chapter 9 bio
About ________% of Earth's land area is currently covered by forest.
30
Today's system of national forests consists of 77 million ha (190 million acres), managed by the U.S. Forest Service and covering more than __________% of the nation's land area.
8%
What is the relationship between colonizing success and the number of species already established on an island?
As the number of established species on an island increases, colonizing success decreases.
Large predators and omnivores, such as mountain lions and bears, roam these mountain ranges. Which of the following statements is true?
Because of habitat fragmentation, the individual populations of these Sky Islands have less genetic diversity than they did in the past.
You work for the Forest Service, managing stands of ponderosa pines in the Southwest. Your job is to return the forests to their natural state. Which of the following do you do?
Burn the area every 5-15 years.
Most commercial logging today takes place in ________.
Canada, Russia, Indonesia, and Brazil
In the western United States, bark beetle outbreaks have become much worse than in the past for all of the following reasons EXCEPT:
Catastrophic wildfires have resulted in the increased growth of the kinds of trees that the bark beetles prefer.
Which of the following harvesting methods is the most cost-efficient but has the greatest ecological impacts?
Clear-cutting
Which of the following types of organisms would most likely be found in the understory of a forest?
Decomposers
Which of the following accurately describes a benefit or a drawback of managing an even-aged tree plantation?
Even-aged stands are more vulnerable to pests such as bark beetles.
If trends continue, which of the following will occur?
Fire season in the American West will get longer and cost more.
This figure shows annual totals for area burned by wildfires in the United States from 1983 to 2015. Which of the following accounts for the trend shown?
Fire suppression has resulted in an accumulation of kindling for larger and more catastrophic wildfires during dry years.
A fire hits an old forest with large, old trees. A large section of the forest is burnt down. Over many years, new, immature trees replace the old ones. How can the new area be characterized?
It is a secondary forest.
__________ are organizations that purchase land to preserve it in its natural condition.
Land trusts
Regarding the loss of trees and climate change, which of the following is the largest concern?
Less carbon dioxide will be removed from the atmosphere.
Most of the world's forests are __________.
Most of the world's forests are __________.
Which of the following statements is true regarding the edge effect in the Amazon?
Small fragmented populations lose more species and lose them faster than large fragmented populations.
Which of the following is a consequence of clearing forests for agriculture purposes?
Soil erosion increases because the tree roots and other vegetation that stabilize the soil have been removed.
Which of the following phrases best describes goals behind the resource-management strategies that do not deplete the resource?
Sustainable use of natural resources
According to island biogeography, what is the relationship between an island's distance from the mainland and the number of species present on the island?
The farther an island is from the mainland, the fewer the number of species found on the island.
Why is a new island more hospitable to colonizers than an older island is?
The intensity of both competition and predation is less on the newer island.
Why do developing nations impose few or no restrictions on logging?
They are desperate for economic development.
What effect do decaying trees have on climate change?
They increase the rate of climate change.
How do resource managers achieve maximum sustainable yield?
They keep the population at 50% of the carrying capacity, thus maximizing the growth rate.
A prolonged period of drought ends in Utah. Which of the following is most likely?
Trees will grow slowly for several years.
________ are federal lands that are off-limits to development but are open to hiking, nature study, and other low-impact public recreational activities.
Wilderness areas
Mr. Smith has been hired to manage a swath of land owned by a private company. His goal is to manage the forest in the most sustainable way while still using the land and making a profit. At first, he manages the land using the concept of maximum sustainable yield. After a few years he realizes that ecosystem-based management is more appropriate for this particular swath of land. Mr. Smith is using __________.
adaptive management
Wilderness areas ________.
are off-limits to development of any kind but are open to low-impact recreation
Paper parks are ________.
areas protected on paper but not in reality due to lack of funding
Since the 1990s, ________ have killed tens of billions of conifers in the western United States.
bark beetles
Second-growth forests ________.
become established after virgin timber has been removed from an area
Most of the world's forests are ________.
boreal forest and rainforest
In the United States, most logging takes place in ________.
conifer forests in the west and pine plantations in the south
The U.N. FAO's Global Forest Resources Assessment of 2015 concluded that ________.
deforestation has slowed but we are still losing forests at a rapid rate
This figure shows population growth over time for a harvestable resource. Forest resource managers generally aim to maintain a resource population at the level where it ________.
delivers the maximum sustainable timber yield
What would one call trees planted in a stand at the same time?
even aged
"Edge effects" become particularly problematic when ________.
formerly large habitats are reduced to small fragments
The forests in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan from which your text book was made are ________.
harvested using ecosystem-based management
This figure shows population growth over time for a harvestable resource. Most forest resource managers aim to maintain resource populations ________ of the pictured curve.
in the middle
Ecosystem-based timber harvesting uses methods that ________.
leave seed-producing or mature trees uncut to provide for future forests
There are groups of tropical birds, such as trogons and parrots that are usually considered to live in Central America and the mountains of southern and central Mexico. Small populations of these birds migrate into the United States each year. It is probably true that ________.
more of these birds are found in the mountains of New Mexico and Arizona than in the mountains of Colorado, Utah, or Nevada
________ are replacing primary forests in much of southeast Asia.
oil palm plantations
This figure shows population growth over time for a harvestable resource. The point on the curve at the top right of the graph indicates the ________.
population size where births in the population exactly offset deaths
If the Sky Islands become rapidly warmer and drier, the endemic species there will ________.
probably suffer a high extinction rate
An effective strategy for protecting the endemic species of the Sky Islands could be to ________.
protect as many adjacent Sky Islands as possible, giving wildlife corridors to move between mountaintops
Clear-cutting ________.
removes all trees from an area
With very few exceptions, what sort of forest is in the United States?
secondary forests
Prescribed burns would be used in forests ________.
that are subject to severe wild fires to remove fuel load and stimulate new growth
The number of species on an island remains relatively constant when _____.
the rate of successful colonization equals the extinction rate
Within which section of a biosphere reserve is agriculture practiced sustainably, in a limited manner?
transition zone
What is the process in which forest plants release water back into the atmosphere?
transpiration
In recent years, global climate change has caused more severe droughts in the western United States, resulting in ________.
trees being weakened and stressed, making them more susceptible to bark beetle infestation
Currently, what sorts of forests are being lost more rapidly than others?
tropical rainforests
Which of the following forestry practices would best conserve biodiversity?
using a selection system to get uneven-aged stands
The National Forest Management Act ________ national forest land.
was passed in 1976 with the intent to ensure multiple use and sustainable yield of
This is the U.S. government designation that provides the most protection from human damage to a public area.
wilderness area
The national _____________ system, begun in 1903 by President Theodore Roosevelt, now totals more than 560 sites comprising nearly 60 million ha.
wildlife refuge
The first national park was ________.
yellowstone
