CIS Unit 3 Study Guide

Foreign key

-a primary key of one table that appears as an attribute in another table and acts to provide a logical relationship between the two tables -a field that is the same as the primary key of another table

Miners

complete complex mathematical problems for authenticating transactions

Double-Spend

- Scenario, in the Bitcoin network, where someone tries to send a bitcoin transaction to two different recipients at the same time - However, once a bitcoin transaction is confirmed, it makes it nearly impossible to double spend it - The more confirmations that a particular transaction has, the harder it becomes to double spend the bitcoins

SQL

-SQL is a language -SQL is considered "the" language for getting data out of a database and working with it -SQL is the language of relational database management systems (RDBMS)

Neural Networks

-a category of AI that attempts to emulate the way the human brain works -Computing systems inspired by biological neural networks; these systems learn (progressively improve performance) to do tasks by considering example -examples: -credit card companies checking for fraud

Record

-a collection of related data elements -each _____ in an entity occupies one row in its respective table

Virtual Reality

-a computer-simulated environment that can be a simulation of the real world or an imaginary world -presents an environment that is digitally constructed on the computer; it is fully artificial even as it may be inspired by something in the real world -a computer technology that replicated an environment, real or imagined, and simulates a user's physical presence and environment to allow for user interaction -requires Head Mounted Displays

Augmented Reality

-a live direct or indirect view of a physical, real-world environment whose elements are supplemented by computer-generated sensory input such as sound, video, graphics or GPS data -is usually in real-time to enhance a person's perception of reality -the viewing of the physical world with computer-generated layers of information added to it -requires Head Mounted Displays

Data warehouse

-a logical collection of information, gathered from many different operational databases, that supports business analysis activities and decision-making tasks -purpose to combine strategic information into a single repository in such a way that people who need that information can make decisions and undertake business analysis

Deep Learning

-a process that employs specialized algorithms to model and study complex datasets; the method is also used to establish relationships among data and datasets -a subset of machine learning that refers to artificial neural networks that are composed of many layers -a technique to implement machine learning

Functions

-a set of instructions that have already been written to perform a defined task -a named set of computer logic to accomplish a specific task

Intelligent Agents

-a special-purpose knowledge-based information system that accomplishes specific tasks on behalf of its users -examples: -environmental scanning and competitive intelligence -shopping bots

Machine Learning

-a type of artificial intelligence that enables computers both to understand concepts in the environment and to learn -a subset of artificial intelligence that uses algorithms to learn repeatedly from data and can find insights without explicit programming -method of data analysis that automates data model building; uses algorithms that learn iteratively from data and can find insights without explicit programming -an approach to achieve artificial intelligence

Loops

-allows the computer to perform a task over and over again without rewriting the steps many times -the computer can do a specified task a thousand of times -can be repeated forever

Genetic Algorithm

-an artificial intelligence system that mimics the evolutionary, survival-of-the-fittest process to generate increasingly better solutions to a problem -examples: -investment companies in trading decisions

Algorithm

-an idea, or a method that can be implemented in almost any programming language -tells the machines how to figure out answers to different issues or questions

Expert Systems

-computerized advisory programs that imitate the reasoning processes of experts in solving difficult problems -a knowledge base with accumulated experience and a set of rules for applying the knowledge base to each particular situation -examples: -playing chess -medical diagnosis

Business rule

-defines how a company performs a certain aspect of its business and typically results in either a yes/no or true/false answer -a statement that defines an aspect of a business

Metadata

-details about data -examples: -for an image could include its size, resolution, and date created -about a text document could contain document length, data created, author's name, and summary

Intangible benefits

-difficult to quantify or measure -improved decision making, improved community service, improved goodwill, improved morale

Tangible benefits

-easy to quantify and typically measured to determine the success or failure of a project -decreased expenses, decreased processing errors, decreased response time, increased quantity or sales, increased quality

Dirty data

-erroneous or flawed data -examples include inaccurate data, duplicate data, misleading data, incorrect data, non-formatted data, violated business rules data, and non-integrated data

Conditions

-often described as an IF statement -data coming in is evaluated to determine if it is true -some set of logic is executed if the condition is true, and different logic is executed if the condition is false -steps are setup, condition, and work

Artificial Intelligence

-simulates human thinking and behavior such as the ability to reason and learn -area of computer science that emphasizes the creation of intelligent machines that work and react like humans -has some foundation in current reality -supplements the current reality -human intelligence exhibited by machines

Entity

-stores information about a person, place, thing, transaction, or event -also referred to as a table

WHERE

-the command used to specify the criteria of the data you want to get -SQL command used to filter data

Attributes

-the data elements associated with an entity -also referred to as a table

SELECT

-the most basic SQL command that allows you to pull data out of a database -the most common SQL command

Systems development lifecycle

-the overall process for developing information systems, from planning and analysis through implementation and maintenance -the cost to fix an error grows exponentially the later the error is found in the SDLC

Data element

-the smallest or basic unit of information -also known as a data field

Data Analytics

-the study of huge amounts of stored data in order to extract behavior patterns -the use of math and statistics to derive meaning from data

Data types

String, integer, real numbers, Boolean, and list

Ambient digital experience

a blend of the physical, virtual, and electronic environments creating a real-time ambient environment that changes as the user moves from one place to another

Digital Ledger

a bookkeeping list of assets (money, property, ideas...), identified ownership, and transactions that record the transfer of ownership among participants

Identity management

a broad administrative area that deals with identifying individuals in a system (such as a country, a network, or an enterprise) and controlling their access to resources within that system by associating user rights and restrictions with the established identity

Data artist

a business analytics specialist who uses visual tools to help people understand complex data

Repository

a central location in which data is stored and managed

Field

a characteristic of a table

Cryptocurrency

a digital currency produced by a public network rather than any government

Blockchain

a distributed ledger that provides a way for information to be recorded and shared by a community

Primary key

a field (or group of fields) that uniquely identifies a given record in a table

Project plan

a formal, approved document that manages and controls project execution

Extraction, transformation & loading (ETL)

a process that extracts information from internal and external databases, transforms it using a common set of enterprise definitions, and loads it into a data warehouse

Information scrubbing

a process that weeds out and fixes or discards inconsistent, incorrect, or incomplete information; Also known as information cleansing

While loop

a programming construct used to repeat a set of commands (loop) as long as (while) a boolean condition is true

Autonomic computing

a self-managing computing model named after, and patterned on, the human body's autonomic nervous system

Infinite loop

a sequence of instructions in a computer program which loops endlessly, either due to the loop having no terminating condition, having one that can never be met, or one that causes the loop to start over

Cluster analysis

a technique used to divide information sets into mutually exclusive groups such that the members of each group are as closer together as possible to one another and the different groups are as far apart as possible

Bitcoin

a type of cryptocurrency

Internet of Things

a world where interconnected, Internet-enabled devices or "things" can collect and share data without human intervention

Natural Language Processing

an AI technique using software to interpret natural languages (the languages spoken by people, such as English, French, Chinese and others)

Project manager

an individual who is an expert in project planning and management, defines and develops the project plan, and tracks the plan to ensure the project is completed on time and on budget

Legacy system

an old system that is fast approaching or beyond the end of its useful life within an organization

3D printing

builds - layer by layer in an additive process - a three-dimensional solid object from a digital model

Redundant data

can cause storage issues along with data integrity issues, making it difficult to determine which values are the most current or most accurate

Data dictionary

compiles all of the metadata about the data elements in the data model

Table

composed of rows and columns that represent an entity

Data mart

contains a subset of data warehouse information

Database management system (DBMS)

creates, reads, updates, and deletes data in a database while controlling access and security

Bugs

defects in the code of an information system

Business Intelligence

delivering relevant and reliable information to the right people at the right time with the goal of achieving better decisions faster

Data visualization

describes technologies that allow users to "see" or visualize data to transform information into a business perspective

Project scope

describes the business needs (the problem the project will solve) and the justification, requirements, and current boundaries for the project

Estimation analysis

determines values for an unknown continuous variable behavior or estimated future value

Data scientist

extracts knowledge from data by performing statistical analysis, data mining, and advanced analytics on big data to identify trends, market changes, and other relevant information

Hash

includes digital signatures from the existing blockchain as well as the new transaction

Process modeling

involves graphically representing the processes that capture, manipulate, store, and distribute information between a system and its environment

Data model

logical data structures that detail the relationships among data elements using graphics or pictures

General AI

machines that have all the senses (maybe more), all the reason, and think just like people do

Database

maintains information about various types of objects (inventory), events (transactions), people (employees), and places (warehouses)

Software customization

modifies software to meet specific user or business requirements

Affinity grouping analysis

reveals the relationship between variables along with the nature and frequency of the relationships

Integrity constraints

rules that help ensure the quality of information

Assignment

sets and/or re-sets the value stored in the storage location(s) denoted by a variable name; in other words, it copies a value into the variable

Autonomous agents

software that carries out some set of operations on behalf of a user or another program with some degree of independence or autonomy and employs some knowledge or representation of the user's goals or desires

Real-time adaptive security

the network security model necessary to accommodate the emergence of multiple perimeters and moving parts on the network, and increasingly advance threats targeting enterprises

Off-the-shelf application

supports general business processes and does not require any specific software customization to meet the organization's needs

Narrow AI

technologies that can perform specific tasks as well as, or better than, humans

Project

temporary activity a company undertakes to create a unique product, service, or result

FROM

the command used to specify the table that you're getting data from

Information cube

the common term for the representation of multidimensional information

Attribute

the data elements associated with an entity

Information redundancy

the duplication of data, or the storage of the same data in multiple places

Feasibility

the measure of the tangible and intangible benefits of an information system

Biological 3D printing

the printing of skin and organ and is progressing from theory to reality, however, politicians and the public do not have a full understanding of the implications

Data mining

the process of analyzing data to extract information not offered by the raw data alone

Classification analysis

the process of organizing data into categories or groups for its most effective and efficient use

Conversion

the process of transferring information from a legacy system to a new system

Triple constraint

the relationship between time, cost, and scope of a project and how changing any one can affect at least one other

Analytics

the science of fact-based decision making

Business requirement

the specific business requests the system must meet to be successful

Decentralization

the transfer of control and decision-making from a centralized entity (individual, organization, or group thereof) to a distributed network

AND

used to establish compound filters

JOIN

used to join two data tables

Structured query language (SQL)

users write lines of code to answer questions against a database

Peer-to-peer

when every user is allowed to connect to the network, send new transactions to it, verify transactions, and create new blocks

Redundancy

when the same piece of information is repeated in multiple places in a database