chapter nine nutri

By the time a person loses __- ___ percent of body weight fluids, he or she will be thirsty.

1 2

By the time the body is reduced by ___ % heat tolerance is decreased and weakness results

10

_____% of adults are sodium sensitive, which means that sodium intake has a direct effect on their blood pressure. As their sodium intake increases so does their blood pressure

10 to 15

The AI for sodium is ___ milligrams for adults through age 50 but declines for older adults

1500

AI for total water is ____ liters for adult women (11 cups) and ___ liter (15 cups) for adult men (intake from fluids and foods).

2.7 3.7

UL upper level for sodium is _____ milligrams (____grams) approximately 1 teaspoon. Intakes exceeding this amount typically increase blood pressure ***

2300 2.3

At ___ percent loss of body weight, muscles lose significant strength and endurance, and central nervous system function is negatively affected (memory and reaction time are compromised and one becomes impatient)

4

Every cell, tissue, and organ contains some water. Overall, water comprises ___ to ___ percent of the human body. Humans can survive several weeks without food, we can survive for only a few days without water. H2O is a versatile solvent, a coolant, and a lubricant

50 70

When carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins are used by cells in the body, energy is released in the form of heat. ABout ___ percent of this energy is turned into body heat; the other ___ percent is converted to forms of energy that cells can use (ATP).

60 40

Blood is a ___ on the pH scale which is slightly basic

7.4

When the concentration of solutes is high the pituitary gland releases _____ which tells the kidneys to reduce urine production

ADH

______ is considered an endocrine disruptor, which at low doses can mimic the body's own hormones (found in some hard plastics)

BPA

A large production of acids results in _____, in which blood pH is 7.0 to 7.3. When that happens, people are often disoriented and fatigued. Can occur in poorly controlled diabetes, starvation, diarrhea, and conditions such as emphysema in which there is excessive production of carbon dioxide for an extended period of time.

acidosis

The depolarization of one area of the membrane will stimulate the influx of sodium into an adjacent area of the membrane. The electrical signal ________ (change in the electrical charge of the nerve cell membrane resulting in an electrical signal that can be transmitted from one nerve cell to the next) is transmitted along the nerve cell and from one cell to the next.

action potential

_____ blood pH 7.5 or higher, here the body loses too much acid through vomiting, or conditions where you exhale too much carbon dioxide. You feel agitated and dizzy

alkalosis

Blood pressure and the concentration of solutes in the blood are closely monitored by receptors in the kidneys, blood vessels, and brain. Once the body registers a shortage of available water, it increases fluid conservation. Hormones that participate in this process are ____ _____ and ______

antidiuretic hormone(ADH) angiotensin aldosterone

Normal _______ = 120/80 (120 over 80)

blood pressure

Regulation of pH is complex, involving ______ (compounds that cause a solution to resist changes in acid-base conditions) systems, the respiratory system and kidney secretion of excess acid and base.

buffer

Because so many compounds dissolve in water, it provides a medium in which ________ take place in the body. Water itself is an important participant in many __________

chemical reactions

Along with sodium and potassium ______ helps to regulate fluid balance in the body

chloride

Low levels of ______ in the blood (frequent and lengthy bouts of vomiting coupled with a nutrient-poor diet) can create ______ deficiency, but dietary deficiencies are rare because of the presence of chloride in table salt

chloride

________ ions are a component of the acid produced in the stomach (hydrochloric acid) and are important for overall maintenance of acid-base balance in the body. This electrolyte is used during immune responses as while blood cells attack foreign cells. In addition, nervous system function relies on the presence of chlorine.

chloride

A nerve impulse starts in response to stimulation, such as a needle pricking the finger, causing positively charged sodium ions to rush into the cell, making the cell less negatively charged. The change in electrical charge is known as _______

depolarization

Groups that are likely to be sodium sensitive are African Americans, Asian Americans, and people who have______and or are overweight.

diabetes

_________ is rich in calcium, potassium, and magnesium and low in salt. (decreased blood pressure and sodium intake) -> adds two extra fruit and vegetable servings to my plate and emphasizes consumption of nuts, seeds or legumes (4-5 days of the week)

dietary approach to stop hypertension DASH diet

Nearly all sodium we consume is absorbed by the ________. when dissolved in water NaCl splits and charged ions are released. These electrolytes attract water. The concentration of intracellular and extracellular water is controlled by the concentration of electrolytes. Fluid balance is maintained by moving or actively pumping sodium ions where more water is needed. Also function in nerve impulse conduction and absorption of some nutrients

digestive tract

-______ (water pills that increase the volume of urine) are used to treat high blood pressure and need to carefully monitor their intake of potassium

diuretics

These charged ions allow the transfer of electrical current, so they are called ________ -(a mineral that separates into positively or negatively charged ions in water)

electrolytes

_________ (esp sodium) function in the kidney to control the release of acid and base in the urine to maintain pH balance

electrolytes

Water is not stored in the body and is continually lost through respiration, precipitation and _________

excretion

Chloride is a negative ion found primarily in the _______ fluid

extracellular

sodium is

extracellular

The four electrolytes required for fluid balance are sodium, chloride( in _______ fluid), potassium and phosphate (in _______fluid)

extracellular intracellular

Tap water has a small amount of _______which is added to prevent dental caries (tooth decay). Very few bottled water manufacturers add the mineral

flouride

water that contains relatively high levels of the minerals calcium and magnesium

hard water

When overheated the body secretes fluids in the form of precipitation which evaporates through the skin pores releasing _________. So as perspiration evaporates, ________ is removed from the skin, cooling the body in the process.

heat energy

water temperature changes slowly because it has a great ability to

hold heat

The pH of fluid is determined by the concentration of

hydrogen ions

Risk factors for _________: A family history of hypertension (esp if both parents had it), atherosclerosis/high blood pressure, overweight, obesity, inactivity, excess alcohol intake

hypertension

______ = blood pressure that is exceeding 139/exceeding 89

hypertension

If the intracellular concentration of electrolytes is greater than the extracellular concentration- that is _______- water will flow freely ______ the cell

hypertonic into

_______ can result from malnutrition and inadequate food intake, most commonly observed in chronic diarrhea and vomiting, or as a side effect of medications, including laxatives and some diuretics (vulnerable populations - people with certain eating disorders, people on low-calorie diets, athletes who exercise for prolonged periods)

hypokalemia

Water intoxication, or more accurately _______ occurs when you overhydrate and have a dangerously low blood sodium level. Severe _______ results along with extreme and rapid blood dilution, causing tissue swelling. The heartbeat becomes irregular, allowing fluid to enter the lungs; the brain and nerves swell, causing severe headaches, confusion, seizure, and coma. Unless water is restricted and a concentrated salt solution is administered the person will die

hyponatremia

If the intracellular concentration of electrolytes is relatively low or ______compared to the extracellular environment, water will ____ the cell, leading to cell shrinkage.

hypotonic exit

During ______ , fluid loss results in an increased concentration of electrolytes in the extracellular space. As intracellular water exits the cells in an attempt to dilute the extracellular fluid, cells shrink and lose their ability to function normally.

illness

Together with perspiration, the fluid lost through lung respiration is sometimes called "_______" water loss because it is difficult to measure. A relatively small amount of water is lost daily in the feces.

insensible

Water found inside the cell membrane is part of the _____ fluid. ______ fluid accounts for 63% of fluid in the body. The remaining fluid outside the cells is called ________ fluid (the fluid portion of blood (plasma) and lymph accounting for 7% of body fluid and the fluid between cells making up 30% of body fluid)

intracellular extracellular

potassium is _____ (principal positively charged ion ____ cells)

intracellular inside

____ are minerals that dissolve in water and are either positively or negatively charged.

ions

Normally the concentration of electrolytes on either side of the cell membrane is controlled in such a way that the intracellular fluid and extracellular fluid are _____ (Water movement in and out of the cell is in equilibrium)

isotonic

The ______ are primarily responsible for sodium regulation (If sodium is low, sodium is secreted back into the blood as it flows through the ______, resulting in decreased urine output. If sodium levels are too high, sodium is filtered out by the _____, when excess sodium is removed, water follows, resulting in greater urine output)

kidneys

The majority of nutrients we consume - carbohydrates, proteins, minerals, and vitamins are water soluble. ______ although they are not soluble in water can be surrounded by a layer of water-soluble protein so they can be dispersed throughout the water based environment within and around cells and tissues. As the primary component of blood and lymph ____ acts to transport nutrients to all the cells of the body.

lipids water

-The respiratory system can increase or decrease the amount of Carbon dioxide when exhaled. Increased production and release of carbon dioxide can ______ pH (because CO2 dissolves in blood and water, creating an acidic compound)

lower

-Higher potassium intake is associated with

lower blood pressure

When carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins are metabolized as sources of energy water is one of the by products called __________ (Water formed as a by-product of carbohydrate, lipid, and protein metabolism)

metabolic water

The ________of nutrients generates some waste products, most of which can dissolve in water and exit the body as part of urine. (when we consume more than we need of some nutrients, such as sodium, the excess can be dissolved in water and excreted in urine)

metabolism

The inside of the cell has a slight ______ charge relative to the outside

negative

The term _______ is used to describe the passage of water through a membrane from an area of lower electrolyte concentration to an area of higher electrolyte concentration.

osmosis

water molecules are

polar

-The more processed your food, the higher it is in sodium and the lower it is in _____

potassium

-Unprocessed foods, including fruits, vegetables, milk, whole grains, dried beans, and meats are rich sources of _______

potassium

When sodium is actively pumped out of the cell, _____ enters the cell in an attempt to balance loss of the positively charged sodium ions

potassium

______ performs many of the same functions as sodium, water balance and nerve impulse transmission

potassium

no upper level of _____ has been set

potassium

______ are critical in the buffer system as they bind or release hydrogen ions to control pH.

proteins

Low _____ intake, coupled with excessive perspiration and persistent vomiting or diarrhea, has the ability to deplete the body of ________. Can lead to muscle cramps, nausea, vomiting, dizziness, and later shock and coma. Low likelihood of this happening because the kidney is efficient at conserving sodium under conditions of low _____ status

sodium

Water follows _____, causing a large amount of water to be absorbed from the colon

sodium

Food processing, dining out, and salt added while cooking are the major contributors to

sodium intake

water high in sodium

soft water

____ bottles are best for the long run if you are going to use your bottles over and over.

stainless steal

Bottled vs Tap water, ______ is treated with chlorine to disinfect water. _______ is treated with ozone, which does not impart a flavor to the water

tap water bottled water

Water is often called the "_________" because so many different solutes can be dissolved in it. This property makes water an ideal transport vehicle for nutrients and wastes; and second, a medium for many chemical reactions of human metabolism

universal solvent

the greatest source of water output is

urinary excretion

___ and ____ contain the most water followed by ______ (food)

vegetables fruit meat

____ as a lubricant eyes, skin, saliva acts as lubricant, lungs are coated with mucus, spinal cord and brain are cushioned with fluid, urogenital tract, amniotic fluid

water