Chemistry review
Photons
"bundles" of energy that make up light
density separating mixtures
"sink vs float". Perhaps a centrifuge; decant to pour off liquid
percent error equations
(error/accepted value) x 100 OR (observed-accepted)/accepted X100
electron mass
0 amu
neutron mass
1 amu
proton mass
1 amu
The Decimal number on the periodic table refers to
1 average atom (AAM)
magnet separating mixtures
1 substance contains iron
How to shorthand electron configuration
1. Put the symbol of noble gas that precedes the element in brackets 2. Continue writing the election configuration
Conclusions of the Rutherford's gold leaf experiment (nuclear model)
1. atom is mostly empty space 2. positive particles are concentrated at the nucleus 3. negative particles orbit the nucleus
The SI system is based on multiples of ____
10
How many types of atoms are there?
100
Number of orbitals per energy level (n^2)
1:1; 2:1,3, 3:1,3,5, 4:1,3,5,7
Number of electrons per sublevel
1:2, 2:2,6, 3:2,6,10, 4:2,6,10,14
write the electron configuration of N
1s^2 2s^2 2p^3
Net charge of 38 P, 50 N, 36 E
2+
Contrast 24k gold and 14k gold
24: 24/24 atoms are gold. 14: 14/24 atoms are gold (homogenous)
Chemical reaction example
2Na + H2O --> H2 + Na2O
Number of electrons per main energy level formula
2n^2
C= speed of light =
3.00 x 10^8 m/s
Velocity for electromagnetic waves is
3.00 x 10^8 m/s
Less than _____ error is good, _____ is okay
5%, 10%
molar mass
6.02 x !0^23
h= Planck's constant =
6.63 x 10^-34 J/Hz
how many valence electrons are in Kr= [Ar] 4s^2 3d^10 4p^6
8
Worldview
A perspective a person uses to view and interpret the world
Biblical worldview sees the world that is based on what God has told us in His Word. Assumes the existence and involvement of the...
Creator
Naturalists believe there is no _____. Humans are not accountable to God
Creator
Science is a great problem solver, but it cannot solve the biggest problems in life. The greatest wrongs in this world can be made right only by its...
Creator
Density formula
D=m/v
H-2
Deuterium
What properties depend on a substance?
Extensive
Hund's rule
For equal energy orbitals each must have one electron before any take a second
Science alone can't answer questions. But God's Word gives us the perspective we need to use science in ways that _____ _____ and are truly...
Glorify God; helpful to those who bear his image
God has revealed Himself in both...
His Word and His world
properties
How it looks, smells, behaves, etc.
What properties do not depend on a substance?
Intensive
Energy is measured in
Joules (J)
Kilo symbol and number
K, 1000
unit and quantity for Kelvin
K, Temperature
Liters cannot be cubed, instead...
L=dm^3, mL=cm^3
Symbol and quantity for meter
M, length
Chemistry is all about..
Modeling
What did Chadwick discover about neutrons
No charge and are hard to detect, purpose is stability of the nucleus (bigger atom, more neutrons)
Ion symbol of 15 P, 16 N, 18 E
P^3-
Developing a Biblical worldview steps
Recall Biblical teaching, Explain Bible teaching, Evaluate Contrary Thinking, Formulate a Christian understanding, Applying Christian understanding to life
What is the only way to be rescued?
Repent and Believe
What is a powerful tool for us to use in God's world?
Science
presuppositions
Statements or ideas that are not proven but are used as a basis for reasoning
What happens to particles during a chemical reaction?
The particles are not created or destroyed, but rearranged
H-3
Tritium
Pauli Exclusion Principle
Two electrons in the same orbital must have opposite spins
C=λf is the same as
V=λf
velocity wavelength formula
V=λf
Why are people valuable?
We are made in God's image
John Dalton, law of multiple proportions
When two different compounds have same two elements, equal mass of one element results in integer multiple of mass of other
Creationists have faith in God and His _____
Word
Is there a change in energy associated with a chemical reaction?
Yes; heat, light, sound, feel cold
What is made up of what you believe about the most important things in life?
Your Worldview
Write the SEC of Co
[Ar] 4s^2 3d^7
List the orbital diagram of oxygen
^v (1s) ^v (2s) ^v ^ ^ (2p)
atom
a basic building block of matter
ion
a charged atom
alloy
a homogenous mix of metals
anion
a negative ion where more electrons than protons; formed when we gain electrions
molecule
a neutral group of bonded atoms
measurement
a number followed by a unit
cation
a positive ion where more protons than electrons; formed when we lose electrons
conversion factors
a ratio of equivalent values having different units
chemical reaciton
a rearrangement of atoms such that "what you end up with"(product) differs form "what you start with"(reactants)
Atomic Emission Spectrum
a set of frequencies of electromagnetic waves given off by atoms of an element; consists of a series of fine lines of individual colors
dimensional analysis
a systematic approach to problem solving that uses conversion factors to move or convert from one unit to another
scientific model
a tool constructed by the scientist based on all the known experimental evidence about a particular thing
Derived unit
a unit that is defined by a combination of base units
accepted (true) value
a value that is considered true
Biblical worldview
a view of the world based on what God has told us in His Word
mass
amount of matter
cathoderaytube
an electric current was passed through gases at low pressure
noble gas
an extremely unreactive group 18 element
chemical change
any change that results in the production of one or more substances that differ in chemical properties and composition from the original substances. Occurs only when chemical reactions take place
Matter
anything that has mass and takes up space
smallest particles that make up every object in our natural world
atom
where is atomic number on an element
bottom left
Centi symbol and number
c, .01
Molecules can be altered by _____ means
chemical (chemical reactions, chemical changes)
Naturalists believe Love, happiness, justice, peace, and life itself are nothing more than...
chemical reactions
Physical properties can be observed without...
chemically changing the substance
______ is a powerful tool for us to use in God's world
chemistry
sorting mixtures
color, shape, texture, etc.
Use chemical reaction separating for...
compounds
polyatomic elements
consist of several like atoms bonded together
monatomic element
consist of unbonded like atoms
Compounds
contain two or more different types of atoms and have properties that are different from those of their constituent elements
We have limited understandings because we are...
creation
Derived unit for volume is the ________
cubic meter
Deci symbol and number
d, .1
solid
definite shape, definite volume
gas to solid change
deposition
What is on the right side of a mass spectrum graph?
diatomic element atoms ( the element naturally has 2 atoms)
heterogenous
different composition and properties in the same sample; unevenly mixed
allotropes
different forms of the same element in the same state of matter
Isotope
different varieties of an element's atoms. Have a different number of neutrons and some are radioactive
God gave Adam the job to have ____ over creation
domain
weight
effect of gravity on mass
The first discovery (William Crookes) of a subatomic particle resulted from experiments into the nature of the relationship between...
electricity and matter
Lewis dot structure
electron dot structures used to represent valence electrons
Niels Bohr's theory
electrons can possess only certain amounts of energy, and can therefore be only certain distances from the nucleus (planetary model)
Aufban principle
electrons will take the lowest energy orbital first
What two things count as pure substances
element, compound
What is released in the excited state of an atom
energy (heat, light, electricity, etc.)
Joseph Proust, Law of definite proportions
every compound has a fixed proportion
Naturalists developed the theory of ____ to explain the chance existence of elements, plants, animals, people, and ultimately the universe
evolution
If the right amount of energy is absorbed by an electron, it can jump to a higher energy level. This unstable momentary condition is called the..
excited state
When we study from a biblical worldview, we have the perspective to..
expose error in science
A biblical worldview is not the only one that must by accepted by...
faith
True or false: Elements are made of indivisible particles called atoms
false
True or false: atoms of the same element are exactly alike; in particular, they have the same mass
false
How does chemistry affect us every day?
food, clothes, car, medicine
In empty space, all light has the same speed, but the amount of energy depends on its...
frequency
Units for density are often
g/mL or g/mc^3
When Christians love others they...
glorify God by showing a suffering world that their Christianity is real
When electrons are in lowest possible energy state, an atom is in the..
ground state
What is water made of
groups of 2H's and 1 O's
Pure Substances
have a fixed composition and fixed properties
As energy level increases, electrons...
have more energy and are farther from the nucleus
What two things count as mixture
homogenous, heterogeneous
Chemical properties tell...
how a substances reacts with other substances
accuracy
how close a measured value is to an accepted value (average)
valence electrons
in outer energy levels (s and p sublevels) (involved in chemical bonding)
liquid
indefinite shape, definite volume
gas
indefinite shape, indefinite volume
kernel electrons
inner energy levels, closest to nucleus
Separating mixtures
involves physical means, or physical changes
symbol and quantity for kilogram
kg, mass
Examples of measurement
kilometers, meters, grams
Naturalists believe helping people is just preserving one's ____ as produced by evolution
kind
Chemical reactions have reactants on the _____ side and products on the _______ side
left; right
When electrons fall back to a lower energy, more stable orbital atom releases the right amount of energy as...
light
Milli symbol and number
m, .001
What is the speed of light measured in
m/s
What is copper made of
many copper atoms
after being used by a mass spectrometer, ions are sorted by...
mass
AAM formula
mass a (percent abundance of A as decimal) + mass B (percent abundance of B as decimal)
Extensive properties are measured with...
mass, length, volume, heat content
Naturalists assume that _____ is all that exists and that human reasoning informed by science is the only reliable path to truth
matter
All scientists assume...
matter exists and that it can be measured. Nature is orderly and worthy of study
Greek atom
matter is discontinuous (comes from atomos; indivisible)
Law of Conservation of Mass
matter is neither created nor destroyed. Total mass of products is equal to the total mass of reactants (Pmass=Rmass)
God's word helps us see not only the fallen nature of the world but also the fallen nature of our...
minds
unit and quantity for mole
mol, amount of substance (counting number, how many)
Naturalists believe there is no absolute code of ____
morality
Naturalistic worldview sees the world as a series of...
natural processes
Thomson concluded that electrons were..
negatively charged subatomic particles present in atoms of all elements
Example of all disciples working together to make progress of our stewardship responsibility
neuroscientists and computer programmers and those in prosthetics create hearing aids to allow a person to regain a lost sense of hearing
Is Chemistry the ultimate solution for all the problems we have now
no
Final zeroes are _____ if a decimal is not written. They are placeholders.
not significant
Leading zeroes are ______. They are placeholders.
not significant
Atoms can only be altered by _______ means
nuclear
When adding and subtracting derived quantities, the answer should be rounded off to contain the same __________ with the least number of decimal places
number of decimal places
superscript in an electron configuration
number of electrons in those sublevels
coefficient in an electron configuration
number of energy levels
mass number
number of protons and neutrons added together (counting number)
atomic number
number of protons that determines the identity of an atom
When multiplying and dividing quantities, the answer should be rounded off to contain _________ as found in the LEAST accurate of values
number of total digits
A key word of science is...
observation
Science relies on our ______ of the world. But we are limited in our ability to observe and to ____ and ____ what we observe
observations; relate; explain
physical change
occurs when a physical property of a substance changes without any change in the substances chemical properties or composition.
filter mixtures
particle size is different
Homogenous (solution)
particles are mico; sample has the same composition and properties throughout; evenly mixed
Thomson model
plum pudding model
Max Planck's theory
proposed that mounts of energy are quantized (only certain values are allowed)
H-1
protium
to find the net charge on an atom, consider the...
protons and neutrons
God's world was perfect and evidence of design. We were created with beauty and a ______
purpose
What model of the atom do we now use
quantum mechanic model
in radioactive isotopes, the nucleus attempts to attain a lower energy state by releasing extra energy as
radiation (a particles, B particles, gamma rays)
C-14 atoms are...
radioactive
Density
ratio that compares the mass of an object to its volume
precision
refers to how close a series of measurements are to one another (individual trials)
orbital
regions of space where an electron may be found
Cubic meters is used for solids with ______ dimensions but is not good for solids with irregular shapes
regular
E=hv
relates energy and frequency
C=λf
relates speed, frequency, and wavelength
how are mass spectrum graphs measured
relative intensity and mass
Hearing is not enough to be saved. We must ____ our _____
restore; relationship
Substances in mixtures are not chemically bonded and they....
retain their individual properties
To remove placeholder zeroes...
rewrite the number is scientific notation
sublevels in energy level 1
s
sublevels in energy level 2
s p
sublevels in energy level 3
s p d
sublevels in energy level 4
s p d f
unit and quantity for second
s, time
____ is a tool for enhancing the quality of people's lives
science
Distillation
separating by boiling points
Consequences of our sin is ______ from _____
separation; God
suspension
settles over time
All final zeroes are ______ if a decimal is written
significant
Non zero numbers are always...
significant
Zeroes between nonzero numbers are always...
significant
counting numbers and defined constants have an infinite number of _______ figures
significant
states of matter
solid, liquid, gas
People can serve others by...
solving real world problems
chromatography separating mixtures
some substances dissolve more easily than others
volume
space matter occupies
quantum number
specify the properties of atomic orbitals and the properties of the electrons in orbitals
C-12 atoms are...
stable
Solid to gas change
sublimation
Naturalists believe science is a method of _______, a way to preserve or improve the current human way of life. We determine our destiny
survival
Principle quantum number
symbolized by n, indicates the main energy level occupied by the electron
error
the difference between an experimental value and an accepted value (error=observed-accepted)
Frequency
the number of wave cycles per second (Hz) (S^-1 or 1/S)
percent error
the ratio of an error to an accepted value
Volume
the space occupied by an object
Chemistry
the study of matter and the changes it undergoes
In distillation, no reactions are needed because...
the substances are not bonded
octet rule
the tendency for atoms to want 8 electrons
half life
the time needed for half of a radioactive sample to decay into stable matter
Average Atomic Mass
the weighted average mass of all atoms of an element measured in amu
What is our purpose?
to worship and walk with Him
Where is mass number on an element
top left
where is charge on an element
top right
Intensive properties are always...
true
true or false: compounds are formed by the joining of atoms of two or more elements in fixed, whole number ratios
true
Mixtures
two or more substances physically mixed together of varying composition and properties
In chemistry you must use...
units
mass spectrometry
used to detect isotopes and provide evidence for their existence
mass spectrometer
uses an ionizing beam of electrons to analyze a sample of an element by turning atoms into positive ions
Noble gases have full _____ shells
valence
observed (measured) value
values measured during an experiment
examples of derived units
volume, density, speed
To find the volume of an irregular solid, we can use a process called ____________
water displacement
composition
what matter is made of
Creationists believe that when science contradicts the Bible, it is not nature contradicting the Bible but a scientist's model affected by his ______ that contradicts the Bible
worldview
The Bible gives us a distinct _____ to live by. Like a pair of glasses, the Bible brings every part of the world into focus.
worldview
wavelength symbol
λ (lambda).
