Chemistry- chapter 2 Chemical equations and air quality

A volatile substance readily undergoes a phase change from _____.

Liquid to gas

Which two pollutants are responsible for the production of ozone in the troposphere?

Nitrogen dioxide and Volatile organic compounds

A chemical equation must be balanced. This means that the same _____ and _____ of atoms must appear on both sides of the equation.

Number ; Type

What term is used to describe a situation where a resource is no particular group's responsibility but if it is destroyed or overused this has consequences for a large number of people?

Tragedy of the commons

Place the chemical steps involved in ozone production in the correct order. Place the first step of the process at the top of the list and the last step at the bottom of the list.

1. Nitrogen dioxide is exposed to sunlight 2. Nitrogen monoxide and an oxygen atom are produced 3. an oxygen atom reacts with an oxygen molecule 4. Ozone is produced

Even in very small concentrations ozone can affect _____ function in humans. Ozone also damages _____, which are essential to human life.

lung; crops

Which of the following are sources of particulate matter? Select all that apply. Burning coal Diesel engines Burning natural gas Paint and varnishes Wildfires

A, B, and E

Organic compounds always contains the element _____.

Carbon

Droplets that contain suspended solid and liquid particles are called _____.

aerosols Note:Although some aerosols contribute to acid rain, not all aerosols are acidic.

Compounds that are made up of only hydrogen and carbon are called ____________.

hydrocarbons or organic

Combustion is correctly described as _____.

the process in which a substance burns in oxygen

A species that passes easily from the liquid to the vapor phase is called a(n) _____ substance.

volatile

Which of the following may increase the concentration of tropospheric ozone? Select all that apply. Stagnant air Sunny day Rainy day Windy day

Sunny day, Stagnant air

Balance the unbalanced equation given and match each substance to the correct coefficient as indicated. C3H8 (g) + O2 (g) → CO2 (g) + H2O (g)

(1)C3H8 (5)O2 (3)CO2 (4)H2O

Identify the coefficients required to balance the chemical equation SO2 (g) + O2 (g) → SO3 (g) correctly. SO2 O2 SO3

2(SO2) 1(O2) 2(SO3)

Which of the following options correctly defines a secondary pollutant?

A secondary pollutant is a pollutant produced from one or more other pollutants.

Which of the following statements correctly describe the information gained from a balanced chemical equation? Select all that apply. A)Identities of substances involved B)Relative quantities of substances involved C)How fast a given reaction proceeds D)Temperature at which the reaction is carried out E)Often the physical states of reactants and products

A,B and E

Which of the following pollutants are generally produced by the majority of cars? Select all that apply. Nitrogen oxides Sulfur dioxide Carbon monoxide Volatile organic compounds (VOCs)

A,C,D

Which of the following options correctly describe the symbols used to write a balanced equation? Select all that apply. A) The symbol (p) indicates a powdered substance. B)The symbol (g) indicates a substance in the gas phase. C)The symbol (s) indicates that a substances is in solution. D)A pure liquid is indicated by the symbol (l).

B and D Note that a substance dissolved in water is designated by the symbol (aq).

Atmospheric nitrogen reacts with atmospheric oxygen to form nitrogen monoxide. Which of the following is the correct balanced equation for this process? A)2N2 (g) + 2O2 (g) → 4NO (g) B)N2 (g) + O2 (g) → 2NO (g) C)N2 (g) + O2 (g) → NO (g) D)N (g) + O (g) → NO (g)

B- Reason: Nitrogen and oxygen exist as diatomic molecules in the atmosphere. Always use the simplest whole-number coefficients.

A chemical equation is a statement using chemical ____________ that expresses both the identities and the relative _____________ of the reactants and products involved in a chemical or physical change.

Blank 1: formulas or symbols Blank 2: quantity, quantities, amounts, amount, proportions, or moles

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are ___________ -containing compounds that pass easily into the __________ phase.

Carbon or C; vapor, vapour, gas, or gaseous

Ozone decomposes into oxygen and atomic oxygen. Which of the following statements correctly describe the balanced equation for this reaction? Select all that apply. A)O3 is a product of the reaction. B)There are 3 atoms of oxygen on the left side of the reaction and 3 atoms of oxygen on the product side of the equation. C)A coefficient of one is needed on the reactant side. D)O2 is a product of the reaction.

B and C

Hydrocarbons are compounds that contain only _____ and _____.

Hydrogen and carbon

Identify the coefficients required to balance the chemical equation C4H10 (g) + O2 (g) → CO2 (g) + H2O (g) correctly.

2(C4H10) 13(O2) 8(CO2) 1O(H2O)

What ailment is the primary hazard associated with exposure to particulate matter?

Cardiovascular disease Reason: Small particulate matter can penetrate the lungs, pass into the bloodstream, and inflame the cardiovascular system.

A(n) ________ is a substance that increases the rate of a reaction without being consumed. This type of substance is often used up but regenerated during the reaction.

Catalyst

What is the primary source of atmospheric sulfur dioxide (SO2)?

Coal Burning Plants

A(n) __________ pollutant is produced from chemical reactions involving one or more other pollutants.

secondary

Balance the unbalanced equation given and match each substance to the correct coefficient as indicated. Al (s) + O2 (g) → Al2O3 (s) Al O2 Al2O3

4(Al) 3(O2) 2)Al2O3)

Which compound reacts with ozone, reducing the ozone concentrations along congested highways?

NO Reason: NO + O3 → NO2 + O2

Match each set of weather conditions correctly to its effect on the concentration of ozone in our troposphere.

sunny days> Higher O3levels rainy, windy weather> Lower O3 levels

Which of the following options correctly describe aerosols? Select all that apply. A)Aerosols can contribute to pollution. B)SO3 can combine with water to create sulfuric acid aerosols. C)All aerosols are dangerous to human health. D)Aerosols are liquid and solid particles that remain suspended in the air.

A,B,D

Which of the following statements correctly describes the sources and environmental effects of SO2 (sulfur dioxide)? Select all that apply. SO2 can lead to the formation of aerosols. SO2 emissions have not decreased despite the Clean Air Act. SO2 is a form of particulate matter. SO2 can react with water to produce acid rain. SO2 originates chiefly from burning fuel in car engines.

A,D

In a combustion reaction, a hydrocarbon reacts with oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water. Note that the oxygen found in the reactants ends up in both products. In order to balance the chemical equation in the most efficient manner it is best to balance the oxygen atoms _____.

last

A molecule that always contains carbon and may contain hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen is called a(n) ________ compound.

Organic

Which of the following options correctly describe ozone exposure and its effects? Select all that apply. Ozone reacts with the rubber on car tires. Ozone is used in respiration by plants. Ozone is not dangerous to human health. Ozone reduces lung function.

A and D

When balancing a combustion reaction, which element should be balanced last?

Oxygen note: Oxygen is balanced last because it is the only element that appears in its elemental form in the equation, and thus can be adjusted independently once C and H are balanced.

Which of the following statements correctly describe a properly balanced chemical equation? Select all that apply. A) The total number of atoms of each element must be the same in the reactants and products. B) The mass of the reactants is not necessarily the same as the mass of the products. C)The physical states of the reactants may be different than the physical states of the products. D) The number of molecules in the reactants should be the same as the number of molecules in the products.

A and C

What is a catalyst?

A substance that increases the rate of a reaction

Which of the following options correctly describe hydrocarbons? Select all that apply. A)Gasoline and kerosene are mixtures of hydrocarbons. B)Hydrocarbons burn readily in oxygen to produce CO2 and H2O. C)Butane is the simplest hydrocarbon. D)Hydrocarbons contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. E)Hydrocarbons are obtained from crude oil.

A, B, and E

Which of the following species are involved in the conversion of NO to NO2 in the atmosphere? Select all that apply. O3 (ozone) SO2 CO OH⋅ (hydroxyl radical) VOCs (volatile organic compounds) particulate matter

A,D,E O3 (ozone) OH⋅ (hydroxyl radical) VOCs (volatile organic compounds)

Which of the following options correctly describe the formation and control of pollutants produced by cars? Select all that apply. NOx emissions have decreased dramatically since the enactment of the Clean Air Act. Volatile organic compounds are connected to the formation of nitrogen dioxide. All particulate matter derives from human activities. Catalytic converters have reduced the CO emissions from cars.

B and D

The chemical formula CCl4 indicates that there is/are ______ carbon atom(s) for every __________ chlorine atom(s).

BLANK 1: 1 BLANK 2: 4

Hydrocarbons are primarily used as _____.

Fuel Note: Hydrocarbons are also used as solvents but their primary function is as fuel.

VOCs or _____ are a class of air pollutant that typically originates from _____.

volatile organic compounds; cars