Cities & Urban Land Use

Latin Am City Structure - Griffin & Ford

-2 CBDs -Sector Model

New Urbanism

A counter to urban sprawl. Development, urban revitalization, and suburban reforms that create walkable neighborhoods with a diversity of housing and jobs. New Urbanists want to create neighborhoods that promote a sense of community and a sense of place.

Galactic City

A mini edge city that is connected to another city by beltways or highways

Multiple Nuclei Model - Harris/Ullman

A model of the internal structure of cities in which social groups are arranged around a collection of nodes of activities.

Primate City

A pattern of settlements in a country, such that the largest settlement has more than twice as many people as the second-ranking settlement.

Greenbelt

A ring of land maintained as parks, agriculture, or other types of open space to limit the sprawl of an urban area.

Restrictive Covenants

A statement is written into a property deed that restricts the use of the land in some way; often used to prohibit certain groups of people from buying property

Concentric Zone Model - Burgess

A structural model of the American central city that suggests the existence of five concentric land-use rings arranged around a common center.

Central Place Theory

A theory formulated by Walter Christaller in the early 1900s that explains the size and distribution of cities in terms of a competitive supply of goods and services to dispersed populations

Borchers's Epochs

According to the geographer John R. Borchert, American cities have undergone five major epochs, or periods, of development shaped by the dominant forms of transportation and communication at the time. These include sail wagon epoch (1790-1830), steel rail epoch (1870-1920), auto-air-amenity epoch (1920-1970), and satellite-electronic-jet propulsion and high-technology epoch (1790-present).

Census Tract

An area delineated by the U.S. Bureau of the Census for which statistics are published; in urban areas, census tracks correspond roughly to neighborhoods.

Zone In Transition

An area that is either becoming more rural or more urban; area of mixed commercial and residential land uses surrounding the CBD

Squatter Settlement/Dis-amenity sector

An area within a city in a less developed country in which people illegally establish residences on land they do not own or rent and erect homemade structures.

Multiplier Effect

An effect in economics in which an increase in spending produces an increase in national income and consumption greater than the initial amount spent; When the owners and managers of the touristic services can then spend more money and so the extra wealth spreads throughout the community

Micropolitan Statistical Area

An urbanized area of between 10,000 and 50,000 inhabitants, the country in which it is found, and adjacent counties tied to the city.

North Africa/Arab City

Central mosque and a market area surrounding the center

Gateway City/Entrepot

Cities that, because of their geographic location, act as ports of entry and distribution centers for large geographic areas.

Megacities

Cities, mostly characteristic of the developing world, where high population growth and migration have caused them to explode in population since World War II. All megacities are plagued by chaotic and unplanned growth, terrible pollution, and widespread poverty.

Emerging Cities

City currently without much population but increasing in size at a fast rate

Sector Model - Hoyt

Hoyt's Sector Model Focuses on residential patterns explaining where the wealthy in a city choose to live. He argued that the city grows outward from the center, so a low-rent area could extend all the way from the CBD to the city's outer edge, creating zones which are shaped like pieces of a pie

Threshold

In central place theory, the size of the population required to make provision of services economically feasible.

Gravity Model

Interaction is proportional to the multiplication of the two populations divided by the distance between them (distance decay).

Segregation

Separating types of human based on anything distinguishing two people; such as race and sex. Prevalent in the United States until the early '70s.

Higher Order Goods

Service that is required less frequently and requires a large market area to remain profitable.

Lower Order Goods

Services that are obtained on a regular basis and require a small area to be profitable.

Rank-Size Rule

Settlements in a country may be ranked in order of their size. The 'rule' states that, if the population of a town is multiplied by its rank, the sum will equal the population of the highest ranked city. In other words, the population of a town ranked n will be 1/nth of the size of the largest city—the fifth town, by rank, will have a population one-fifth of the first.Y

Infrastructure

The basic structure of services, installations, and facilities needed to support industrial, agricultural, and other economic development; included are transport and communications, along with water, power, and other public utilities.

CBD (central business district)

The downtown or nucleus of a city where retail stores, offices, and cultural activities are concentrated; building densities are usually quite high; and transportation systems converge.

Hinterland

The market area surrounding an urban center, which that urban center serves.

Range

The maximum distance people are willing to travel to use a service.

Urban Revitalization

The process occurring in some urban areas experiencing inner city decay that usually involves the construction of new shopping districss, entertainment venues, and cultural attractions to entice young urban professionals back into the cities where nightlife and culture are more accessible.

Peak land Value

The region within a settlement with the greatest land value and commerce. As such, it is usually located in the central business district of a town or city, and has the greatest density of transport links such as roads and rail; is the land within a settlement with the greatest land value and commerce

Urban Morphology

The study of the physical form and structure of urban places; a city's layout, its physical form, and structure

Disamenity Sector

The very poorest parts of cities that in extreme cases are not connected to regular city services and are controlled by gangs and drug lords.

urban sprawl

Unrestricted growth of housing, commercial developments, and roads over large expanses of land, with little concern for urban planning. A phenomenon of the automobile era. Before the automobile era, cities were built in walking-distance; there was less development. Then, when the automobile was invented, it grew "up" in the city instead of "out".

Postindustrial City

a city in which an economic transition has occurred from a manufacturing based economy to a service based economy; a city in which global finances and the electronic flow of information dominate the economy

Counterurbanization

a demographic and social process whereby people move from urban areas to rural areas. It first took place as a reaction to inner-city deprivation and overcrowding. Initial studies of counter-urbanization were carried out by human geographer Brian Berry.

Redlining

a discriminatory real estate practice in North America in which members of minority groups are prevented from obtaining money to purchase homes or property in predominantly white neighborhoods. The practice derived its name from the red lines depicted on cadastral maps used by real estate agents and developers.

Female-Headed Household

a household in which the most powerful person is a female

Galactic City Model (Peripheral Model) - Harris

a model that represents distinct decentralization of the commercial urban landscape as the economy has to be transitioned to services as the leading form of production. Manufacturing declines significantly and becomes more specialized. There are several industrial parks.

Blockbusting

a process by which real estate agents convince white property owners to sell their houses at low prices because of fear that black families will soon move into the neighborhood

Brownfield

a property which has the presence or potential to be a hazardous waste, pollutant or contaminant.

Megalopolis/Conurbation

an area of adjacent metropolitan areas that overlap; an extensive concentration of urbanized settlement formed by a coalescence of several metropolitan areas. The term is commonly applied to the urbanized northeastern seaboard of the U.S. extending from Boston, MA to Washington, D.C.

Suburbs

an outlying district of a city, especially a residential one.

Barrios

an urban area in a Spanish-speaking country

White-Collar Zone

can afford to live farther from the CBD; suburbs

Global Cities

centers of economic, cultural and political activity that are strongly interconnected and together control the global systems of finance and commerce; Ex: London, Shanghai

Sub-Saharan African City Model - deBlij

city model with a colonial section, market section, and indigenous section, surrounded by ethnic neighborhoods; 3 CBDs

Zoning

dividing an area into zones or sections reserved for different purposes such as residence and business and manufacturing etc

World Cities

dominant city in terms of its role in the global political economy. Not the world's biggest city in terms of population or industrial output, but rather centers of strategic control of the world economy; Ex: New York, Tokyo, London

Informal Sector/Economy

economic activities that take place beyond the official record, not subject to formalized systems of regulations or remuneration; Economic activity that is neither taxed nor monitored by a government; and is not included in that government's Gross National Product; as opposed to a formal economy

Bid-Rent Theory - W. Alonso

geographical economic theory that refers to how the price and demand on real estate changes as the distance towards the Central Business District (CBD) increases.

Favelas

illegal housing settlements usually made up of temporary shelters that surround large cities; Large slums around Brazilian cities

Barriadas

illegal housing settlements, usually made up of temporary shelters, that surround large cities; Squatter settlements found in the periphery of Latin American cities.

Metropolitan Statistical Areas

large metropolitan areas that consist of a central city with more than 50,000 people and include the associated suburban or adjacent counties, which yields a total metropolitan area with more than 100,000 people; In the United States, a central city of at least 50000 population, the country within which the city is located, and adjacent countries meeting one of several tests indicating a functional connection to the central city.

Invasion and Succession

processes by which new immigrants move to a city and dominate or take over an area or neighborhoods occupied by older immigrant groups

Racial Steering

tactic (now illegal) contributing to ghettoization; real estate agents would show people neighborhoods and houses according to their race

Central City

that part of the metropolitan area contained within the boundaries of the main city around which suburbs have developed; the urban area that is not suburban; generally, the older or original city that is surrounded by newer suburbs

Economic Base

the manufacturing and service activities performed by the basic sector; functions of a city performed to satisfy demands external to the city itself, earning income to support the urban population

Non-basic Sector

the part of a city's economy serving the needs of the city itself does not earn income for the community

Urbanized Population

the proportion of a country's population living in cities

Gentrification/Ghettoization

the restoration of run-down urban areas by the middle class (resulting in the displacement of lower-income people); A process of converting an urban neighborhood from a predominantly low-income renter-occupied area to a predominantly middle-class owner-occupied area.

Basic Sector

those products or services of an urban economy that are exported outside the city itself, earning income for the community.

High Density Housing

typically made up of multiple family high rise apartments or high priced single family flats- residents pay monthly rent to a landlord: common in the CBD where land prices are high

Medium Density Housing

typically made up of multiple- family apartments or townhouses- residents typically pay monthly rent to a landlord who owns the property; medium-density housing is common in larger suburban areas and the transition zone close to the city's CBD

Low density housing

typically made up of single-family homes that are detached with green space between properties- typically owned by the residents

Blue-Collar Zone

wage-earners, manual laborers; Usually work with their hands (Ex. Electricians)