Final Exam Chapters 15-21

What were three casualties of the Civil War?

-620,000 will die in the war. -Over a million men will be dead or wounded. -Black slavery and the view of extreme states rights will be ended forever.

Give four traits of the Second Great Awakening.

-A reaction against the growing liberalism and apathy in religion. -It will see the conversion of countless souls. -Strengthened baptists and Methodists. -Encouraged a variety of humanitarian reform movements

Give four parts of the Union strategy after the failed Peninsula Campaign.

-Blocking the confederacy's coast line. -Liberating slavery to undermine the southern economy. -Cut the confederacy in half by seizing the entire length of the Mississippi River. -Marching through Georgia then the Carolinas.

Give four consequences of the Kansas-Nebraska Act.

-Enraged the anti slavery abolitionists and many northerners because it repealed the Missouri Compromise. -Lessen the prospect of future compromises between north and south. -The democratic party was hopelessly split. -Saw the birth of the Republican party.

Give four results of the Mexican War of 1846-1848.

-Increase by ⅓ the territorial size of America. -Give combat experience to those who will lead army in the Civil War. -Increased worldwide respect for American military and naval capabilities. -Result in a sharp revival of the issue of slavery in the territories of America.

Transcendentalists were dedicated to what three traits?

-Individualism -Self reliance -Nonconformity

Give four important consequences of the Union victory at Vicksburg in July 4, 1863.

-Reopened the Mississippi river to northern control. -Coupled with the victory at Gettysburg and Vicksburg, the help of foreign aid was irretrievably lost. -Helped to quell the Northern peace movement. -Strategically cut off the state of Texas and Louisiana that supplied the cattle and other goods.

By 1860, slaves were concentrated in the "black belt" located where in the South?

-The deep south states of South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, and Louisiana -*GLAMS- Georgia, Louisiana, Alabama, Mississippi, South Carolina

Give four reasons why secessionists supported leaving the Union after Lincoln's election as president.

-The tipping of the political balance was against them. -They were dismayed by the success of the Republican party. -They were tired of abolitionists attacks. -They believed the North would not oppose their departure.

Give three great advantages the North had at the start of the Civil War.

-They had larger populations -They controlled the seas -A greater industrial capability

Give two reasons why those white southerners who owned no slaves still supported the institution of slavery.

-They liked to feel racially superior to blacks even though they might be poor white southerners -They hoped to be able to buy slaves one day

Slaves fought the system of slavery in what four ways?

-They slow down the labor force. -Stealing goods or food. -They sabotaged expensive equipment. -Will run away from their masters.

What two elements were probably critical in ensuring Lincoln's victory in the 1864 presidential election?

-Union military successes at Mobile, Atlanta and the Shenandoah valley. -The backing votes of 400,000 Union soldiers.

The Union's victory at the Battle of Antietam allowed President Lincoln to take what action?

Allowed him to issue the Emancipation Proclamation

What was General Ulysses S. Grant's basic strategy in the Civil War?

Assail the enemy's armies simultaneously so they could not assist each other and hence could be destroyed.

The Southern cause was greatly weakened by what view of government power and social hierarchy?

By the concepts of states rights and aristocratic privilege.

What were the terms of the Compromise of 1850 in regard to California and the Mexican Cession?

California was admitted into the Union as a free state and the issue of slavery in Utah and New Mexico territories would be left to popular sovereignty.

What was the Underground Railroad?

Consisted of an informal network of homes for slaves to stay and get away from slavery

Most American leaders believed that what had to be done to ensure that the new Pacific Coast territories would remain in the Union?

Construct a transcontinental railroad.

Why by 1840 had cotton become central to the whole American economy?

Cotton exports provided much of the capital that fueled American economic growth

How did northern women make particular advances during the Civil War?

Entered the industrial employment and provided medical aid for soldiers on both sides

Tax-supported public education came to be seen as what?

Essential for social stability and democracy

Manifest Destiny represented what widespread American belief in the early 19th century?

God had destined the United States to expand across the whole North American continent.

How were most slaves raised?

In stable two parent households

Why did the public like the idea of popular sovereignty?

It fit in with the democratic traditions of self determination

Why was the Battle of Antietam particularly critical?

It probably prevented British and French intervention on the side of the Confederacy.

How did the Second Great Awakening partly reshape American religion?

Making it more reliant on women as members and social reformers

What was one argument against annexation of Texas by the United States?

More power to southern supporters of slavery.

Why did the North's reaction to John Brown's execution particularly enrage the South?

Northerners' celebration of Brown as a martyr seemed to indicate their support for slave insurrection

When it was issued in January 1863, the Emancipation Proclamation only declared free those slaves in what areas?

Only freed slaves in Confederate states in rebellion

By the 1850s, how could most northerners be described in their view of slavery?

Opposed to slavery but also hostile to immediate abolition

The situation in Kansas in the mid-1850s indicated the impracticality of what principle being applied in the territories?

Popular sovereignty.

Lincoln's declaration that the North sought to preserve the Union with or without slavery indicated what influence on the North's policy?

Revealed the influence of the border states on his policies.

The Emancipation Proclamation had what two effects on the Union?

Strengthening the moral cause and diplomatic position of the Union.

Why did Robert E. Lee decide to invade the North through Pennsylvania in 1863?

Strengthens the Northern peace movement and encourage European nations to join the war

Why did the South's weapon of King Cotton fail to draw Britain into the war on the side of the Confederacy?

The British found sufficient cotton from previous stockpiles and from new sources like Egypt and India

In 1861, many Northerners were willing to allow Southern states to secede until what Confederate action?

The South's attack on Fort Sumter, arousing enthusiastic Northern support for a war to suppress Southern rebellion.

What was one primary cause of women's subordination in 19th century America?

The cult of domesticity that sharply separated women's sphere of the home from that of men in the workplace

What was slavery's greatest psychological horror that was the theme of Harriet Beecher Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin?

The forced separation of slave families due to slave auctions. Separation occurred most often in the upper South

One characteristic of the Mormons that angered many non-Mormons was what?

Their emphasis on cooperative or group effort.

Why did the majority of southern whites own no slaves?

They could not afford the purchase price of slaves

As late as 1856, many northerners were still willing to vote Democratic instead of Republican for what reason?

They did not want to lose their profitable business connections with the South.

What was the result of reading Uncle Tom's Cabin for many northerners?

They promised they would have nothing to do with the enforcement of the fugitive slave law.

Aside from ending slavery, blacks enlisted into Union army for what purpose?

They wanted to prove their manhood and to strengthen their claim to full citizenship at the war's end

How can northern attitudes toward free blacks be best described?

Very racist and disliking the individuals but liking the race