Civil War

Robert E. Lee-

(main) General of the Confederate army

Ulysses S. Grant-

(main)General of the Union army

Battle of Shiloh

April 6 1862, Union gained greater control of the Mississippi river valley, Johnston attacked Grant's sleeping camp

John Wilkes Booth-

Assassinated Abe Lincoln

4. Why did Grant decide to starve Vicksburg into surrender? (p 524)

Grant decided to starve Vicksburg into surrender because invasion was almost impossible and doomed to fail.

7. What is a military draft?

A miltary draft is forced miltary service.

2. At the BEGINNING of the war, who became the leader of the main Union Army and what was this army called? (p. 517)

At the beginning of the war, General George B. McClellan lead the Union Army called the Army of the Potomac.

2. Why was Grant considered the victor a the Battle of Shiloh? (p. 523)

Grant was considered the victor of the Battle of Shiloh because Grant was able to gain greater control of the Mississippi River Valley. He stopped Confederates from advancing further into the North.

3. How was Admiral Farragut able to capture New Orleans? (p. 524)

Admiral Farragut was able to capture New Orleans by sneaking past the two forts guarding New Orleans and then attacked New Orleans. (He sneaked past them by disgusing the ships with mud to trick the Southerners and he traveled fast.)

South armies-

Confederate Army- 600,000 to 1, 500, 000 total (not exact because the records African Americans were used in the army on March 13th, 1865, but it was too late because on April 9th, 1865 the Confederacy surrendered.

What happened during the election of 1860?

After Lincoln became President, southern states seceded for fear of losing the right to have slaves

5. What early actions did Confederate forces take to try to control lands west of the Mississippi River? (p. 525)

Confederate forces early actions to take control of the lands west of the Mississippi River included attacking at places like Glorieta Pass and Arizona's Pacheco Pass. They also tried to attack with the help of 800 Cherokee.

9. Why might control of the seas benefit a power at war? (p. 520)

Control of the seas benefits a power at war because it can allow the power to cut off resources from other countries by blocking ports. This can damage the economy and make the opposing side weaker. (can export goods/supplies to soldiers- make money to trade goods)

Changes After the War

Death of Lincoln Changes to the Constitution Reconstruction Bitterness in the South

South population-

11 states: 9 million people including 3.5 million slaves

Abe Lincoln-

16th president

Ft Sumter-

1861, Confederates attacked Fort Sumter in Charleston, SC. The beginning of the CW - CSA won

north population-

23 states: 22 million people

North navy-

42 ships in 1861, 671 ships in 1864

Battle of Antietam-

Battle of Sharpsburg- bloodiest single day battle of the Civil War McClellan and Lee met along in Antietam Creek in MD September 17, 1863-USA won, stopped Lee's northward advance

Battle of Fredericksburg

Burnside wanted to attack Richmond by way of Fredericksburg, - CSA won

2. How did Burnside's tactics differ from McClellan's ? (p. 536)

Burnside's tactics differed from McClellan's because he didn't wait or hesitate. He lead a swift attack on Richmond through Fredericksburg.

North war strategies-

Capture Richmond, the Confederate Capital Split the Confederacy by gaining control of the Mississippi river Blockade the South (Anaconda plan)

South war strategies-

Capture Washington, the Union capital Seize central Pennsylvania Divide Northwest and Northeast Gain recognition of Confederacy's independent status $$

Describe carpetbaggers?

Carpetbagger were people from the North who came to the South after the war to make money. The name carpetbaggers came from the idea that they carried all their things in a bag made of carpets.

9. In what ways did civilians support the troops? (p. 514)

Civilians supported the troops by rasing money, proving any aid needed for soldiers, and establishing emergency hospitals.

12. Who was Clara Barton?

Clara Barton was the founder of the American Red Cross. She brought supplies for wounded Union soldiers and assisted the wounded on the battlefield.

13. How did Grant cut off Lee's escape to North Carolina? (p. 542)

Grant cut off Lee's escape to North Carolina by surrounding the Confederate forces. The forces slowly ran out of supplies. Although Lee tried a few attacks to get past them, the Union forces proved to strong.

6. How did Frederick Douglass believe that military service would help African Americans?

Frederick Douglas believed that military service would help African Americans gain more rights.

1. Who replaced McClellan as Head of the Army of Potomac? (p. 536)

General Ambrose E. Burnside replaced McClellan as Head of the Army of Potomac.

9. What two important Union leaders led campaigns in the East and in the South in 1864? (p. 540-541)

General Grant lead the eastern campaign and General William Tecumseh Sherman lead a campaign in the South.

Siege of Vicksburg

General Grant, mid may 1863, cutting off the city of Vicksburg MS, Vicksburg was impossible to attack so they starved it out, USA won

11. Why was Grant's Wilderness Campaign successful despite the high casualty toll? (p. 540)

Grant's Wilderness Campaign was successful despite the high casualty toll because it put a strain on Confederate supplies and soldiers. His campaign amde them retreat back to Richmond.

South navy-

Had no real navy

7. Who was the leader on each side in the Battle of Antietam, and which side won? (p. 519)

In the Battle of Antietam, General Lee lead the Confederates and General McClellan lead the Union. In the end, the Union stopped Lee's northward advance by winning. General McDowell- the Union leader General Lee/General Jackson- Confederates

South disadvantages

Inflation- paper money lost its value because of no hard money backing it (gold/silver) Inferior numbers in men, manufacturing, and money. State sovereignty yielded to national sovereignty

5. How did Jackson's defeat of General Pope's Union forces at the Second Battle of Bull Run affect Lee's plans? (p. 518)

Jackson's defeat of General Pope's Union forces at the Second Battle of Bull Run gave the Confederates a major victory and caused General Lee to decide it was time to attack the North.

Second Battle of Bull Run

Jackson's troops met Pope's Union forces on the battlefield in 1862. Jackson wanted to stop Pope before he met up with McClellan Three day battle- 2nd battle of Manassas. CSA won- Lee decided to start his advance on the North

George Pickett-

Leader of Pickett's Charge, Confederate General

north advantages-

Leadership of Abe Lincoln Greater wealth Three-fourths more railroads Controlled shipping

Battle of Chancellorsville

Lee attacked Hooker at Chancellorsville, he cut the Union forces in half -CSA won, but a lot of casualties

3. Why did Lee again launch attacks within the Union territory? (p 537)

Lee launched attacks within the Union territory because he wanted to tire the North of fighting and he wanted other nations to recognize the Confederacy as a country.

Surrender at appomattox courthouse-

Lee surrendered to Grant ending the civil war, april 9, 1865

Battle of Gettysburg

Lee wanted to attack in Northern territory - a key battle that turned the tide against Confederates

11. How did life for women, the elderly, and children change during the war?

Life for women, the elderly, and children changed during the war by worked on factories/farms. Since most of the men who usually took up all the jobs were at war, the women/children/elderly had to take care of their tasks.

3. How did Lincoln address the difficult issue of emancipation and why did he make this choice?

Lincoln addressed the difficult issue of emancipation by writing the Emancipation Proclamation and ending slavery in rebel states. He did this to signify what the Union was fighting for and to discourage Britain from aiding the Confederacy. EP is symbolic, great emotional impact

7. At what event did Lincoln deliver the Gettysburg Address? (p. 540)

Lincoln delivered the Gettysburg Address at the dedicating ceremony of the Gettysburg battlefield cemetary.

8. In the Gettysburg Address, how did Lincoln express the reasons for which the war was being fought? (p. 540)

Lincoln expressed the reasons for which the war was being fought by referencing the Declaration of Independence, and the ideals of equality, liberty, and democracy that the country is based off of.

The Emancipation Proclamation- (who gave it and who was it about, what was it?, when was it? where was it given?, why did it happen?)

Lincoln gave it. It was an order for Confederates to free their slaves. September 22, 1862

Gettysburg Address-

November 19, 1863, Lincoln gave this speech praising the bravery of Union soldiers and renewed the commitment to winning the Civil War

South advantages-

Outstanding generals Strong military tradition Strong motivation Fighting on home ground Skilled with guns/horses because of rural experiences

6. Describe Pickett's Charge and its significance (p. 539)

Pickett's Charge was when the largest Confederate unit (15,000 men) of three units assigned to charging the Union center, attacked. They were lead by General George Pickett and had to march for a mile towards Cemetary Ridge, losing many soldiers in the process. It signaled the defeat of the Confederate forces and caused General Lee to retreat back to Virginia.

What happened President Lincoln? Give 5ws

President Lincoln was assassinated by John Wilkes Booth on April 14, 1865. He was watching a play with his wife, when he was shot. He was shot because a lot of people didn't like how he abolished slavery and many people from the South were still bitter of their economy/homes.etc. that were destroyed.

Tech

Railroads Telegraph Weaponry Ironclad ships Medicine Cameras

South nicknames-

Rebels Confederate C.S.A

What does Reconstruction mean?

Reconstruction was the series of steps that Congress took to bring the Southern states back into the country.

African Americans After the War

Sharecroppers Gains Reversal

Sherman's March to the Sea- Total War

Sherman captured Atlanta GA and Savannah GA, he used total war- destroying civilian and economic resources inspiring bitterness within Southerners

4. Why did some abolitionists criticize the Emancipation Proclamation?

Some abolitionists criticized the Emancipation Proclamation because it did not fully remove the practice of slavery from the US.

2. Why did some northerners oppose abolishing slavery?

Some northerners opposed abolishing slavery because they were afraid they would come from the South and take their jobs for lower wages.

6. Why did some Cherokee fight for the South? (p. 525)

Some of the Cherokee fought for the South because they were promised greater freedom by the Confederates and some wanted to protect their own right to own slaves.

9. Why did some people call the Civil War "a rich man's war and a poor man's fight"?

Some people called the Civil War "a rich man's war and a poor man's fight" because for 300 dollars a man could buy their way out of military service. This was attainable for rich men, but almost impossible for normal laborers.

12. What types of supplies were issued to soldiers? (p. 515)

Supplies issued to soldiers were rifles, tents, uniforms, haversacks, bayonet, food, and ammunition.

Surrender-

Surrender of Troops- April 9, 1865 Confederate General Lee surrenders his approximately 28,000 troops to Union General Grant In the home of Wilmer McLean in the town of Appomattox Court House, Va The one condition of Lee's Confederate troops war was that the troops would be fed, they could keep their horses, and they would not be tried for treason.

5. Why did the 54th Massachusetts Infantry become the most celebrated African American unit of the Civil War?

The 54th Massachusetts Infantry became the most celebrated African American unit of the Civil War because they lead a brave assult on Fort Wagner. Even if they failed, they were praised for being entusiastic and gallant.

3. Why were the Border States significant? (p. 512)

The Border States were significant because they were states with slaves that joined the Union. These states helped controll important rivers like the Mississippi and seperated the Union capital from the South.

13. How did the Civil War affect the North's economy?

The Civil War affected the North's economy in a positive way by the increase of production and prices. Also, workers' wage raised because of the lack of workers.

10. Why was the Civil War death toll so high?

The Civil War death toll was so high because of the lack of medicines to stop infections of the battlefield. Twice as many men died of illness versus getting killed on the battlefield.

6. How did the Confederate leaders hope to follow up Lee's successes in Virginia? (p. 519)

The Confederate leaders hoped to follow Lee's successes in Virginia by winning a big victory in the North.

8. Who were the Copperheads and why did they oppose the war?

The Copperheads were people from the Midwest that empathized with the South and were against abolition. They thought that the war was unnecessary and should end.

8. Which side held naval advantage in the war and why? (p. 520)

The North held the naval advantage in the war. The North retained most of the US's fleet and a lot of experienced officers had stayed with the Union. The North also had the power to produce more ships.

4. Describe the Seven Days' Battles and the outcome. (P. 518)

The Seven Day's Battle was a battle where the Confederate forces attacked McClellan's force outside of Richmond.The Confederates won and forced the Union to leave their spot close to Richmond. General Lee was the Confederate Leader

6. Why did the South have brilliant officers? (p. 513)

The South had brilliant officers because its always had a strong military tradition.

5. Who had the best military position at the start of the battle, and why was the position a good one? (p. 538) Battle of Gettysburg

The Union had the best military position. Their posistion was along the high ground of Cemetary Ridge and Culp's Hill. This was a good position because it was almost impossible to overrun and it was easy for the Union troops to fire down on the Confederates.

10. What was the Wilderness Campaign? (p. 540)

The Wilderness Campaign was when General Grant launched a series of battles in northern/central Virginia in order to capture the Confederate capital of Richmond.

11. What problems did both armies face during the war? (p. 514)

The armies faced problems like shortage of supplies, like food, clothing (uniforms), and rifles. The new volunteers in the army also didn't know how to fight.

2. How did the issue of secession contribute to the attack on Fort Sumter? (p. 511)

The attack on Fort Sumter started the war and caused states to have to decide if they were going to secede from the Union or not. Fort Sumter belonged to the Union, but the South believed it was theirs/wanted it.

1. What event led to the start of the Civil War, and when did it occur? (p. 511)

The attack that started the war was in 1861, when Fort Sumter in Charleston was attacked by Confederate soldiers.

4. When did the battle of Gettysburg begin, and what event triggered the start of the battle? (p. 537)

The battle of Gettysburg began on July 1st, 1863. Lee's forces were gathering close to a town called Gettysburg. When a Confederate raiding party raided Gettysburg for supplies, they met Meade's calvary triggering the battle.

14. What was the condition of Lee's Confederate troops at this point? (p. 542) before treaty

The condition of Lee's troops were they were low on supplies and starving.

Northerners attitude towards abolition-

The democratic party- no, thought laborers would come and take their jobs for lower wages abolitionists- yes, it would end the war, lincoln- it would lose support for the war Others- use of slaves helping the south with war, freed african americans could help the North

1. What was the first MAJOR battle of the Civil War and which side won? (p. 517)

The first major battle of the Civil War was the First Battle of Bull Run and the Confederates won.

1. What was the focus of the Union's western campaign? (p. 522)

The focus of the Union's western campaign was to take control of the Mississippi River. This would allow the Union to cut off the South from some of their sources of food production and be able to attack southern communication/transportation networks.

10. How did the ironclads signal a revolution in naval warfare? (p. 520)

The ironclads started a revolution in naval warfare by signaling the end of the days of wooden ships powered by sails and the wind. (were too easy to sink)

1. What issue lay at the heart of the Civil War?

The issue that lay at the heart of the Civil War was the millions of slaves and the issue on if they should free them.

3. Who became the new leader of the Confederate Army and what skills did he bring to the job? (p. 518)

The new leader of the Confederate Army was General Robert E. Lee. He had a lot of past military experience, was willing to take risks, and make unexpected moves to confuse the Union. (went to West Point)

8. List three ways the southern strategy benefited from the fact that the North had to invade and control the South (p. 513)

The southern strategy benefited from the fact that the North had to invade the South because the North had to travel huge distances (maintain long suppy lines) and the South was covered with wilderness that was hard to cross through. In Virginia ,the rivers ran east to west, forcing an army used to attacking from North to South to attacking from the side.

15. What do the terms of the surrender reveal about Grant's character and feelings for Lee? (p. 542)

The terms of surrender revealed that although Grant was Lee's enemy, he still honored him. The Confederates were still soldiers fighting passionately for what they though was right and Grant let them retain their dignity.

12. What were two consequences of Sherman's victories in the South? (p. 541)

The two consequences of Sherman's victories in the South was the reelection of Lincoln. Also, the lasting anger and resentment from Southerners because Sherman destroyed their homes/land.

5. How did the war affect family loyalties and friendships on each side? (p. 512)

The war affected family loyalties and friendships on each side by pitting them against each other depending on the side they chose to fight on.

List and Explain the 13th.14th.15th Amendments

These three amendments gave rights to all African Americans. The 13th amendment was ratified in 1865 and ended slavery. The 14th amendment created in 1868, made all people born in the US citizens. In 1870, Congress ratified the 15th amendment which protected the right to vote for all male citizens, including former slaves.

North armies-

Union Army- 2,128,948 total (In 1861, the US army only consisted of 16, 350 men) African Americans- 178, 895 total (134, 111 from slave states) 21 Congressional Medal of Honor recipients

North Disadvantages-

Weak motivation Unaggressive officers 3,500 mile enemy coastline (hard to blockade)

North nicknames-

Yankees The Union US

Monitor vs. Merrimack

a battle between ironclads, the confederates used stolen Union ship- Hampton Roads VA, March 1862, USA won, saved Union fleet and maintained the blocade

Robert Gould Shaw-

commander of the 54th Massachusetts regiment

Stephen Douglas-

designed the Kansas-Nebraska act, lost the 1860 election to Abe Lincoln

First Battle of Bull run

first major battle, CSA won, First Battle of Manassas, shattered North's hope of winning the war quickly, McDowell wanted to seize Manassas VA

Jefferson Davis-

president of the Confederates

Sarah Emma Edmonds-

women who pretended to be a man in the Civil War