Child Psychology

Computing reliability

# of agreements / # of agreements + # of disagreements (total possible) 80% or higher is "acceptable"

3 Developmental Processes

1. Biological processes 2. Cognitive processes 3. Socioemotional processes

The steps in the scientific method.

1. Conceptualize a problem 2. Collect research data 3. Analyze data 4. Draw conclusions

Typical prenatal development lasts how many weeks?

38 weeks

The "nature" part of the nature-nurture controversy is best described as

A biological perspective

Mitosis

A cell's nucleus, including the chromosomes, duplicates itself, and the cell divides.

In general, prenatal care involves which of the following?

A defined schedule of visits for medial care Screening for manageable conditions Testing for treatable diseases

Which of the following best describes Erikson's theory of development?

A multistage theory in which a developmental task in each stage confronts individuals with a crisis that must be resolved

Development

A pattern of change that begins at conception and continues throughout the lifespan. Most development includes growth, but it can also include decline

Meiosis

A specialized form of cell division forms eggs and sperm only

Which of the following are contributions of psychoanalytic theories?

An emphasis on the unconscious A developmentally oriented framework A focus on family relationships

Formal Observation

An observation that occurs under controlled conditions and is often reordered

During Erikson's stage of autonomy versus shame and doubt, what do infants begin to do?

Assert their independence

When does the prenatal period of development begin?

At conception

Which of Erikson's stages occurs in late infancy and toddlerhood and involves infants realizing their will?

Autonomy versus shame and doubt

Naturalistic observation

Behavior is observed in real world settings

_____________ processes produce changes in an individual's body.

Biological

Socioemotional Processes

Changes in an individual's relationships with other people, emotions, and personality

In the adolescent years, children discover who they are, what they are about, and where they are going in their lives. This occurs during the stage of development that Erik Erikson described as identity versus identity

Confusion

Unlike psychoanalytic theories, what do cognitive theories of development emphasize?

Conscious thoughts

Labratory observation

Controlled setting where factors of the "real world" are removed

As compared to Freud, today's psychoanalytic theorists place more emphasis on ______ as determinants of an individual's development.

Cultural Experiences

Which of the following statements are true about ethnicity?

Cultural heritage and language are aspects of ethnicity. Ethnicity can include race and religion. There can be diversity within ethnic groups.

___________ encompasses the behavior patterns, beliefs, and all other products of a particular group of people that are passed from generation to generation.

Culture

Which of the following are key characteristics of Vygotsky's theory?

Culture Social interaction

Which of the following statements are true of culture?

Culture is passed on from one generation to the next. People's behaviors are often strongly influenced by their culture. People from the same culture often share similar beliefs.

What do both the behavioral and the social cognitive theories of development assume?

Development does not occur in a stage-like fashion.

The term ______ comes from the Greek word for "nation."

Ethnicity

Of the following, which are examples of biological processes that affect development?

Growth in motor skills Genes inherited from parents Brain development Weight gain Hormonal changes of puberty

id, ego, superego

Id: entirely unconscious and includes instinctive and primitive behaviors Ego: Develops from the id and ensures that the impulses of the id can be expressed in a manner acceptable in the real world Superego: Holds the internalized moral standards and ideals that we acquire from our parents and society (our sense of right and wrong).

Which of the following best describes Erikson's developmental stage that involves adolescents finding out who they are and what they want to do in their lives?

Identity versus identity confusion

During which developmental stage of Erikson's theory do children, usually in the elementary school years, direct their energy toward mastering knowledge and intellectual skills?

Industry versus inferiority

According to Erikson, at what stage do children encounter a wider social world and face new challenges that require active, purposeful behavior?

Initiative versus guilt

As preschoolers encounter a wider social world with new challenges that require responsible, active, purposeful behavior, which of Erikson's stages occurs?

Initiative versus guilt

Which of the following is considered to be a contribution of the cognitive perspective?

It places an emphasis on the construction of understanding.

According to Freud's theory, during which stage of psychosexual development is sexual interest repressed?

Latency

Which of the following are abilities of a child in the preoperational stage, according to Piaget?

Make a drawing to represent a car Engage in symbolic thought Represent the world with speech

Informal Observation

No hypothesis and the least rigorous observation

Frued's Psychosexual Stages

OAPLG 1. Oral Stage 2. Anal Stage 3. Phallic Stage 4. Latency Stage 5. Genital Stage

Which of the following are criticisms of psychoanalytic theories?

Overemphasis on sexual underpinnings An image of people that is too negative A lack of scientific support

Indirect observation

Parent or teacher interviews

The results of biological, cognitive, and socioemotional processes

Periods of development

According to Freud's psychosexual development theory, which stage of development occurs between the ages of 3 and 6, when a child's pleasure focuses on the genitals?

Phallic

Biological Processes

Produce change in an individual's body

Which type of theory emphasizes work in the areas of unconscious thoughts and past experiences?

Psychoanalytic

Cognitive Processes

Refers to changes in an individual's thought, intelligence, and language

Which of the following markers is used to determine the compatibility of a mother's and fetus' blood types?

Rh-factor

What theoretical view holds that behavior, environment, and cognition are the key factors in development?

Social cognitive theory

Culture, gender, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status are ______ components of development.

Socio-cultural

What is the maternal disease that leads to eye lesions, which can cause blindness, and skin lesions in infants.

Syphilis

Which of the following characterizes the third stage of the birth process?

The placenta is expelled.

Context

The setting in which development occurs. Examples: Culture, sex, socioeconomic status, ethnicity

Which of Erikson's stages of development occurs during the first year of life?

Trust vs. Mistrust

Which of the following are cognitive theories of development?

Vygotsky's sociocultural theory Piaget's cognitive developmental theory Information-processing theory

Each of Piaget's age-related stages consists of

a distinct way of thinking.

The "nurture" portion of the nature-nurture controversy is best described as

an environmental perspective on how people develop.

Development is defined as the pattern of change that begins at ______ and continues through ________

at conception ; through the human lifespan

When does the first Piagetian stage occur?

birth to 2 years of age

According to Piaget, children in the ______ stage cannot yet reason logically about hypothetical or abstract ideas, but they can do so with specific examples.

concrete operational

The term ____________ refers to the setting in which development occurs.

context

Dr. Xiong is comparing aspects of the populations of Uganda and Denmark. Her research is best described as

cross-cultural

Once the blastocyst attaches to the uterine wall, the mass of cells become known as a(n)

embryo

The superego is the Freudian structure of personality that

has morality

All of the following are generally lower in individuals with FASD, except

high blood pressure

During Erikson's psychosocial stage of ______ versus ______, usually corresponding with the elementary school years, children's energy should be directed toward acquiring knowledge and intellectual skills.

industry; inferiority

Which theoretical approach states that individuals develop a gradually increasing capacity for sensing, storing, and remembering data, which allows them to acquire increasingly complex knowledge and skills?

information Processing

In Erikson's final stage of development, ______, adults assess their life's value.

integrity versus despair

Madeleine is in her early nineties and is in a nursing home. She has been reflecting on her life and reviewing it as a life well spent. According to Erikson's developmental theory, she is in which stage of development?

integrity versus despair

Erikson's stage of ______ is a crucial stage in which young adults form or fail to form healthy relationships.

intimacy versus isolation

Shevanti is 20 years old and has begun dating her roommate's brother. They are talking about making a serious commitment and possibly getting engaged. According to Erikson, Shevanti is most likely in the

intimacy versus isolation stage.

The process by which the uterus returns to its prepregnant size five or six weeks after birth is known as

involution

The generation of new neurons that takes place beginning at the fifth prenatal week is known as

neurogenesis

behavioral and the social cognitive theories emphasize

no stages --> continuity

Scientific research is ...

objective, systematic, and testable

What two processes underlie Piaget's theory of cognitive development?

organization and adaptation

Women who plan to have children should be given a blood test before they become pregnant to determine whether they are immune to

rubella

One-and-a-half-year-old Malik is enjoying banging pots with a wooden spoon. He is learning about the world through sight, sound, and motor activities. Which Piagetian stage is he in?

sensorimotor

In Erikson's seventh developmental stage, what term does he use for the feeling of having done nothing to help the next generation?

stagnation

Siegler emphasized the use of ______ to discover not just what children know but the cognitive processes involved in how they acquired that knowledge.

the microgenetic method

True or false: Development involves both growth and decline.

true

Erikson's first stage of psychosocial development is the stage of ______ versus ______.

trust; mistrust