CLEP Western Civ 1 Practice Questions

The Hellenistic period in which Greek culture and peoples spread throughout Southern Europe, North Africa, and Central Asia began after (A) Alexander the Great conquered the Persian Empire and established rule over its territories (B) Roman conquest of Greece led to a mass exodus of Greeks from their homeland (C) early Christian missionaries brought Greek ideals and philosophy along with their religious doctrines (D) economic prosperity in Southern Europe led to a rise in trade along the Silk Route (E) improvement of transportation systems throughout the regions made greater cultural exchange possible

(A) Alexander the Great conquered the Persian Empire and established rule over its territories

Which of the following statements is true of women in the High Middle Ages? (A) Courtly literature portrayed aristocratic women as objects of devotion (B) formal education was available to middle class women (C) joining a religious order was not an option available to women (D) only propertied widows were allowed to remarry (E) women artisans often joined guilds

(A) Courtly literature portrayed aristocratic women as objects of devotion

The dominance of Mediterranean trade by Italian city-states can be traced to the (A) Crusades (B) Ciompi Revolt (C) plague (D) rise of the Médicis (E) defeat of France

(A) Crusades

During the French Wars of Religion, the Protestant followers of Jean Calvin were called (A) Huguenots (B) Essenes (C) Cathars (D) Pharisees (E) Tailles

(A) Huguenots

The building in Cordoba, Spain, shown above, illustrates the influence of (A) Islam (B) Buddhism (C) Hinduism (D) Shinto (E) Animism

(A) Islam

Which of the following pairs of religious thinkers or leaders most directly challenged Christian orthodoxy in pre-Reformation Europe? (A) John Wycliffe and Jan Hus (B) Isabella I of Spain and Ferdinand II of Spain (C) Hildegard of Bingen and Catherine of Siena (D) Thomas Aquinas and William of Ockham (E) Joan of Arc and Christine de Pisan

(A) John Wycliffe and Jan Hus John Wycliffe - Translation of bible into vernacular, followers are Lollards, precursor to Protestant Reformation. (1320-1384) Jan Hus - Considered second church reformer behind Wycliffe, burned at the stake for heresy. (1369-1415)

In the second century BCE what did the Roman politician Tiberius Gracchus propose that upset so many Romans? (A) Land reform (B) Altering the list of official religious cults (C) A new money system (D) The end of slavery in the empire (E) Abolishing Greek art in public spaces

(A) Land reform

What could have been made available immediately to the reading public in large quantities as soon as it was written? (A) On Christian Liberty, Martin Luther (B) Travels, Marco Polo (C) The Divine Comedy, Dante Alighieri (D) Canterbury Tales, Geoffrey Chaucer (E) English translation of the bible, John Wycliffe

(A) On Christian Liberty, Martin Luther The printing press had just been created

Which governmental body in England was increasingly seen as partner of the monarch in raising tax money? (A) Parliament (B) Imperial Diet (C) Cortes (D) Council of 400 (E) Grand Vizier

(A) Parliament Council to king (specifically English), helped make decisions and pass laws, sometimes had decent amount of power.

"You must realize this: that a prince, and especially a new prince, cannot observe all those things which give men a reputation for virtue, because in order to maintain his state he is often forced to act in defiance of good faith, of charity, of kindness, of religion." The quote above addresses which of the following in Renaissance Italy? (A) The transitory nature of political power (B) The threat of papal power (C) The dangers of political liberty (D) The threat of French invasion (E) The bad reputation of certain Renaissance artists unanswered

(A) The transitory nature of political power

Which of the following was a major innovation of the Renaissance period? (A) The use of linear perspective in painting (B) The use of marble as a medium for statuary (C) The dome (D) The portico (E) Fresco painting

(A) The use of linear perspective in painting

Which of the following best characterizes medieval town charters? (A) They provided townspeople with legal and political freedoms that were not available to peasants and serfs. (B) They were always granted by the reigning secular ruler. (C) They permitted townspeople to spend all tax revenue they collected on the needs of their town. (D) They let peasants migrate freely to the towns. (E) They always provided for popularly elected assemblies that made the towns' laws.

(A) They provided townspeople with legal and political freedoms that were not available to peasants and serfs.

All of the following invaded the Roman Empire EXCEPT (A) Vikings (B) Ostrogoths (C) Visigoths (D) Vandals (E) Huns

(A) Vikings The people that did invade the roman empire: angles/Saxons, franks, goths, visigoths, ostrogoths, huns, and vandals.

The bubonic plague led to improvements in which of the following? (A) Workers' wages (B) Church administration (C) Prison conditions (D) Transportation (E) Bookbinding

(A) Workers' wages

Between the 13th and the 17th centuries, the Hanseatic League functioned as (A) a religious organization that worked to ensure the election of favored popes (B) an alliance of trading cities and merchants that promoted its members' economic dominance over Northern Europe (C) a political power-sharing arrangement whose leadership rotated among its members' heads of state (D) the primary military partnership that organized and led several Crusades in the Middle East (E) a consortium of craftsmen's guilds whose goals foreshadowed the socialist ideals of the 19th century

(B) an alliance of trading cities and merchants that promoted its members' economic dominance over Northern Europe Hanseatic League - a group of Northern German and Scandinavian cities and towns that worked together to promote and protect trade

The Protestant Reformation began as a response to (A) official policies barring Protestants from holding elective office (B) perceived abuses of the Catholic Church including simony and the sale of indulgences (C) the excessive interrogations of the Inquisition (D) the discovery of large numbers of people in Asia and the Americas who had not been exposed to Christianity (E) the efforts of a number of monarchs to establish their own national churches

(B) perceived abuses of the Catholic Church including simony and the sale of indulgences

Which of the following best describes the aim of the Benedictine Rule, written in 1529 by Benedict of Nursia? (A) to isolate monks from the rest of the world to pursue the ideal of complete self-denial (B) to create a disciplined and effective organization to carry out spiritual work (C) to provide the papacy in Rome with loyal followers (D) to establish a hierarchy of church officials in western Europe (E) to prevent the use of images in western churches

(B) to create a disciplined and effective organization to carry out spiritual work Benedict Rule - This was the rule adhered to in the Benedictine monasteries. It struck an ideal balance of work, study, and prayer. It also focused on life in the community - to bring spiritual life within the reach of any devoted soul.

All of the follower were emphasized by the early Christian Church EXCEPT a (A) ritual fellowship meal in memory of Christ (B) toleration of other religious sects (C) belief in the value of the souls of women and slaves as well as those of free men (D) belief in life after death for all believers in Christ (E) belief in the value of martyrdom, defined as dying for the faith

(B) toleration of other religious sects

The Black Death of the 14th century was responsible for (A) strengthening the authority of medieval kings to raise armies and revenues (B) weakening peasants' feudal obligations to remain tied to the land (C) minimizing hostilities against minority groups including Jews and Gypsies (D) the launching of the first European explorations of other continents (E) new medical techniques and tools that ultimately would eradicate the disease

(B) weakening peasants' feudal obligations to remain tied to the land

"I found Rome a city of brick and left it a city of marble." The claim above was made by (A) Pompey (B) Julius Caesar (C) Augustus (D) Tiberius (E) Hadrian

(C) Augustus Augustus was the first Roman emperor, he moved Rome from the last Republic stage into an empire. The quote in the literal sense means he came to Rome when it was in a very simple state and leaving Rome in a fancy more extravagant state. The quote in the figurative sense means he came to this city when it was a poor, struggling city but he left it in a state of power and success.

Almost every king of human activity was accepted as worth of offering to the gods-athletic contests, poetry reading, song, dance, drama, prayer, gift bearing...There were no elaborate priesthoods; fathers conducted rituals in the household and elected officials served as priests in the civic ceremonies The religion described above is probably that of the ancient (A) Egyptians (B) Sumerians (C) Greeks (D) Hebrews (E) Persians

(C) Greeks

Which of the following is a true statement regarding John Calvin? (A) He agreed with both Luther and Zwingli on the Eucharist. (B) He opposed the doctrine of predestination. (C) He emphasized the omnipotence and omnipresence of God. (D) He believed in the separation of church and state. (E) He practiced religious tolerance when he governed Geneva.

(C) He emphasized the omnipotence and omnipresence of God.

The Inquisition in Spain was originally established to investigate and prosecute (A) Protestant missionaries (B) Native Americans in Spanish colonies (C) Jewish and Muslim converts to Christianity (D) political opposition to the papacy (E) misconduct among the Catholic clergy

(C) Jewish and Muslim converts to Christianity The Spanish Inquisition - Oppression of Muslims and Jews in Spain, many punished/killed.

The Black Death devastated Europe and created many conditions that destabilized the societies and created which of the following rebellions? (A) Nike Revolt (B) The Second Punic War (C) The English Peasant's Revolt (D) The Persian Wars (E) The Investiture Controversy

(C) The English Peasant's Revolt English uprising against serfdom, partially caused by Black Death. (1381

A major effect of the flying buttress used in the construction of Gothic buildings was to (A) eliminate the use of mortar (B) reduce the size of the clerestory (C) allow more light into the buildings (D) reduce construction of religious buildings (E) create the optical illusion that cathedrals were wider at their bases

(C) allow more light into the buildings flying buttress - an arched stone support on the outside of buildings, which allows builders to construct higher walls

The construction of some of the largest buildings in Rome, such as the Colosseum and the Baths of Caracalla, was made possible by Roman builders' skillful use of (A) aluminum scaffolding (B) paper blueprints (C) concrete (D) mud brick (E) plaster

(C) concrete Romans began to use concrete as building material in mass scale unlike other cultures

Pharaoh Akhenaten of Egypt (c. 1353-1336 B.C.E) is best known today for (A) building the largest pyramid in the Valley of the Kings (B) conquering large expanses of territory outside of the Nile Valley (C) developing a monotheistic religion (D) uniting upper and lower Egypt under a single administrative system (E) writing down the first code of Egyptian law

(C) developing a monotheistic religion

The controversies that occurred within the Christian church between the third and fifth centuries C.E. were principally concerned with the (A) divinity of Jesus' mother (B) Eucharist (communion) as a central component of Christian religious ritual (C) nature of Jesus Christ and the doctrine of the Trinity (D) proper role of missionaries in spreading Christianity throughout the Roman Empire (E) role of monastic orders in governing the Christian church

(C) nature of Jesus Christ and the doctrine of the Trinity

The constitution of the Roman Republic was comparable to the constitution of England in that it was (A) appended with a bill of rights (B) written in Latin (C) never a written document (D) intended to provide limits on the ruler and the nobility (E) designed primarily to protect the rights of the lower classes

(C) never a written document Roman republic - Roman governmental system consisting of 2 consuls and a senate. (509-27 B.C.). Patricians - Ruling class families in Roman Republic, held most of power. Plebeians - General body of citizens in Roman Republic, gained power after reform/laws passed over time. Consuls - elected officials among the elite people. THEY DIDN'T HAVE A WRITTEN DOCUMENT THAT IS WHY THE PLEBIANS FOUGHT FOR THE 12 TABLES LAW.

Castiglione's 'Book of the Courtier' (1528) was intended as (A) a collection of entertaining travel stories (B) a guide to the military affairs of the Italian peninsula (C) a collection of meditations and spiritual reflections (D) a guide to refined behavior and etiquette (E) an allegory of courtly love

(D) a guide to refined behavior and etiquette Baldassare Castiglione the most popular resource on how to behave like an aristocrat in the 16th century

Protestantism limited opportunities for women by (A) prohibiting divorce (B) requiring women to remain in the home (C) prohibiting female heads of state (D) eliminating women's religious orders (E) allowing women to work only as servants

(D) eliminating women's religious orders

Male Spartans were able to dedicate their lives to full-time military training and service because (A) Sparta supported itself with treasure and tribute from foreign conquests (B) Sparta's foreign colonies provided financial support for the army (C) Sparta had extensive silver mines (D) non-spartan slaves (helots) provided the labor for the Spartan economy (E) non-spartan merchants paid taxes based on foreign trade

(D) non-spartan slaves (helots) provided the labor for the Spartan economy

Which statement most accurately reflects the status of Jews in early medieval European society (circa 500-1000 C.E.)? (A) they were forced to either convert to Christianity or emigrate in many western and central European countries (B) they were completely excluded from property ownership and participated in only a few urban professions (C) they were persecuted more vigorously by the rulers of Muslim Spain than they were persecuted by Christian rulers elsewhere in Europe (D) they were present in many urban communities, frequently spoke the same language as non-Jews and occasionally owned rural estates (E) they were largely absent from many European countries, with the exception of Germany and Italy

(D) they were present in many urban communities, frequently spoke the same language as non-Jews and occasionally owned rural estates

After 1309 and up until 1378, where did the popes of the Roman Catholic Church live? (A) Amsterdam (B) Milan (C) Naples (D) Arles (E) Avignon

(E) Avignon Babylonian Captivity - Time period where pope was located in Avignon rather than Rome. (1309-1376)

Which of the following was the site of a tenth-century monastery that became the center of an important monastic reform movement? (A) Aachen (B) Avignon (C) Canossa (D) Chartres (E) Cluny

(E) Cluny Duke William of Aquitaine founded the abbey of Cluny. This monastery began with a renewed dedication to the highest spiritual ideals of the Benedict's Rule. This monastery was kept independent from any local control. Establishment of this monastery created the Cluniac movement. A movement to reform existing monasteries all over Europe began with the establishment of the Cluny monastery, a reformed monastery. The reform movement began to reach into the papacy itself. Avignon was the pope concentration before they went to Rome.

Which of the following best summarizes the lasting impact of the reign of Henry VII (Henry Tudor) on England? (A) It produced the first major confrontation between king and Parliament over budgetary issues. (B) It led to the establishment of a national legal system based on trial by jury. (C) It resulted in the return to England of all territories lost in the Hundred Years' War. (D) It marked the beginnings of English colonization of North America. (E) It ended the Wars of the Roses and led to greater political centralization.

(E) It ended the Wars of the Roses and led to greater political centralization. War of the Roses - Internal conflict/civil war in England, eventually won by Tudor family. (1455-1487). two noble houses - Lancaster and York - fought over control of the kingdom.

Which of the following established Christianity as a legal religion in the Roman Empire? (A) The defeat of the Huns, 451 C.E. (B) The accession of Justinian I (C) The Council of Nicaea (D) The accession of Diocletian (E) The Edict of Milan

(E) The Edict of Milan Constantine Issued it. He had vision on the eve of the Battle of Milvian Bridge in 312 which promised him victory against a rival emperor if he accepted the Christian religion.

The schism in Islam between Shi'ites and Sunnis occurred primarily over which of the following? (A) The marriage of Muhammad (B) Regional rivalries (C) Tribal disputes over territory (D) Disputes between Umayyad caliphs over political authority (E) The question of succession to the caliphate

(E) The question of succession to the caliphate Shi'ia - believe that is should be a blood relative of prophet Mohammed Sunni - quality/righteous leader

Roman plebeians won some legal equality with the patricians under the terms of the (A) Code of Justinian (B) Code of Hammurabi (C) Rule of St. Benedict (D) Epic of Gilgamesh (E) Twelve Tables of Law

(E) Twelve Tables of Law Twelve tables - Established basic procedural rights for all Roman citizens, first step to making plebeians equal with patricians. there was no written document before and the plebians wanted one

All of the following are associated with the commercial revolution in early modern Europe EXCEPT (A) an increase in the number of entrepreneurial capitalists (B) the appearance of state-run trading companies (C) a large influx of precious metals into Europe (D) an expansion of the guild system (E) a "golden age" for the Netherlands

(E) a "golden age" for the Netherlands the commercial revolution was a period of economic expansion , colonialism and mercantilism.

The major consequence of the rise of towns in the eleventh and twelfth centuries was (A) a lessening of the distinction among social classes (B) the practice of caring for the indigent (C) the decline of royal authority (D) the decline in the social status of the lesser clergy (E) a new social class enriched by manufacturing and trade

(E) a new social class enriched by manufacturing and trade

Civil peace and personal security were enjoyed to a greater degree in Norman England than in continental Europe principally because the Norman kings (A) maintained a large standing army (B) claimed the direct allegiance of the mass of the peasantry (C) avoided conflicts with the Church (D) kept their vassals occupied with continental conflicts (E) developed a centralized and efficient type of feudalism

(E) developed a centralized and efficient type of feudalism William the Conqueror transformed the government of England - He combined the shires of England with the feudal system in Normandy to create a powerful, centrally organized system.

Henry II (1133-1189) increased royal authority in England chiefly by (A) confiscating Church lands (B) uprising the legislative authority of Parlaiment (C) proclaiming the divine right of kings (D) forming an alliance with the papacy (E) enlarging the jurisdiction and powers of royal courts

(E) enlarging the jurisdiction and powers of royal courts Henry II changed the relationship between church and monarchy. He introduced his own courts and magistrates, roles traditionally played by the church. He often rejected any papal influence in order to enhance his own royal authority over the church.

The orders of Franciscan and Dominican friars founded in the thirteenth century differed from earlier monastic orders principally in that the friars? (A) took vows of poverty, chastity, and obedience (B) broke away from the control of the pope (C) introduced the ideas of Plato and other early Greek philosophers into their teaching (D) devoted themselves mainly to copying ancient manuscripts (E) traveled among the people instead of living in monasteries

(E) traveled among the people instead of living in monasteries

After the destruction of Athens by the Persians, which political leader is best known for the large-scale rebuilding of the city? (A) Solon. (B) Themistocles. (C) Sappho. (D) Pericles. (E) Ptolemy.

Pericles

The Byzantine emperor Justinian is best known for his contributions to (A) historical writings (B) civil law (C) Christian theology (D) astronomy (E) philosophy

civil law Justinian was a Successful Byzantine emperor, rewrote Roman law, Belisarius was his general. (482-565) he built Hagia SophiaLarge Byzantine building constructed by Justinian in Constantinople, later converted to a mosque. Justinian Code - A.K.A. Corpus Juris Civilis, collection of Roman law which many European empires based their laws on. He found a way to put all the laws together into a centralized collection of books. an encyclopedia approach. very influential because other European states use it as a place to start.

The Greek city-state of Sparta is best defined as a (A) tribal state based upon kinship (B) participatory democracy (C) conservative military oligarchy (D) society that placed great emphasis on the arts (E) society in which women had no public role

conservative military oligarchy

The Greek polis of Athens is best defined politically as a (A) monarchy. (B) theocracy. (C) democracy. (D) tetrarchy. (E) military dictatorship.

democracy

The earliest urban settlements usually arose in which of the following types of areas? (A) Coastal plains (B) Inland deforested plains (C) Desert oases (D) Fertile river valleys (E) Narrow valleys well protected by mountains

fertile river valleys It is a semicircular band of land stretching from the Tigris-Euphrates River valley northwest into Syria, then south along the shore of the Mediterranean sea toward the Nile River Valley in Egypt.

The outstanding achievement of King Hammurabi of Mesopotamia was that he (A) issued a more comprehensive law code than had any known predecessor (B) conquered and established dominion over all of Egypt (C) built the Hanging Gardens of Babylon (D) established the first democratic government (E) successfully defended his kingdom against the Assyrians

issued a more comprehensive law code than had any known predecessor

During their next war with the Persians following the battle of Marathon, the Athenians won adecisive victory through their use of (A) horse-drawn chariots (B) new kinds of iron weapons (C) mounted archers (D) incendiary weapons (E) sea power

sea power Themistocles, was a local politician that said Athens should use the wealth from the silver that they had recently discovered to make ships. Trireme - large expensive ships. And that they should try a naval strategy since they knew Persia would outnumber them on land.

The Assyrians achieved great success in the eighth and seventh centuries B.C.E. mostly as a result of (A) their emphasis on diplomacy and negotiation (B) the location of their homeland in modern-day northern Iraq (C) the size and organization of their army (D) their peaceful assimilation of diverse peoples into their empire (E) the linguistic unity of their empire

the size and organization of their army

Which of the following best describes the importance of Thucydides' History of the Peloponnesian Wars for present-day historians? (A) It is one of the earliest historical works to focus exclusively on human-centered, rather than supernatural explanations of historical events. (B) It is the earliest work to use historical narrative primarily as a vehicle of conveying moral lessons to its readers. (C) It is the first history to provide detailed descriptions of battles instead of merely recording their outcome. (D) It is one of the earliest histories to accurately report on the living conditions of underprivileged groups such as slaves and urban populations living in poverty. (E) It is the first military history not commissioned by a royal or aristocratic patron.

A) It is one of the earliest historical works to focus exclusively on human-centered, rather than supernatural explanations of historical events.

St. Augustine of Hippo who died in 430 CE is famously remembered for his ideas on (A) Islam (B) Zoroastrianism (C) Epicurean Philosophy (D) Judaism (E) Christianity

Christianity He was an early Christian theologian and philosopher, wrote City of God and the confessions. he was the first to suggest separation of church and state. he was n early church father who provides structure for how people should understand their faith and how they should practice it. He was pagan and converted.

The Hellenistic school of philosophy that emphasized the pursuit of a pleasurable life through moderation is known as (A) Scholasticism (B) Epicureanism (C) Stoicism (D) Mithraism (E) Arianism

Epicureanism Epicureanism - Philosophy that pleasure is the greatest good and the cause of happiness. Scholasticism - Method of thought/reasoning in medieval universities, rigorous analysis and careful conclusions. Stoicism - Hellenistic philosophy founded by Zeno that states happiness can be found in doing one's part/role. Skepticism - Attitude of doubt, originated by Greek sophists.

The late Roman Empire faced military conflicts with all of the following groups EXCEPT the (A) Visigoths (B) Vandals (C) Greeks (D) Franks (E) Huns

Greeks

The panel above from ancient Ur supports which of the following conclusions about Mesopotamian society? (A) It was primarily composed of hunter-gathers. (B) It had distinct class divisions. (C) Religion pervaded daily life. (D) Soldiers were drawn primarily from the nobility. (E) Most commoners were slaves.

It had distinct class divisions

Which of the following was a major feature of the Hebrew religion? (A) It promoted the belief that the Hebrews were God's chosen people. (B) It allowed the worship of different gods and goddesses. (C) It owed much of its theology to ancient Mesopotamian religious cults. (D) It did not apply to the social, political, or economic areas of life. (E) It made its greatest impact in the arts and architecture.

It promoted the belief that the Hebrews were God's chosen people.

"The great wealth of the palaces and the widespread prosperity of the land were due to the profits of trade, protected or exploited by naval vessels equipped with rams. The palaces and towns were unfortified, and peaceful scenes predominated in the frescoes, which revealed a love of dancing, boxing, and a sport in which boys and girls somersaulted over the backs of charging bulls." The culture described above was that of the ancient (A) Minoans (B) Hittites (C) Macedonians (D) Assyrians (E) Persians

Minoans Minoa - a Bronze age civilization located on island of Crete, not overly concerned about defenses, eventually conquered by Mycenaea. (~2600-1100 B.C.) They were known for They had powerful navy ships, generated great wealth and used it to build grand palaces with plumbing and live a joyous life with sports. They were a peaceful people who lived on an island which experienced a multitude of natural disasters over time.

On which of the following issues did Luther and Calvin DISAGREE? (A) The toleration for minority viewpoints (B) The relationship of the church to civil authority (C) The authority of the Scriptures (D) The existence of the Trinity (E) The retention of the sacrament of baptism

(B) The relationship of the church to civil authority calvin will apply his ideas to civil society, take over and theocracy calvinism.

All of the following factors played a part in bringing about the Hundred Years' War EXCEPT (A) The English king had lands in Gascony. (B) A French princess was the mother of an English king. (C) Flemish towns were dependent on England for raw wool. (D) The Holy Roman Emperor wanted to bring pressure on the Swiss cantons. (E) The Capetian dynasty had come to an end. unanswered

(D) The Holy Roman Emperor wanted to bring pressure on the Swiss cantons.

Which of the following was true of medieval universities? (A) They taught only philosophy. (B) They were open only to men of noble birth. (C) They were considered subversive of the feudal system by many kings. (D) They were corporations of teachers and students. (E) They emphasized instruction in the vernacular

(D) They were corporations of teachers and students.

Which of the following describes Luther's reaction to the Peasants' Revolt of 1525? (A) he first sought what he considered a balanced solution and then strongly supported the lords (B) he abandoned his initial support of the lords in favor of the peasants (C) he sought throughout to act as a mediator between the lords and the peasants (D) he declined to act on the grounds that his ministry did not concern itself with politics. (E) he called on the holy roman emperor to intervene

(A) he first sought what he considered a balanced solution and then strongly supported the lords In Germany, The peasants revolted against the nobles for several injustices, and at first he took a middle course - criticizing the lords for the injustice and also criticizing peasants for fighting. He tended to support centralization and urbanization of the german economy. He argued that work was the chief duty on earth, saying that duty of the peasants was to work. and the duty of the nobles was to keep the peace. So he couldn't support the peasants because it broke the peace. He thought that their revolt was worse. At the peak in 1525, his position changed to completely supporting the nobles and encouraged the nobility to swiftly and violently eliminate the rebellion peasants. After the war was over he was criticized for being so violent. Thomas Muntzer leader of the peasants. Luther was a German monk, German theologian who posted 95 theses in 1517, key figure in Protestant Reformation, protected by Prince Frederick after Diet of Worms. (1483-1546). He was questioning whether he was truly saved. 95 thesis was all about challenging how the church does business. Saying how come I can't find all of my answers to my questions in the church/bible. Why are we practicing if not in the bible. Ex - indulgences, paying money to the church to get your fam bam out of purgatory.

All of the following are true of the Roman Senate except (A) it had women members (B) was a powerful group of patricians (C) represented the interests of the elite (D) allowed families to demonstrate prestige (E) it did not allow plebeian members in the early Republic era

(A) it had women members

A central idea of the philosophy of Epicureanism is (A) pursuit of pleasure (B) acceptance of the will of the gods (C) an emphasis on gender equality (D) poltheistic worship (E) active resistance to the gods

(A) pursuit of pleasure

An important contribution of Thomas Aquinas was his effort to (A) reconcile reason and the teachings of Aristotle with Christian faith (B) reestablish the supremacy of the Pope (C) defeat the Franks (D) win northern Africa back from Islam (E) halt the progress of the Reformation in Spain

(A) reconcile reason and the teachings of Aristotle with Christian faith Influential theologian and philosopher, important to Catholic church, commentaries on scripture. (1225-1274). He was trying to reasonably understand the faith through intellect and logic. Combine and make sense reason and logic together with faith.

Of the following, Which helps explain why the Roman Republic gave way to dictatorship during the first century B.C.E? (A) the government that was suitable for a small city state failed to meet the needs of an empire (B) a strong leader was needed because the upper classes feared a rebellion on the part of the slave population (C) outside pressures on boundaries could not be resisted by republic armies (D) Rome's period of expansion was over (E) the Roman senatorial class was declining in number

(A) the government that was suitable for a small city state failed to meet the needs of an empire at one point there was a hyper concentration of land in Rome, and I am pretty sure this is when they called Julius Caesar to come in an be the dictator. They kept expanding and there became internal conflicts

he Age of Pericles was characterized by all of the following EXCEPT (A) the political domination of Greece by Macedon (B) the historical writings of Herodotus (C) an ambitious building program (D) the expansion of the Delian League (E) reforms of Athenian democracy

(A) the political domination of Greece by Macedon Herodotus was the father of early history. him and Thucydides were the first historians that separated history from everything. They wanted to go beyond mythology and religion and use objectivity, talking about reason and the study of mankind. The Delian League Alliance lead by and eventually dominated by Athens originally made to continue fighting Persia.

By the end of the fourteenth century, northern Italy and Flanders were known for (A) woolen-textile production (B) intricate wood carvings (C) centralized nation-states (D) rapid population growth (E) limited urbanization

(A) woolen-textile production

"Thus, fair daughter, the prerogative among women has been bestowed on you to establish and build the City of Ladies [which] will be extremely beautiful, without equal, and of perpetual duration of the world."The line above, spoken by Lady Reason, is drawn from the work of (A) Hildegard of Bingen (B) Christine de Pisan (C) Artemisia Gentileschi (D) Teresa of Avila (E) Joan of Arc

(B) Christine de Pisan Christine de Pizan or Pisan, born Cristina da Pizzano, was a poet and author at the court of King Charles V of France. She is best remembered for defending women in The Book of the City of Ladies and The Treasure of the City of Ladies

Which of the following was involved most directly in the political persecution of Martin Luther? (A) Frederick III, Elector of Saxony (B) Emperor Charles V (C) Ignatius of Loyola (D) King Henry VIII of England (E) Huldrych Zwingli

(B) Emperor Charles V Diet of Worms - Meeting of Catholic church with Luther, Charles V labelled him as a heretic in the Edict of Worms. (1521)

The Investiture Controversy pitted Pope Gregory VII against which of the following? (A) Henry III (B) Henry IV (C) Frederick Barbarossa (D) Maximilian (E) Charles V

(B) Henry IV Investiture controversy - Conflict between church and state in Europe, occurred between Henry IV and Pope Gregory VII, eventually pope wins and gains power/prestige over state. This was a disputed election to the bishopric of Milan in northern Italy. Milan was ruled by a bishop so King Henry IV wished to control that bishopric. Pope Gregory VII threatened to excommunicate the king if he interfered. King Henry called an assembly of bishops, all of whom he had appointed, and had them depose the pope. But then Pope Gregory VII had the king excommunicated and freed his subjects from their allegiance to the king.

Which of the following rightfully could be called the Empire of the Steppe? (A) The Ottoman Empire (B) The Mongol Empire (C) The Parthian Empire (D) The Byzantine Empire (E) The T'ang Empire

(B) The Mongol Empire

The Treaty of Westphalia, which ended the Thirty Years' War in 1648, resulted in (A) a defeat for Swedish imperialism in Northern Europe (B) the consolidation of Bourbon control over Germany (C) ratification of the territorial fragmentation of Germany (D) a step toward restoring religious unity in Europe (E) the restoration of an independent kingdom of Bohemia

(C) ratification of the territorial fragmentation of Germany The Treaty of Westphalia ended the last major religious war in Europe. The settlement would serve as a model for resolving conflict among warring European nations, as it represented the first time a diplomatic congress addressed and resolved a dispute. This was the first time that all parties were brought together at once rather than two or three at a time. The Thirty Years' War was a 17th-century religious conflict fought primarily in central Europe. It remains one of the longest and most brutal wars in human history, with more than 8 million casualties resulting from military battles as well as from the famine and disease caused by the conflict. The war lasted from 1618 to 1648, starting as a battle among the Catholic and Protestant states that formed the Holy Roman Empire. However, as the Thirty Years' War evolved, it became less about religion and more about which group would ultimately govern Europe. In the end, the conflict changed the geopolitical face of Europe and the role of religion and nation-states in society.

The craft guilds of the Middle Ages had as their primary purpose the (A) promotion of trade and the protection of merchants (B) control of town government (C) regulation of production and quality (D) guardianship of the social and financial affairs of their members (E) accumulation of capital and the lending of money

(C) regulation of production and quality guild - Group of similar tradesmen in a commune, often held monopolies, eventually led to universities (guild of students/teachers)

Which of the following had the greatest impact on northern European agriculture by the year 1000 C.E? (A) The wheeled seed drill (B) the enclosure movement (C) the padded horse collar (D) the horse saddle (E) the spread of maize (corn) cultivation

(C) the padded horse collar This development along with horseshoes was enabled heavy plows to be effectively pulled

The image above was created in which of the following periods? (A) Ptolemaic Egypt (B) 2nd century BCE Greece (C) 4th century CE Byzantium (D) 13th century Western Europe (E) 15th century Ottoman Empire

(D) 13th century Western Europe

Which of the following most accurately defines feudalism? (A) A system of strong central government (B) A system of centralized economic distribution (C) An agreement to substitute money payments for military service (D) A system based on land grants given in exchange for military service (E) A religious movement

(D) A system based on land grants given in exchange for military service

In the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, recruits for the elite Janissary corps of the Ottoman Empire were drawn primarily from which of the following groups? (A) Well-to-do Christian merchants (B) Sufi religious preachers (C) Noble Muslim landowners (D) Children of Christian peasants (E) Muslim prisoners of war

(D) Children of Christian peasants

The roman Emperor whose policies rescued Rome from its crisis in the third Century C. E was (A) Augustus (B) Marcus Aurelius (C) Constantine (D) Diocletian (E) Theodosius

(D) Diocletian Diocletian was emperor ruling from 284-305. He was a military warrior and was smart to notice that Rome was growing way too large. He developed "The Rule of Four" (tetarchy). He took the empire and separated it into 4 pieces with four separate rulers. This creates a roman empire by committee with him as chief. Offering stability. He also persecuted christians. After his was Constantine, who was the first Roman Emperor to tolerate Christianity.

Which of the following is the most important factor that enabled the First Crusade to succeed? (A) Participation of women (B) Superior firepower of the papal armies (C) Neutrality maintained by the papacy (D) Disunity of the Muslim world (E) Desire for a Jewish state

(D) Disunity of the Muslim world

Magna Carta, signed by King John of England in 1215, did which of the following? (A) It established a written constitution for England. (B) It determined that education should be controlled by monastic houses. (C) It ensured that all landowners possessed the right to vote. (D) It regulated social and legal relations between the king and the great lords of England. (E) It established the supremacy of the English Parliament.

(D) It regulated social and legal relations between the king and the great lords of England. Magna Carta is a legal document that is going to make the monarch live under the law rather than above it. Document limiting English Kings' power, took place during King John I's rule. (1215) It was a written document attempting to control the increasing power of the king. It promised the protection of church rights, protection for the barons from illegal imprisonment, access to swift justice, and limitations on feudal payments to the Crown, to be implemented through a council of 25 barons.

The height of the medieval papacy came with his pontificate...In the year before his death he called the greatest church council since antiquity, attended by five hundred bishops and even by the patriarchs of Constantinople and Jerusalem. The pope referred to in the passage above is (A) Julius II (B) Urban II (C) Innocent III (D) Nicholas V (E) Pius II

(D) Nicholas V pontificate is the office or tenure of the pope. influential renaissance pope and founder of the vatican library. He brought an end to the schism caused by rivalries between popes and councils by 1455 he had restored peace to the papal states and Italy. He rebuilt many of Romes artchitectural wonders and was a patron of art and scholars. His failure to promote reach religious reform which helped bring about the reformation of the 16th centry. Urban II - Pope that initiated First Crusade. (1042-1099)calls for people in Europe to organize a military expedition to go back and retake Jerusalem (holy land). thinks that Christians should control jerusalem and tries to stop violence by focusing it to the crusade.

In the period 1000-1500 C.E., Muslims and Christians differed in regard to which of the following? (A) Belief in one all-powerful god (B) Belief in war in God's name (C) Belief in ancient prophecies (D) Portrayal of religious figures in religious buildings (E) Toleration of the concept of polytheism

(D) Portrayal of religious figures in religious buildings

In the thirteenth century C.E., which of the following was a major point of contact between people of Muslim, Jewish, and Western Christian cultures? (A) Rome (B) Paris (C) Aachen (D) Sicily (E) Milan

(D) Sicily

Which of the following individuals did the most to spread Greek culture? (A) Aristotle (B) Xerxes (C) Ptolemy (D) Euclid (E) Alexander the Great

Alexander the Great

Roman expansion into the islands of the Mediterranean created the First Punic War, a struggle with the (A) Egyptians (B) Assyrians (C) Babylonians (D) Hebrews (E) Carthaginians

Carthaginians Punic wars - Wars between Carthage and Rome, first part was a war over Sicily, second war led to defeat of Carthage, third war resulted in Carthage being entirely destroyed. (264-146 B.C.) They were three terrible conflicts to decide who would control the Mediterranean.

Who did the Bishop of Rome crown Holy Roman Emperor in 800 CE? (A) Charles Martel (B) Roland (C) Alcuin (D) Charlemagne (E) Boethius

Charlemagne King of Franks, Holy Roman emperor, created largest medieval European empire. (742-814)

The Roman leader Julius Caesar built his military reputation and wealth by his military victories in (A) Poland (B) Persia (C) Judea (D) Gaul (E) Scotland

Gaul

Octavian was the grand-nephew, adopted son, and heir of (A) Crassus (B) Pompey (C) Lepidus (D) Julius Caesar (E) Marc Antony

Julius Caesar

All of the following peoples settled Roman lands bordering on the Mediterranean EXCEPT the (A) Lombards (B) Visigoths (C) Jutes (D) Ostrogoths (E) Vandals

Jutes

These people maintained their skill as seafarers, traders, and artists. They planted Carthage and other colonies in the western Mediterranean. They developed a new script in which a separate sign stood not for a syllable, but for a consonant or vowel sound. The people described above were (A) Phoenicians (B) Hittites (C) Assyrians (D) Mycenaeans (E) Philistines

Phoenicians

Reforms advocated by the Gracchi brothers in the Roman Republic focused on which of the following? (A) Reorganizing the Roman army for lengthy overseas campaigns (B) Increasing the use of slave labor to provide Roman citizens with leisure time (C) Sponsoring free public entertainment for the general public in Rome (D) Redistributing land to increase the number of plebeian family farmers (E) Restricting the number of people who held Roman citizenship

Redistributing land to increase the number of plebeian family farmers land reform

In which of the following ancient Greek city-states were women permitted to own land and other property and to make economic decisions on their own? (A) Athens (B) Thebes (C) Corinth (D) Argos (E) Sparta

Sparta the women in sparta had more freedom and responsibilities, only because men were gone and slaves were working.

Which of the following philosophical schools was most identified with the Roman emperor Marcus Aurelius? (A) Stoicism (B) Agnosticism (C) Platonism (D) Empiricism (E) Epicurianism

Stoicism The Emperor Marcus Aurelius wrote "Meditations". It was about how he used Stoic philosophy to handle the challenges and decisions as emperor. He was emperor after the Silver Age of Rome. Stoicism - It called for the complete suppression of desire, so that a state of enlightened apathy would blunt the psychological impact of misfortunes. You can find happiness in doing what is right in your role.

Which ancient culture produced the "Epic of Gilgamesh"? (A) Egyptian (B) Hittite (C) Assyrian (D) Hebrew (E) Sumerian

Sumerian A Sumerian epic poem inscribed around 2000 B.C.E. on twelve cuneiform tablets. Describes the quest of the hero Gilgamesh, king of Uruk, in search of immortality. Includes an account of a great flood.

Among the ancient Hebrews, a prophet was (A) a teacher who expounded the Scriptures (B) a king with hereditary but limited powers (C) a judge who administered traditional law (D) a priest with exclusive rights to perform functions at the temple (E) an individual who was inspired by God to speak to the people

an individual who was inspired by God to speak to the people

Which of the following pairs of groups existed in the early Roman Republic? (A) helots/demes (B) patricians/plebeians (C) pharaoh/satrapies (D) prophets/ziggurats (E) Minoans/Mycenaeans

patricians/plebeians

In The Prince, Machiavelli asserted that (A) historical examples are useless for understanding political behavior (B) the intelligent prince should keep his state neutral in the event of war (C) people are not trustworthy and cannot be relied on in time of need (D) the prince should be guided by the ethical principles of Christianity (E) luck is of no consequence in the success or failure of princes

people are not trustworthy and cannot be relied on in time of need

Socrates is best known for his contributions to (A) law (B) drama (C) science (D) mathematics (E) philosophy

philosophy Classical Greek philosopher who performed work in ethics, method of answering many questions to solve a problem. (470-399 B.C.)