Chapter 8 Mastering

Where would you find the double-stranded HIV DNA in an infected cell? In a vesicle in the cytoplasm As a separate plasmid in the host cell's nucleus Incorporated directly into the host cell's chromosome There is no HIV form of DNA. It exists only as RNA which makes viral proteins directly.

Incorporated directly into the host cell's chromosome

Where do you expect to find thermophiles? In anoxic environments In hot environments In salty environments In dry environments

In hot environments

Where would you expect to find methanogens? In the surf along the beach Near a volcano In the digestive tract of cows On the surface of plants

In the digestive tract of cows

Where would you expect to find methanogens? Near a volcano In the digestive tract of cows On the surface of plants In the surf along the beach

In the digestive tract of cows

What might be the advantage to a cell if it assimilated an ingested photosynthetic bacterium rather than digesting it? It could now use sunlight to make its food. It could now utilize hydrogen sulfide as an energy source. It could now use glucose as an energy source. It could now live in an oxygen-free environment.

It could now use sunlight to make its food

Which viral life cycle would result in a quicker death for an infected cell? Retroviral cycle Lytic cycle Lysogenic cycle Prophage cycle

Lytic cycle

Which structure is not part of the endomembrane system? A. Mitochondria B. Rough endoplasmic reticulum C. Nucleus D. Golgi apparatus

Mitochondria

Which organelle can survive outside of the cells? Golgi apparatus Mitochondria Nucleus No organelles can survive outside the cell.

No organelles can survive outside the cell

Are all bacteria in a colony genetically identical? A. No, there are ways for bacteria to acquire new genetic material. B. Yes, bacteria can only reproduce asexually. C. Yes, bacteria can only reproduce by binary fission. D. No, some bacteria reproduce sexually and create novel offspring.

No, there are ways for bacteria to acquire new genetic material

By what means do the amoebas move? Flagella Pseudopodia Cilia Amoebas do not move, they are anchored to the substrate.

Pseudopodia

By what means do the amoebas move? Pseudopodia Flagella Cilia Amoebas do not move, they are anchored to the substrate.

Pseudopodia

Food poisoning is often caused by a bacterium called ________. Salmonella Bacillus anthracis Staph MRSA

Salmonella

Which of the terrestrial unicellular protists is an enormous cell with multiple nuclei? Slime molds Algae Amoeba Protozoans

Slime molds

By what means do prokaryotes typically divide? Binary fission Mitosis Meiosis Regeneration

binary fission

Most bacteria (and many other single-celled organisms) reproduce via ____________ , the process of dividing a cell in half, yielding two genetically identical offspring cells. transduction binary fission plasmid conjugation bacteriophage transformation

binary fission

The practice of using bacteria to remove pollutants from the environment is called ________. transduction nitrogen fixation bioremediaton bioelimination

bioremediation

The protein coat that surrounds the nucleic acid of a virus is called a ____________. lysogenic cycle bacteriophage lytic cycle prophage virus capsid

capsid

You discover a prokaryote that can make its own food in the absence of light. Nutritionally, you would classify this prokaryote as a ______.

chemoautotroph

Paramecium is a representative of the ___________.

ciliates

Some bacteria have a spherical shape, called ________. spirillum coccus spheroid bacillus

coccus

The process of _____________ involves the building of a physical bridge between two bacteria. DNA then moves across this bridge from a donor cell to a recipient cell. transduction binary fission plasmid conjugation bacteriophage transformation

conjugation

Which version of "bacterial DNA transfer" involves a physical connection between the two bacteria cells? A. Conjugation B. Transduction C. Transformation D. Binary fission

conjugation

Which protective structure forms to protect certain bacteria during periods of harsh conditions? Biofilm Capsule Flagella Endospore

endospore

All protists are unicellular organisms. True False

false

What are the 4 phyla of the protozoans? ami ciliated

flagellated ameboid

What is the leading scientific theory on how the first nuclear membrane originated? From the spontaneous coalescence of phospholipids From the inward folding of the plasma membrane From engulfing eukaryotic cells From engulfing prokaryotic cells

from the inward folding of the plasma membrane

Slime molds are classified as ___________.

fungi

Phylum ________ is entirely parasitic phylum often having two hosts.

hermaphrodotic

Viruses that infect bacteria are called ________. A. plasmids B. phages C. vectors D. viroids

phages

Viruses that infect bacteria are called ________. viroids phages vectors plasmids

phages

All prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms that photosynthesize fit into which nutritional category? chemoautotroph photautotroph

photoautotrophs

Viroids infect A) bacteria. B) plants. C) fungi. D) plants and animals. E) all organisms.

plant

A ____________ is a small circular molecule of DNA that reproduces independently of the larger bacterial chromosome. transduction binary fission plasmid conjugation bacteriophage transformation

plasmid

The misshapen version of a protein that causes properly folded proteins to misfold is the ________. capsid viroid prion virus

prion

The misshapen version of a protein that causes properly folded proteins to misfold is the ________. capsid viroid virus prion

prion

A _________________ is a viral genome that has inserted itself into the genome of its host. lysogenic cycle bacteriophage lytic cycle prophage virus capsid

prophage

The process of _____________ occurs when a bacterium internalized bits of DNA from its environment. transduction binary fission plasmid conjugation bacteriophage transformation

transformation

How many domains contain prokaryotic organisms? One Two Three Four

two

Medicine that prevents viral infections is a(n) ________. vaccine antibiotic prion antibody

vaccine

An infectious circular piece of RNA is the ________. virus viroid capsid prion

viroid

Which of the following infects only plants? Capsid Virus Prion Viroid

viroid

Which of the following infects only plants? Virus Viroid Capsid Prion

viroid

Although generally not considered to be alive, a ________________ is studied alongside other microbes such as bacteria. lysogenic cycle bacteriophage lytic cycle prophage virus capsid

virus

When did the first eukaryotic cell form? About a billion years before the first prokaryotic cell was formed About a billion years after the first prokaryotic cell was formed About the same time as the first prokaryotic cell was formed There is no evidence to suggest when the eukaryotic cells formed in relationship to prokaryotic cells.

About a billion years after the first prokaryotic cell was formed

Which protist group includes members with plantlike traits such as chloroplasts and multicellularity? Slime molds Algae Amoebas None of the protists have chloroplasts.

Algae

Which protist group includes members with plantlike traits such as chloroplasts and multicellularity? Slime molds Amoebas Algae None of the protists have chloroplasts.

Algae

Which of the following is a way in which bacteria help the environment? They break down dead organisms in the soil and recycle nutrients. They remove pollutants from the environment. They are used to water in sewage treatment facilities. All of the above are ways in which bacteria help the environment.

All of the above are ways in which bacteria help the environment

Which of the following do not get infected by viruses? Plants Bacteria Animals All of these can be infected by viruses.

All of these can be infected by viruses

Which organelle could you remove and the cell would still survive? Golgi apparatus Mitochondria Nucleus All organelles are required for the survival of the cell.

All organelles are required for the survival of the cell

When a plant cell divides, how would you expect its chloroplasts to divide? Binary fission Meiosis Endosymbiosis Mitosis

Binary fission

Which is not a method of introducing new genes into a bacterium? A. Conjugation B. Transduction C. Binary fission D. Transformation

Binary fission

What does the term biogenesis mean? Formation of self-replicating molecules Formation of life from other sources of life Formation of life from nonliving materials Formation of polymers from organic monomers

Formation of life from nonliving materials

Bacteria reproduce asexually via binary fission. This process generates ________. Genetically different bacteria Genetically identical bacteria

Genetically identical bacteria

While most biologists do not consider viruses to be alive, viruses do share some characteristics with living things. Which of the following is a required trait for life that viruses share with living things? Having a cell Having highly ordered structure The ability to reproduce on their own The ability to maintain homeostasis

Having highly ordered structure

Which specific cells are infected by the HIV virus? NK cells Helper T cells Red blood cells Killer B cells

Helper T cells

Which statement is true regarding bacteria? All bacteria are helpful to humans. Some bacteria are pathogens and harmful to humans, whereas lots of bacteria are helpful to humans. All bacteria are pathogens and harmful to humans. All bacteria are pathogens, but some harm humans more than others.

Some bacteria are pathogens and harmful to humans, whereas lots of bacteria are helpful to humans

Although most biologists do not consider viruses to be alive, viruses do share some characteristics with living things. Which of the following is the requirement for life that viruses lack? Having genetic material Having highly ordered structure The ability to reproduce on their own The ability to move

The ability to reproduce on their own

What do the nucleus and mitochondria have in common? Their membranes are interconnected. They both assemble proteins. They both make ATP. They both contain DNA.

They both contain DNA

If you looked at unknown cells under a microscope, what could lead you to correctly conclude that they are prokaryotic cells? They are oblong in shape. They appear to have a cell wall. They form a colony. They lack a nucleus.

They lack a nucleus

There are more helpful types of bacteria on this planet than harmful types. True False, there are more harmful types. False, there are about as many helpful as harmful bacteria. False, bacteria have neither a positive nor a negative impact on human society.

True

Pathogen is ________. a name given to all bacteria a name given only to helpful bacteria a name given only to bacteria that cause serious illnesses in humans a name given to all archaea

a name given only to bacteria that cause serious illnesses in humans

Protists can be

all

Amoeba proteus belongs to phylum ______________.

amoebozoa

Halophiles are a type of ________. Plants Bacteria Eukarya Archaea

archaea

Which organisms are called extremophiles and flourish mostly in extreme conditions? Archaea Fungi Bacteria Protozoans

archaea

Which organisms are called the extremophiles and flourish in extreme conditions? Archaea Bacteria Fungi Protozoans

archaea

Saprobes are A. Autotrophs that feed on living organic matter B. Autotrophs that feed on dead organic matter C. Chemoheterotrophes that feed on dead organic matter D. Chemoheterotrophes that feed on living organic matter

b

Which organisms contain the smallest, least complex cell types? Bacteria cells Plant cells Animal cells Fungal cells

bacteria cells

A ___________________ is a virus that specifically infects bacteria. lysogenic cycle bacteriophage lytic cycle prophage virus capsid

bacteriophage

A degenerative brain disorder transmitted by cannibalism is called ________. scrapie Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease herpes kuru

kuru

The _______________ is a viral life cycle in which the virus inserts its genome into the genome of its host, where it may remain dormant for long periods. lysogenic cycle bacteriophage lytic cycle prophage virus capsid

lysogenic cycle

The ______________ is a viral life cycle that results in bursting of the host cell. lysogenic cycle bacteriophage lytic cycle prophage virus capsid

lytic cycle

Which of the following is a form of reproduction in bacteria? A. Transduction B. Transformation C. Neither of these D. Both of these

neither of these

Are all prokaryotes heterotrophic?

no

Prokaryotes contain DNA in their _________ region.

nucleiod

The absence of ______ in the primitive atmosphere was essential to the origin of life on Earth.

oxygen

Bacilli are ______ shaped prokaryotes.

rod

Halophiles are found in which environment? Anoxic Salty Dry Hot

salty

What are the disease-causing flagellates?

sporozoans

What do the nucleus and the smooth endoplasmic reticulum have in common? A. They both synthesize lipids. B. They both contain DNA. C. Their membranes are interconnected. D. They both detoxify chemical toxins.

their membranes are interconnected

The process of______________ involves the transfer of DNA from one bacterium to another by a virus. transduction binary fission plasmid conjugation bacteriophage transformation

transduction