Chem 121: 5.3-5.5, Polar bonds, Hybridization (Exam 2)

permanent dipole

permanent separation of electrical charge in a molecule due to unequal distributions of bonding and/or lone pairs of electrons

spherical

s orbitals are ____

bond dipole

separation of electrical charge created when atoms with difference electronegativities form a covalent bond

trigonal planar

sp^2 hybrid orbitals are 3 hybrid orbitals in a ______ ______ orientation formed by mixing one s and two p orbitals

tetrahedral

the central carbon atom in methane has a metric number of 4 and a _____ molecular geometry

trigonal bipyramidal

the electron pair geometry associated with SN=5 is _____ _____

lower

the energy levels of sp^2 orbitals are slightly _____ than the sp^3 orbitals because only two p orbitals are mixed with the s orbitals

dipole moment

the polarity of a molecule can be determined experimentally by measuring its permanent ____ ____. The value of this expresses the extent of the overall separation of positive and negative charge in the molecule, and it is determined by measuring the degree to which the molecule aligns with a strong electric field

steric number

because _____ _____ always indicates the number of hybrid orbitals that must be created, we must mix two atomic orbitals to make two hybrid orbitals on each carbon atom

hybridization

how can a carbon atom in methane with a filled, spherical 2s orbital and 2 half filled 2p orbitals that are oriented 90 degrees away from each other result in a tetrahedral molecule with bond angles of 109.5? VSEPR can't answer this, but valence bond theory can. In valence bond theory, the 2s and 2p orbitals can be reconfigured in a process called _______

bent

if an sp^2 hybridization has 2 sigma bonds, the molecular geometry is ____ (there could also be 3 sigma bonds, but in both cases the angle is still 120)

trigonal planar

if an sp^2 hybridization has 3 sigma bonds, the molecular geometry is ____ _____ (there could also be 2 bonds, but in both cases the angle is still 120. molecular geometry is different tho)

bent

if an sp^3 hybridization has 2 sigma bonds, the molecular geometry is _____. (could have also had 3 or 4 bonds, but the angles are all still 109.5 in those cases)

trigonal pyramidal

if an sp^3 hybridization has 3 sigma bonds the molecular geometry is _____ ______. (could also have had 4 or 2 bonds, all angles are 109.5)

tetrahedral

if an sp^3 hybridization has 4 sigma bonds, the molecular geometry is ______. (could also have had 2 or 3 bonds but all have the angle of 109.5)

hybridization

in valence bond theory, the mixing of atomic orbitals to generate new sets of orbitals that are then available to form covalent bonds with other atoms

d

many chemists don't support the use of __ orbitals in the hybridization process cuz the energy of this orbital is so different from the other orbitals

sp

mixing one 2s and one 2p orbital on a carbon atom and leaving the other two 2p orbitals unhybridized produces two __ hybrid orbitals with major lobes that are on opposite sides of the carbon atom

sp

mixing one 2s orbital and one 2p orbital on a carbon atom creates two ___ orbitals

sp^2

mixing one s and two p orbitals generates three hybrid orbitals called ____ hybrid orbitals.

4

when the 2s and 2p atomic orbitals of carbon are hybridized, the four orbitals are mixed to create __ sp^3 orbitals, each containing one electron

bond dipole

An unequal distribution of bonding electrons between two atoms produces a partial negative charge on one end of the bond and a partial positive charge on the other. This charge separation, caused by the difference in electronegativity between the two atoms, results in a ______ _____

3, trigonal planar, sp^2

Both carbon atoms in ethylene are bonded to there other atoms and have no lone pairs of electrons, so SN=___. This means that the geometry around each carbon atom is _____ _____ and that the carbon atoms are both ___ hybridized

1

note that the pi bond is ___ bond(s) formed by the two atom's p orbitals through two points of contact

sp^2

__ hybrid orbitals are 3 hybrid orbitals in a trigonal planar orientation formed by mixing one s and two p orbitals

sp^3d

___ hybrid orbitals are 5 equivalent hybrid orbitals with lobes pointing toward the vertices of a trigonal bipyramid that form by mixing one s orbital, three p orbitals, and one d orbital from the same shell.

sp

___ hybrid orbitals are two hybrid orbitals on opposite sides of the hybridized atom formed by mixing one s and one p orbital

sp^3d^2

____ hybrid orbitals are six equivalent hybrid orbitals pointing toward the vertices of an octahedron that form by mixing one s orbital, three p orbitals, and two d orbitals from the same shell

valence

_____ bond theory evolved in the late 1920s thx the Linus Pauling who merged quantum mechanics with Lewis's model of shared electron pairs

hybridization

______ schemes are used to explain molecular shapes, so when you need to find one you need to determine the shape of the molecule first

sigma

a ____ bond is a covalent bond in which the highest electron density lies between the two atoms along the bond axis. The symbol looks like an upside down Q btw

pi

a _____ bond is a covalent bond in which electron density is greatest above and below the bonding axis

hybrid

a ______ atomic orbital in valence bond theory is one set of equivalent orbitals about an atom created when specific atomic orbitals are mixed

dipole moment

a measure of the degree to which a molecule aligns itself in an applied electric field; a quantitative expression of the polarity of a molecule

overlap

according to valence bond theory, a chemical bond forms when the atomic orbitals of two atoms _____. The electrons in these orbitals are attracted to the nuclei of both bonded atoms

sp^3

according to valence bond theory, any atom with s and p orbitals in its valence shell can form a set of ___ hybrid orbitals when it is the center atom in a molecule with a tetrahedral electron pair geometry

sp^3

an ___ hybrid orbital is a set of four hybrid orbitals with a tetrahedral orientation produced by mixing one s and three p atomic orbitals

2, linear, 180

an sp hybridization has __ sigma bonds, ______ molecular geometry, and ___ degree angles between hybrid orbitals