Child Psychology
Computing reliability
# of agreements / # of agreements + # of disagreements (total possible) 80% or higher is "acceptable"
3 Developmental Processes
1. Biological processes 2. Cognitive processes 3. Socioemotional processes
The steps in the scientific method.
1. Conceptualize a problem 2. Collect research data 3. Analyze data 4. Draw conclusions
Typical prenatal development lasts how many weeks?
38 weeks
The "nature" part of the nature-nurture controversy is best described as
A biological perspective
Mitosis
A cell's nucleus, including the chromosomes, duplicates itself, and the cell divides.
In general, prenatal care involves which of the following?
A defined schedule of visits for medial care Screening for manageable conditions Testing for treatable diseases
Which of the following best describes Erikson's theory of development?
A multistage theory in which a developmental task in each stage confronts individuals with a crisis that must be resolved
Development
A pattern of change that begins at conception and continues throughout the lifespan. Most development includes growth, but it can also include decline
Meiosis
A specialized form of cell division forms eggs and sperm only
Which of the following are contributions of psychoanalytic theories?
An emphasis on the unconscious A developmentally oriented framework A focus on family relationships
Formal Observation
An observation that occurs under controlled conditions and is often reordered
During Erikson's stage of autonomy versus shame and doubt, what do infants begin to do?
Assert their independence
When does the prenatal period of development begin?
At conception
Which of Erikson's stages occurs in late infancy and toddlerhood and involves infants realizing their will?
Autonomy versus shame and doubt
Naturalistic observation
Behavior is observed in real world settings
_____________ processes produce changes in an individual's body.
Biological
Socioemotional Processes
Changes in an individual's relationships with other people, emotions, and personality
In the adolescent years, children discover who they are, what they are about, and where they are going in their lives. This occurs during the stage of development that Erik Erikson described as identity versus identity
Confusion
Unlike psychoanalytic theories, what do cognitive theories of development emphasize?
Conscious thoughts
Labratory observation
Controlled setting where factors of the "real world" are removed
As compared to Freud, today's psychoanalytic theorists place more emphasis on ______ as determinants of an individual's development.
Cultural Experiences
Which of the following statements are true about ethnicity?
Cultural heritage and language are aspects of ethnicity. Ethnicity can include race and religion. There can be diversity within ethnic groups.
___________ encompasses the behavior patterns, beliefs, and all other products of a particular group of people that are passed from generation to generation.
Culture
Which of the following are key characteristics of Vygotsky's theory?
Culture Social interaction
Which of the following statements are true of culture?
Culture is passed on from one generation to the next. People's behaviors are often strongly influenced by their culture. People from the same culture often share similar beliefs.
What do both the behavioral and the social cognitive theories of development assume?
Development does not occur in a stage-like fashion.
The term ______ comes from the Greek word for "nation."
Ethnicity
Of the following, which are examples of biological processes that affect development?
Growth in motor skills Genes inherited from parents Brain development Weight gain Hormonal changes of puberty
id, ego, superego
Id: entirely unconscious and includes instinctive and primitive behaviors Ego: Develops from the id and ensures that the impulses of the id can be expressed in a manner acceptable in the real world Superego: Holds the internalized moral standards and ideals that we acquire from our parents and society (our sense of right and wrong).
Which of the following best describes Erikson's developmental stage that involves adolescents finding out who they are and what they want to do in their lives?
Identity versus identity confusion
During which developmental stage of Erikson's theory do children, usually in the elementary school years, direct their energy toward mastering knowledge and intellectual skills?
Industry versus inferiority
According to Erikson, at what stage do children encounter a wider social world and face new challenges that require active, purposeful behavior?
Initiative versus guilt
As preschoolers encounter a wider social world with new challenges that require responsible, active, purposeful behavior, which of Erikson's stages occurs?
Initiative versus guilt
Which of the following is considered to be a contribution of the cognitive perspective?
It places an emphasis on the construction of understanding.
According to Freud's theory, during which stage of psychosexual development is sexual interest repressed?
Latency
Which of the following are abilities of a child in the preoperational stage, according to Piaget?
Make a drawing to represent a car Engage in symbolic thought Represent the world with speech
Informal Observation
No hypothesis and the least rigorous observation
Frued's Psychosexual Stages
OAPLG 1. Oral Stage 2. Anal Stage 3. Phallic Stage 4. Latency Stage 5. Genital Stage
Which of the following are criticisms of psychoanalytic theories?
Overemphasis on sexual underpinnings An image of people that is too negative A lack of scientific support
Indirect observation
Parent or teacher interviews
The results of biological, cognitive, and socioemotional processes
Periods of development
According to Freud's psychosexual development theory, which stage of development occurs between the ages of 3 and 6, when a child's pleasure focuses on the genitals?
Phallic
Biological Processes
Produce change in an individual's body
Which type of theory emphasizes work in the areas of unconscious thoughts and past experiences?
Psychoanalytic
Cognitive Processes
Refers to changes in an individual's thought, intelligence, and language
Which of the following markers is used to determine the compatibility of a mother's and fetus' blood types?
Rh-factor
What theoretical view holds that behavior, environment, and cognition are the key factors in development?
Social cognitive theory
Culture, gender, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status are ______ components of development.
Socio-cultural
What is the maternal disease that leads to eye lesions, which can cause blindness, and skin lesions in infants.
Syphilis
Which of the following characterizes the third stage of the birth process?
The placenta is expelled.
Context
The setting in which development occurs. Examples: Culture, sex, socioeconomic status, ethnicity
Which of Erikson's stages of development occurs during the first year of life?
Trust vs. Mistrust
Which of the following are cognitive theories of development?
Vygotsky's sociocultural theory Piaget's cognitive developmental theory Information-processing theory
Each of Piaget's age-related stages consists of
a distinct way of thinking.
The "nurture" portion of the nature-nurture controversy is best described as
an environmental perspective on how people develop.
Development is defined as the pattern of change that begins at ______ and continues through ________
at conception ; through the human lifespan
When does the first Piagetian stage occur?
birth to 2 years of age
According to Piaget, children in the ______ stage cannot yet reason logically about hypothetical or abstract ideas, but they can do so with specific examples.
concrete operational
The term ____________ refers to the setting in which development occurs.
context
Dr. Xiong is comparing aspects of the populations of Uganda and Denmark. Her research is best described as
cross-cultural
Once the blastocyst attaches to the uterine wall, the mass of cells become known as a(n)
embryo
The superego is the Freudian structure of personality that
has morality
All of the following are generally lower in individuals with FASD, except
high blood pressure
During Erikson's psychosocial stage of ______ versus ______, usually corresponding with the elementary school years, children's energy should be directed toward acquiring knowledge and intellectual skills.
industry; inferiority
Which theoretical approach states that individuals develop a gradually increasing capacity for sensing, storing, and remembering data, which allows them to acquire increasingly complex knowledge and skills?
information Processing
In Erikson's final stage of development, ______, adults assess their life's value.
integrity versus despair
Madeleine is in her early nineties and is in a nursing home. She has been reflecting on her life and reviewing it as a life well spent. According to Erikson's developmental theory, she is in which stage of development?
integrity versus despair
Erikson's stage of ______ is a crucial stage in which young adults form or fail to form healthy relationships.
intimacy versus isolation
Shevanti is 20 years old and has begun dating her roommate's brother. They are talking about making a serious commitment and possibly getting engaged. According to Erikson, Shevanti is most likely in the
intimacy versus isolation stage.
The process by which the uterus returns to its prepregnant size five or six weeks after birth is known as
involution
The generation of new neurons that takes place beginning at the fifth prenatal week is known as
neurogenesis
behavioral and the social cognitive theories emphasize
no stages --> continuity
Scientific research is ...
objective, systematic, and testable
What two processes underlie Piaget's theory of cognitive development?
organization and adaptation
Women who plan to have children should be given a blood test before they become pregnant to determine whether they are immune to
rubella
One-and-a-half-year-old Malik is enjoying banging pots with a wooden spoon. He is learning about the world through sight, sound, and motor activities. Which Piagetian stage is he in?
sensorimotor
In Erikson's seventh developmental stage, what term does he use for the feeling of having done nothing to help the next generation?
stagnation
Siegler emphasized the use of ______ to discover not just what children know but the cognitive processes involved in how they acquired that knowledge.
the microgenetic method
True or false: Development involves both growth and decline.
true
Erikson's first stage of psychosocial development is the stage of ______ versus ______.
trust; mistrust