CHS 200 Exam 3 (final)

With proper administration and adherence, monotherapy (therapy that uses a single drug) is the preferable form of treatment for TB.

False

With proper prevention activities Alzheimer's disease can be prevented.

False

F or M have a higher risk of dementia and more significant impact on public health burden.

Females

Which order of the following represents organisms with the LEAST to MOST oxygen requirements?

(1) anaerobes, (2) facultative aerobes, (3) obligate aerobes

Which order of the following represents organisms with the MOST to LEAST oxygen requirements?

(1) obligate aerobes, (2) facultative aerobes, (3) anaerobes

How many lobes are found in the brain?

5 lobes

Which age group is expected to have the largest increase in AD cases?

85+

What does the ideal treatment regimen for HIV look like?

A combination of different drugs from different drug classes

Which of the following is not found in all bacteria?

Cell wall

Which part of the brain coordinates motor function?

Cerebellum

Neurotransmitters are received at which part of neurons?

Dendrites

Which of the following transmission methods would scratching be considered?

Direct contact transmission

Which of the following is NOT a reason why noninfectious diseases cause more death compared to infectious diseases?

Disease eradication

Which of the following agents of infectious disease are associated with infectious proteinaceous molecules?

prions

Bacteria are Eukaryotes or Prokaryotes?

prokaryotes

Which of the following cells provide protection and metabolic support to neurons?

Neuroglial cells

If you were exposed to HIV yesterday, would a diagnostic test be positive today?

No

Which of the following cell types carry CD4 glycoproteins on their cell membrane?

T-helper

Which manifestation of TB can you spread disease in?

TB disease

Which of the following diagnostic tests require follow-up with a healthcare worker after 2-3 days?

TST

In which of the following forms of gene transfer require bacteriophages?

Transduction

In which of the following forms of gene transfer do bacteria pick up fragments of chromosomal DNA and/or plasmid DNA released by dying cells?

Transformation

Alcohol is considered an addictive substance.

True

Alzheimer's disease is one of the top 10 leading causes of death in the United States.

True

Antiviral medication is used to treat viral infections.

True

Bacteria replicate via asexual reproduction.

True

Diet is considered a risk factor for developing a mental health condition.

True

Infectious diseases in low- and middle- income countries are attributed to higher total disability-adjusted life years when compared to high-income countries.

True

MDR-TB and XDR-TB are both resistant to isoniazid and rifampicin (first-line drugs).

True

Rates of TB incidences has been declining in the United States over the past few decades.

True

Rates of successful MDR-TB treatment has improved over the past decade.

True

Smallpox is the only disease that has been eradicated in human populations.

True

The majority of known human infectious diseases and emerging infectious diseases have animal reservoirs.

True

In which period/stage do signs and symptoms gradually decline?

Convalescent stage

Which of the following types of mental health conditions are associated with abnormalities involving delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thinking, and/or abnormal motor behaviors?

Schizophrenia

HIV testing is an example of which level of prevention?

Secondary and tertiary prevention

Between now and 2050, which region of the world is expected to have the highest increase dementia cases?

africa

Approximately how many people died because of the SPanish flu?

100 million people

New HIV cases are highest among which of the following age groups?

20-34 years old

Which of the following steps of viral replication involve binding to host receptors on the cell membrane?

Attachment

Vaccines activate your immune system to develop a memory response to the targeted pathogen of interest. Which of the following types of vaccines uses a weakened form of the pathogen, causing an active infection?

Attenuated vaccines

Which of the following agents of infectious disease caused the plague?

Bacteria

Globally, which of the following continues to be a threat? MDR-TB or XDR-TB

Both MDR-TB and XDR-TB

How do viruses replicate?

By hijacking a living cell's machinery

How is a message generally passed from one nerve cell to the next?

Chemical messengers

Which of the following improves treatment adherence?

DOT

Which neurotransmitter is utilized predominantly in the reward pathway in the brain?

Dopamine

Which of the following would generally occur after a disease is controlled?

Elimination

At which stage can prevention and intervention efforts be relaxed?

Eradication

All diagnostic tests can be used to confirm LTBI and TB disease.

False

Antibiotics are used to treat bacteria and viruses.

False

As a result of improvements in public health practices, worldwide prevalence of individuals with any mental health condition has decreased since 2007.

False

Based on CDC recommendations, all youth and adults should be screened for HIV annually.

False

Diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease can be made through medical history and physical examination alone.

False

Gram-negative bacteria have thicker cell walls than Gram-positive bacteria.

False

Gram-positive bacteria stain pink.

False

On average, there are more cases of XDR-TB than MDR-TB in the United States.

False

The HIV viral load is generally highest during the chronic HIV infection stage.

False

Which of the following is not considered a portal of entry?

Genetics

Which of the following increases the risk of TB disease the most?

HIV

During which stage of HIV infection is transmission not possible?

HIV can be transmitted during all stages of disease

Why is treatment of individuals with HIV a priority for TB prevention?

HIV weakens the immune system increasing susceptibility to TB

Which of the following is not a principal measure of control for the prevention of bacterial diseases?

Healthier diets to reduce risks

How do cholinesterase inhibitors affect patients with Alzheimer's disease?

Increases the concentration of acetylcholine resulting in a decrease in symptoms

In which period/stage does the pathogen begin to multiply?

Incubation period

Which of the following transmission methods describes a pathogen on a sandwich?

Indirect contact transmission

Vehicle or vector transmission of disease refers to which type of pathogen transmission?

Indirect transmission

Which HIV diagnostic test would be able to detect an HIV infection soonest after infection?

Nucleic acid tests (NAT)

What is the goal of treating latent TB infections?

Prevent progression to TB disease

Safe sex education reduces the risk of transmitting sexually transmitted diseases. Passing laws to enforce that safe sex education is taught in schools would be considered which level of prevention?

Primordial prevention

In which period/stage do signs and symptoms initially appear?

Prodromal period

How does aducanumab affect patients with Alheimer's disease?

Removing beta-amyloid plaques

Which of the following types of viruses utilizes reverse transcriptase to transcribe a dsDNA molecule?

Retrovirus

Which of the following modifiable risk factors increases the risk of developing Alzheimer's disease?

Smoking

Which part(s) of the brain helps us process information and respond to our environment?

The cerebrum, cerebellum, and brainstem

Which of the following characterizes latent TB?

The organism is present but dormant

Which of the following is not a sign or symptom of tuberculosis (TB)?

Weight gain

If an HIV-positive person who is not showing symptoms has unprotected sex with another individual, can the other individual get the disease?

Yes

Which of the following is considered the basic unit of life?

cell

This cell structure separates the cellular contents, known as the cytoplasm, from the surrounding, watery environment, known as the extracellular fluid or interstitial fluid.

cell membrane

The process involving the free movement of substances across the cell membrane from an area of high concentration of substance to an area of low concentration is known as

difffusion

Cellular genomes are made up of the following

dna

In what form does a nerve impulse travel within a nerve cell?

electrical impulse

Risk for TB include all of following EXCEPT:

factors that increase treatment adherence

After sneezing into your hand, your hand would be considered a fomite

false

Most viruses that infect humans naturally only have human reservoirs.

false

With proper prevention activities AD can be prevented.

false

β-amyloid plaques are found within neurons.

false

Inanimate objects that transmit pathogens to new hosts are known as

fomites

Which of the following bind to CCR5 or CXCR4 causing fusion of the HIV and the host cell?

gp120

Parents with amyloid precursor protein (APP) gene mutations are more likely to develop Alzheimer's disease (AD) as a result of

increased production of the AB

The cell membrane is said to be selectively permeable, allowing some molecules to freely pass into the cell but not all. Which of the following cannot pass freely through the membrane and can be used to establish an electrical gradient across the cell membrane?

ions

Which cell type is the functional unit of the nervous system?

neurons

Chemical messengers involved in nerve transmission are also known as

neurotransmitters

One role of the cell membrane is to recognize and respond to extracellular signals. Which of following is directly involved in this recognition and response?

receptors

The intercellular space between nerve cells is known as the

synaptic cleft

Neurotransmitters are released from which part of neurons?

synaptic knobs

In which of the following forms of gene transfer do bacteria pick up fragments of chromosomal DNA and/or plasmid DNA released by dying cells?

transformation

The World Health Organization (WHO) and others suggested all of the following as methods to prevention future pandemics, EXCEPT:

transition support to private agencies

Rates of TB incidences has been declining in the United States over the past few decades.

true

Signs and symptoms of Alzheimer's disease (AD) increases in severity as the disease progresses.

true

Which of the following is not a sign or symptom of tuberculosis (TB)?

weight gain