Chp 4 Smartbook

Which of the following theorists developed a temperament classification that emphasized the importance of effortful control? Watson Kagan Rothbart and Bates Chess and Thomas

Rothbart and Bates

The family system includes the subsystems of generation, gender, and genetics. role. parents. siblings.

role.

The maturation of the frontal regions of the cerebral cortex allows infants to become more likely to display emotion. begin to regulate their emotions. feel emotions more intensely. exhibit emotions like distress and rage.

begin to regulate their emotions.

Select all that apply In infancy, emotions play important roles in which of the following? demonstrating intelligence. communication with others. reciprocal socialization. behavioral organization.

communication with others. behavioral organization.

The close emotional bond between caregivers and infants is known as ________________________.

emotional attachment

Select all that apply In what ways do parents appropriately manage and guide infants' behavior to reduce or eliminate undesirable behaviors? ignoring their infants' problematic behaviors engaging in corrective measures being proactive and childproofing the environment employing strict discipline

engaging in corrective measures being proactive and childproofing the environment

True or false: Temperament remains stable throughout an individual's development.

false

True or false: The United States has led the way in providing paid parental leave to care for a newborn.

false

What emotion would an infant younger than 6 months be unlikely to experience? joy disgust guilt fear

guilt

A(n) ______ temperament is associated with a high and stable heart rate, high level of cortisol, and high activity in the right frontal lobe of the brain. outgoing inhibited uninhibited

inhibited

True or false: Marital relationships, parenting, and infant behavior and development have both direct and indirect effects on one another. True false question.

true

True or false: Personality in infants is thought to involve a sense of self, trust, self-recognition, and independence.

true

The term _________________ protest is used to describe the behavior of infants who cry when their caregiver leaves them.

separation

An infant's fear of a caregiver leaving, which results in crying when the caregiver leaves, is called reflexive anxiety. stranger anxiety. social protest. separation protest.

separation protest.

The family can be thought of as a constellation of ______ defined in terms of generation, gender, and role. qualities personalities subsystems functions

subsystems

Insecure avoidant babies engage in little interaction with the caregiver. use the caregiver as a base from which to explore. seem dazed, confused, and fearful. cling to and then resist the caregiver.

engage in little interaction with the caregiver.

Which of the following is LEAST likely to influence an individual's emotions? biological foundations. experiences. cognitive processes. environmental quality.

environmental quality.

According to the ______, development reflects an ongoing, bidirectional interchange between genes and the environment. scientific method nature-nurture issue epigenetic view eclectic theoretical orientation

epigenetic view

Baby Farooq enjoys meeting new people and is mostly happy, but he has trouble self-soothing. His temperament could be described as high in emotional negativity and high in effortful control. extraverted, with high effortful control. low in emotional negativity and high in effortful control. extraverted, with low effortful control.

extraverted, with low effortful control.

True or false: According to Bowlby, infant attachment develops from a specific attachment to a more generalized attachment.

false

The reciprocal interchanges and mutual influence processes between parents and children are sometimes referred to as transactional. scaffolds. isolated actions.

transactional.

True or false: A quality child care environment should provide a low caregiver-to-child ratio.

true

Which of the following statements best describes the influence of biology and environment on emotional development? Emotions are influenced by both nature and nurture. Emotions are influenced by nature but not by nurture. Emotions are influenced by nurture but not by nature. Nature and nurture have no effect on emotional development.

Emotions are influenced by both nature and nurture.

Ainsworth created the _______________ Situation, an observational way to identify differences in infant attachment.

Strange

According to Chess and Thomas' temperament classification system, a(n) __________________ child is one who reacts negatively and cries frequently, engages in irregular daily routines, and is slow to accept change.

difficult

According to Ainsworth's model, insecure _______________ babies are disoriented; they might show strong patterns of avoidance and resistance or display certain specified behaviors, such as extreme fearfulness around the caregiver.

disorganized

Eight-month-old Roger is usually in a positive mood, is adaptive, and conforms readily to household routines. According to Chess & Thomas' classification system, he is a(n) ___________________ child.

easy

Little Juanita wakes up everyday smiling and ready for the day. She thrives in her routine but is always up for doing something new. Juanita is a(n) ______ child. slow-to-warm-up difficult easy introverted

easy

As the nervous system in infants develops, locomotion becomes possible and children are able to develop a certain amount of dependence. social need. independence. support.

independence.

Kagan is responsible for a broad temperament category referred to as ______ the unfamiliar. comfort with disassociation with acceptance of inhibition to

inhibition to

The enduring personal characteristics of the individual are known as __________________.

personality traits

Feelings such as joy, enthusiasm, and love are classified as ___________________ emotions.

positive

Select all that apply Chess and Thomas' classification system placed children into which categories of temperament? easy slow-to-warm-up unstable difficult

easy slow-to-warm-up difficult

Select all that apply Child care in the United States is most likely to come from which of the following? government-run child-care centers that are free for all citizens small private homes large child-care centers nonprofit centers with churches

small private homes large child-care centers nonprofit centers with churches

Gaia is a happy and cheerful baby. Luis is cranky and cries a lot. The difference between the two babies is best described as a difference in self-esteem. temperament. independence. socialization.

temperament.

Bowlby argued that infants develop an internal ______________ model of attachment.

working

______ are more likely to be found in family child care and informal care settings than other age groups. Elementary schoolers Kindergartners Infants and toddlers Preschoolers

Infants and toddlers

The Strange Situation, which was an observational means to identify individual differences in infant attachment, was developed by Harlow. Bowlby. Erikson. Ainsworth.

Ainsworth.

Select all that apply Which of the following statements apply to Bowlby's concept of attachment? Attachment is the first phase of development in the infant's life, the trust versus mistrust phase. Attachment is important for survival. Infants and caregivers are biologically predisposed to form attachments. There are five phases of attachment.

Attachment is important for survival. Infants and caregivers are biologically predisposed to form attachments.

Select all that apply Which of the following ideas are stressed by John Bowlby in his concept of attachment? Attachment emerges suddenly. Most children are not biologically prepared to elicit attachment behavior. Caregiver responsiveness is involved. Attachment is crucial in the first year.

Caregiver responsiveness is involved. Attachment is crucial in the first year.

Which theorists developed a temperament classification system in which most children are considered to be easy, difficult, or slow-to-warm-up? Rothbart and Bates Freud Chess and Thomas Kagan

Chess and Thomas

Select all that apply Which of the following statements are true in regard to Harlow's conclusions based on the study of infant monkeys? The first stage of infant development is the trust-versus-mistrust stage. Contact comfort is crucial in the attachment process. Feeding is not the crucial element in the attachment process. Providing nourishment is the most important factor in the attachment process.

Contact comfort is crucial in the attachment process. Feeding is not the crucial element in the attachment process.

Which of the following temperament classifications apply to Rothbart and Bates' model? goodness of fit. Effortful control. the slow-to-warm-up child. inhibition to the unfamiliar.

Effortful control

___________________ are influenced by both biological foundations and by an individual's experiences.

Emotions

Baby Marlow uses mom as a base from which to explore the environment. When mom leaves, he protests mildly, and when mom returns, he reestablishes positive interactions with her. Which of Ainsworth's categories best describes Marlow? He is a securely attached baby. He is an insecure resistant baby. He is an insecurely attached baby. He is an insecure disorganized baby.

He is a securely attached baby.

Baby Jordan engages in little interaction with his mother and isn't distressed when she leaves the room. When she returns, Jordan does not reestablish contact with her and even turns his back on her. Which of Ainsworth's categories best describes Jordan? He is a securely attached baby. He is an insecure resistant baby. He is an insecure avoidant baby. He is an insecure disorganized baby.

He is an insecure avoidant baby.

Baby Mathias cries loudly when his mother leaves the room and then fights against her when she tries to comfort him on her return. Which of the following statements is true? He is an insecure resistant baby. He is an insecure disorganized baby. He is an insecure avoidant baby. He is a securely attached baby.

He is an insecure resistant baby.

Which of the following statements are true of stranger anxiety? It disappears by 1 year of age. It appears at about 6 months of age. It peaks at about 9 months of age. It is strongest when the infant is sitting on its mother's lap.

It appears at about 6 months of age.

Which theorist(s) developed a temperament classification system based on inhibition and lack of inhibition? Rothbart Kagan Gartstein Chess and Thomas

Kagan

______ skills refer to crawling, walking, and running; once infants and toddlers are able to do this, they expand their exploration considerably. Social referencing Social orientation Intention Locomotion

Locomotion

Select all that apply According to research, some couples experienced which of the positive results in the transition to parenting? Couples reported having more economic security. Men became more concerned with intimacy. Women more closely attended to their own personal growth. Women improved family task management. Couples reported have a more stable couple identity.

Men became more concerned with intimacy. Women more closely attended to their own personal growth. Women improved family task management. Couples reported have a more stable couple identity.

Select all that apply Which of the following statements are true regarding cultural influences on emotional development? Non-Latino White infants are more likely to display more intense positive and negative emotions than East Asian infants. East Asian parents encourage their children to express emotions versus showing emotional reserve. East Asian parents encourage their children to show emotional reserve rather than to be emotionally expressive.

Non-Latino White infants are more likely to display more intense positive and negative emotions than East Asian infants. East Asian parents encourage their children to show emotional reserve rather than to be emotionally expressive.

Longitudinal research regarding the transition to parenthood revealed which of the following trends? Men paid more attention to personal growth after a baby was born. One-third of couples showed an increase in marital satisfaction after a baby was born. Women focused less on managing family tasks after a baby was born. Couples enjoyed less positive marital relations before the baby was born.

One-third of couples showed an increase in marital satisfaction after a baby was born.

Match Bowlby's phase of attachment: Phase 1: birth to 2 months Phase 2: 2 to 7 months Phase 3: 7 to 24 months Phase 4: 24 months on With its description: Specific attachments develop. Attachment becomes focused on one figure. Children become aware of others' feelings, goals, and plans. Children instinctively direct attachment to human figures.

Phase 1: birth to 2 months Children instinctively direct attachment to human figures. Phase 2: 2 to 7 months Attachment becomes focused on one figure. Phase 3: 7 to 24 months Specific attachments develop. Phase 4: 24 months on Children become aware of others' feelings, goals, and plans.

Select all that apply Which of the following are self-conscious emotions? Surprise. Pride. Joy. Empathy. Interest.

Pride Joy

______ involves parents who take the time to interact with a child in such a way that the child experiences turn-taking and the parents support the child's efforts at any age. Scaffolding Reciprocity Mutual dependence Socialization

Scaffolding

______ refers to an individual's behavioral style and characteristic ways of responding. Mood Temperament Emotional behavior Personality

Temperament

Select all that apply A high-quality day care center should provide which of the following? age-appropriate toys for play age-appropriate activities a good amount of time free of supervision a safe environment

age-appropriate toys for play age-appropriate activities a safe environment

What is the close emotional bond between two people called? accommodation assimilation organization attachment

attachment

At what age do children markedly increase their imitative and reciprocal play behaviors? between 10 and 12 months between 24 and 30 months between 18 and 24 months hsbetween 12 and 15 months

between 18 and 24 months

Which of the following describes reciprocal socialization? one-way bidirectional fixed static

bidirectional

Select all that apply Which of the following are characteristic of an infant's pain cry? rhythmic pattern shouting sound breath holding an inspiratory whistle lack of preliminary moaning

breath holding lack of preliminary moaning

Children who can distract themselves from a stressful encounter show a lower level of negative affect in the context and less anxiety over time. This an example of the influence of which of the following on emotion? cognitive processes. biological foundations. culture. social relationships.

cognitive processes.

Coordinated actions of 1-year-olds in a cooperative task is most likely cooperative rather than coincidental. coerced rather than cooperative. coincidental rather than cooperative.

coincidental rather than cooperative.

An infant's most powerful method of communicating need or distress is through the act of _________________.

crying

Parents in East Asia encouraging the demonstration of emotional reserve illustrates the influence of which of the following on emotional development? culture. disregulation. lack of competence. multiculturalism.

culture.

Select all that apply Which of the following are biological influences relating to emotion? prenatal exposure to androgens development of the hippocampus early parent-child verbal communication maturation of the cerebral cortex development of the brain stem

development of the hippocampus maturation of the cerebral cortex development of the brain stem

Six-month-old John often reacts negatively and cries frequently. He also is not very adaptive. According to Chess and Thomas' classification system, he is most likely a(n) _________________ child.

difficult

The social system of the family has ______ and ______ effects on the members. direct; indirect open; closed passive; active positive; negative

direct; indirect

According to Ainsworth's model, insecure ______ babies may show confusion and fearfulness around their caregivers. detached disorganized avoidant resistant

disorganized

A feeling or affect that occurs when individuals are in a state or an interaction that is important to them, especially to their well-being, is called an _________________.

emotion

Select all that apply Another way to describe temperament is in terms of predispositions toward which two of the following? distraction emotional reactivity secure attachment self-esteem self-regulation

emotional reactivity self-regulation

Infants communicate important aspects of their lives such as joy, sadness, interest, and fear through cognitions. instincts. reactions. emotions.

emotions.

Harlow's baby monkey study demonstrated that ______ is not the crucial element in the attachment process and that ______ is important. biology; cognition contact comfort; feeding feeding; contact comfort cognition; biology

feeding; contact comfort

The match between a child's temperament and the environmental demands with which the child must cope is known by the term adjustment parenting. goodness of fit. parenting challenge. lack of fit.

goodness of fit.

Parents manage or guide infant behavior in an attempt to show the infant who is in charge. mold the infant's temperament. demonstrate sensitivity. help reduce or eliminate undesirable behaviors.

help reduce or eliminate undesirable behaviors.

According to Bowlby, an infant's internal working model of attachment develops into seven more developmental stages that occur across the life span. has minimal impact on the child's subsequent responses to other people. deteriorates after the age of 24 months. influences the child's subsequent responses to other people.

influences the child's subsequent responses to other people.

Little baby Nancy is shy around new people and is quiet, but she has no trouble self-soothing. Her temperament could be described as extraverted and low in effortful control. high in emotional negativity and high in effortful control. introverted with high effortful control. extraverted, with high effortful control.

introverted with high effortful control.

A slow-to-warm-up child has a ______ activity level, is somewhat ______, and displays ______ intensity of mood. low; positive; high low; negative; high high; positive; low low; negative; low

low; negative; low

When classifying a child's temperament, it is best to think of it as multidimensional. superficial. static. circumstantial.

multidimensional.

Which of the following plays an essential role in an infant's development of trust according to Erikson? social sophistication physical comfort goal-directed behavior emotional expressiveness

physical comfort

Kagan believes that children inherit a/an _______________________(emotionality/physiology) that biases them to have a particular type of temperament.

physiology

In a most basic classification sense, enthusiasm, joy, and love are classified as ____________________ emotions, whereas anxiety, anger, and guilt are classified as __________________ emotions.

positive; negative

Emotional interactions between caregiver and child are ______, or synchronous, meaning they shape and are shaped by each other. one directional personal reciprocal singular

reciprocal

Social ______ involves the "reading" of emotional cue in others to help determine how to act in a particular situation. referencing tagging sleuthing indexing

referencing

Which type of infant smile does NOT depend on external stimuli? reflexive aggravated social agitated

reflexive

A _________________(reflexive/social) smile in an infant does not occur in response to external stimuli, but a __________________(reflexive/social) smile does.

reflexive; social

Self-__________________ involves variations in the extent or effectiveness of an individual's ability to control his or her emotions.

regulation

According to Ainsworth's model, an insecure ________________ baby often clings to the caregiver and then may fight against closeness perhaps by kicking or pushing away.

resistant

The family system includes the subsystems of generation, gender, and parents. siblings. role. genetics.

role.

An important form of reciprocal socialization is ____________________, in which parents adjust the level of guidance to fit the child's performance, thus allowing them to be more skillful.

scaffolding

What term describes an infant who sees the caregiver as a base from which to explore the environment? exploratory personality secure personality insecurely attached securely attached

securely attached

One-year-old Bryan sees a man with a beard approaching him and his mother. Brian looks at his mother's face to get a cue as to whether or not he should be alarmed. His reliance on his mother to "show" him how to react is an example of ______________ _____________________.

social referencing

Which of the following refers to an infant's ability to "read" the emotions of other people? socioemotional selectivity reflexive attachment joint attention social referencing

social referencing

Which of the following is essential for the development of a variety of emotions and emotional experiences? biological endowments social relationships cognitive processes physiological health

social relationships

Select all that apply Patty has been classified as a slow-to-warm-up child, according to Chess and Thomas' classification system. Which of the following characteristics is she likely to display? somewhat negative affect low activity level irregular daily routines low intensity of mood frequent crying

somewhat negative affect low activity level low intensity of mood

Select all that apply Which of the following are cognitive strategies that children might use to control their emotions? suppression inhibition other-consciousness disengagement

suppression disengagement

Which of the following terms are used to describe the interactional nature of emotional communication between parents and child when all is going well? (Choose every correct answer.) synchronous. reciprocal. other-conscious. reflexive.

synchronous reciprocal

Kagan believes that ________________ has both physiological and experiential bases.

temperament

Jeremy is a very active toddler whose parents try to avoid putting him in situations where he must sit still for long periods of time. This illustrates the slow-to-warm up child. the notion of swaddling. self-soothing. the concept of goodness of fit.

the concept of goodness of fit.

According to the epigenetic view, development is influenced by environmental factors primarily. chronological and psychological age. the interchange between genes and the environment. genetic factors primarily.

the interchange between genes and the environment.

Select all that apply Stranger anxiety in infants tends to be influenced by which of the following? the child's physiology the social context the development of the frontal lobe the characteristic of the stranger

the social context the characteristic of the stranger

According to Erikson, the foundation for attachment in infancy is intention. trust. intelligence. social orientation.

trust.

The current U.S. policy on parental leave is to allow up to 12 weeks of paid leave. up to 12 weeks of unpaid leave. up to 6 months of paid leave. up to 6 months of unpaid leave.

up to 12 weeks of unpaid leave.