ethnicity differences create intergroup conflict-minority and majority groups have different interests and may find themselves at odds as they attempt to secure and protect their interests.

Structural functionalism approach to race and ethnicity

Racial and ethnic differences are a necessary part of society. Even racial inequality has functions that help maintain social order.

Race

Socially defined category based on real or perceived biological differences between groups of people

What do functionalists generally believe to be true about gender?

Some claim roles are better suited to one gender than the other

homophobia

a fear of or discrimination toward homosexuals or toward individuals who display gender inappropriate behavior

gender expression

an individuals behavioral manifestations of gender

sex

an individuals membership to two biologically distinct categories; male (xy) or female (xx)

gender identity

an individuals self definition/ sense of gender

biggest reason for dropping out of high school

associated with those who are economically disadvantaged and those who come from non English speaking backgrounds

why girls success in school does not transfer to monetary success

because girls are recognized for their hard work instead of success

interactionists view on gender in

boys are more likely to be punished for misbehaving and girls are more likely to be recognized for their hard work

situational ethnicity

can be concealed or revealed based in its usefulness in a situation (in job interview, if interviewer is same ethnicity)

mens rights movement

challenges of masculinity

constructionist

most sociologists view sex, gender, sexuality as social constructs

absolute deprivation (mrs. s basketball example)

objective measure of poverty that is defined by the inability to meet minimal standards for food, shelter, clothing, healthcare (have absolutely nothing)

essentialist

see gender as biological/genetic (2 category binary sys)

minority

social group that is systematically denied access to power and resources available to the dominant groups of a society: NOT necessarily smaller than the dominant group (ex: women, gays)

social class

social stratification based on access to resources, such as wealth, property, power, prestige

ethnicity

socially defined category based on common language, religion, nationality, history, or the cultural factor

race

socially defined category based on real/perceived biological differences between groups of people

social learning theory

suggests that babies and children learn behaviors and meanings through social interaction and internalize the expectations of those around them

cultural capital

tastes, habits, expectations, skills, etc.

social mobility

the movement of individuals or groups within the hierarchical sys. of social classes

social inequality

unequal distribution of wealth, power and prestige

Pluralism ( multiculturalism)

A cultural pattern of intergroup relations that encourages racial and ethnic variation and acceptance within a society

What is Weberian theory?

A person could accumulate wealth consisting of income and property; wealth, power, abd prestige are interrelated; example: bill gates

Assimilation

A pattern of relations between ethnic or racial groups in which the minority group is absorbed into the mainstream or dominant group, making society more homogeneous

What percent of people falls below poverty line ?

15%

According to conflict theory, why are women's contributions to family life devalued?

As a social group, men benefit from maintaining their dominant status

Conflict theory approach to gender inequality

Because of the traditional division of labor in families, males have had more access to resources and privileges and have sought to maintain their dominance

Which of the following is an example of how teachers treat boys and girls differently in a classroom setting?

Boys are more likely than girls to be punished for misbehaving

How does Karl Marx look at capitalism?

Economic relationships are the only ones that matter; market creates rigi system of social stratification where capitalists have economic advantage and workers have none; classes will remain divided and social inequality will grow

A persons self concept of being male or female based on his or her association with masculine or feminine gender roles can be defined as :

Gender identity

Symbolic interactionism approach to gender inequality

Gender is learned through the process of socialization; gender inequalities are reproduced through interactions with family, peers, school, and the media

Many expectant parents get a sonogram to find out the sex of their baby, and they only start decorating the nursery after learning the sex. What is this an example of ?

Gender role socialization

Social stratification

How a society divides its members into groups arranged in a social hierarchy

Intersectionality

How different categories of inequality intersect to shape the lives of individuals and groups

Talcott parson

Identified 2 complementary roles ; argued that gendered role expectations upheld the traditional family.

Passing

Presenting yourself as a member of a different racial or ethnic group than the one you were born into.

Functionalism approach to gender inequality

Sex determines which roles men and women are best suited to; it is more appropriate for men to play instrumental roles and for women to play expressive roles

How do most sociologists differentiate between sex and gender?

Sex is biological; gender is social

Minority group

Social group that is systematically denied the same access to power and resources available to society's dominant groups though they are not necessarily few in number than the dominant group

Conflict theory of social inequality

Social inequality creates intergroup conflict-poor and rich groups have different interests and may find themselves at odds as they attempt to secure and protect these interests.

Functionalist perspective of social inequality?

Social inequality is a necessary part of society. Different reward structures are necessary as an incentive for the best qualified people to occupy the most important positions. Even poverty has functions to help maintain order

Symbolic interactionism of inequality

Social inequality is part of our presentation of self. We develop everyday class consciousness as a way to distinguish the status of others.

Genocide

The deliberate and systematic extermination of a racial, ethnic, national, or cultural group

Internal colonialism

The economic and political subjugation of the minority group by the dominant group within a nation

Feminization of poverty

The economic trend showing that women are more likely than men to live in poverty, caused in the economic trend showing that women are likely than men to live in poverty, caused in part by the gendered gap in wages, the higher proportion of single mothers compared to single fathers, and the increasing costs of child care

Gender role socialization

The lifelong process of learning to be masculine or feminine, primarily through four agents of socialization: families, schools, peers, and the media.

The names given to positions of power and authority, like chairman and policeman, often emphasize the male gender. Why does this matter ?

The names imply that one gender is more suited for a particular job than the other

Segregation

The physical and legal separation of groups by race or ethnicity

Gender

The physical, behavioral, and personality traits that a group considers normal for its male and female members

Racial assimilation

The process by which racial minority groups are absorbed into the dominant group through intermarriage

Cultural assimilation

The process by which racial or ethnic groups are absorbed into the dominant group by adopting the dominant groups culture

Cultural capital

The tastes, habits, expectations, skills, knowledge, and other cultural assets that help us gain advantages in society

Why don't girls, who tend to get better grades than boys, translate their advantage into material success after graduation?

They are typically credited for hard work rather than intellectual ability

People tend to justify poverty, why?

They believe that if they justify, then it can't happen to them.

Discrimination

Unequal treatment of individuals based on their membership in a social group; usually motivated by prejudice example: a person who is turned down for a job promotion because they are Hispanic or black

What is the goal of affirmative action?

Was first put in place to make sure racial and ethnic minorities and women had equal access to opportunities that had historically only been available to whites and men.

Feminist theory has contributed to our understanding of gender by supporting the claim that

Women continue to have unequal positions in society, as reflected in the ways their contributions have been written out of history books

intersectionality

a concept that identifies how different categories of inequality intersect (class, race, gender)

genocide

deliberate and systematic extermination of a racial, ethnic, national, or cultural group

feminization of poverty

economic trend that women are more likely to live in poverty, due in part to gendered gap in wages, the higher proportion of single mothers compared to single fathers and the increasing cost of childcare

population transfer

forcible removal of a group of people Fromm the territory they have occupied

caste system

form of social stratification in which status determined by ones family history

Karl Marx belief about social stratification

he believed there were 2 main social classes in capitalist societies capitalist (bourgeoise): owned means of production workers (proletariat)

Tolcott Parsons 2 complementary roles

instrumental role- men are better suited for this role (provides material support & authority) Expressive role- women are better suited for this role (emotional support and nurturing)

gender role socialization

lifelong process of learning to be masculine or feminine primarily through family, school, peers, and the media. this process begins before you are born

passing

living as if one is a member of a different racial category

relative deprivation (mrs. s basketball example)

rational measure of poverty based on the standard of living (depends on who you are comparing them to)

gender

refers to physical attributes, behavioral and personality traits that a group considers normal for male and female members

structural mobility

refers to the changes in the social status of large numbers of peopled to structural changes in society (ex. natural disasters)